INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, BOMBAY

Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science

MM 659: TRANSPORT PHENOMENA: 2022-23 (Autumn)

Assignment 5 Submit: Nov. 9, 2022

NOTE: 1. Assignment should be submitted on moodle in pdf and/or excel format.
2. Feel free to discuss with other students but you must solve problems on your own. Give
credit to the person for discussion by explicitly mentioning his/her name
3. Any incident of plagiarism shall be forwarded to academic section for the action as per
institute rules.
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1. A cylindrical piece of carbon steel (k =60 W /m .K), 20 mm in diameter and initially at 1145 K.
is quenched in water at 295 K (h = 800 W/m 2.K), Calculate the temperature at the center of the
piece after 60 s, 120 s, and 300 s. α steel= 6.4 X 10-6 m2 s-1. (H=h/k).

2. A rectangular shaped steel blank of thickness 300 mm is heated in a preheating furnace

maintained at 1410 K as the first step in a forging operation.

a) Calculate the temperature at the center of the blank after the blank has been heated for 5400 s
from an initial temperature of 295 K.

b) Calculate the time required to heat a smaller blank, of 150 mm thickness, to the same center
temperature as the larger blank in part a).

Data: h = 110 W m-2 K'-1; k = 35 W m-1 K-1; p = 7690 kg m-3; CP = 500 J kg- 1 K'-1

3. Consider the one-dimensional wall shown in the sketch, which is initially at a uniform
temperature Ti and is suddenly subjected to the convection boundary condition with a fluid at T∞.

For the conditions shown below, how long would it take for the mid-wall temperature to reach
350oC.

L (m) α (m2/s) k (W/m.K) Ti (C) T∞ (C) h (W/m2.K)

0.1 15 ×10
−6
50 300 400 200
4. One estimate of the original temperature of Earth is 4144 K. Using this value and the
following properties for Earth’s crust, Lord Kelvin obtained an estimate of 9.8×107 years for the
Earth’s age:

To = 255.372 K

α = 0.004236 m2/h

∂T
=16.7932 K /m
∂y

Comment on Lord Kelvin’s result by considering the exact expression for unsteady-state
conduction in one dimension

5. Local Nusselt number for a flat plate in parallel flow may be calculated using equations (1)
and (2) in laminar and turbulent regimes.
1/ 2 1 /3
N u x =0.332 R e x P r (1)
4/ 5 1 /3
N u x =0.0296 R e x P r for 0.6≲Pr≲60 (2)

(a) Derive an expression for average Nusselt number for a flat plate much longer than
that needed for fully turbulent flow.
(b) Plot average Nusselt number for Reynolds number in the range of 102-106 for (i) air at
300 K (Pr=0.707) and (ii) Ammonia at 300 K (Pr=0.887). Please use excel/MATLAB
etc. for calculation i.e. do not plot schematic using pen and paper.

6. Glycerin flows parallel to a flat plate measuring 60 cm by 60 cm with a velocity of 3 m/s.

Determine values for the mean convective heat-transfer coefficient and the associated drag force
imposed on the plate for glycerin temperatures of 1760C, 100C, and 820C. What heat flux will
result, in each case, if the plate temperature is 100C above that of the glycerin?

7. A wire with a diameter of 0.03 mm and 0.3 m in length is heated by an electrical current and
placed in stagnant helium at 280 K. Calculate the electrical power requirement if the surface
temperature of the wire is to be maintained at 600 K. Calculate the electric power, for the same
wire temperature, if there is a cross flow of helium with a free stream velocity of 20 m /s

8. A blacktop road surface 18.3m wide receives solar radiation at the rate of 284 W/m 2 at noon
and 95 W/m2 are lost by reradiation to the atmosphere. A wind, at 300 K, flows across the road.
Determine the wind velocity that will cause the road surface to be at 308 K if all energy not
reradiated to the sky is removed by convection.

9. The performance of gas turbine engines may be improved by increasing the tolerance of the
turbine blades to hot gases emerging from the combustor. One approach to achieving high
operating temperatures involves application of a thermal barrier coating (TBC) to the exterior
surface of a blade, while passing cooling air through the blade. Typically, the blade is made from
a high-temperature superalloy, such as Inconel (k = 25 W/m K), while a ceramic, such as
zirconia (k = 1.3 W/mK), is used as a TBC

Consider conditions for which hot gases at T∞,o =1700 K and cooling air at T∞,i =400 K provide
outer and inner surface convection coefficients of ho =1000 W/m2 K and hi= 500 W/m2 K,
respectively. If a 0.5-mm-thick zirconia TBC is attached to a 5-mm thick Inconel blade wall by
means of a metallic bonding agent, which provides an interfacial thermal resistance of R”t,c = 10-
4
m2 K/W, can the Inconel be maintained at a temperature that is below its maximum allowable
value of 1250 K? Radiation effects may be neglected, and the turbine blade may be
approximated as a plane wall. Plot the temperature distribution with and without the TBC. Are
there any limits to the thickness of the TBC?

10. Water, at 150C, enters a 2.54 cm.-ID tube that is used to cool a nuclear reactor. The water
flow rate is 113 liter/min. Determine the total heat transfer and the exiting water temperature for
a 4.5 m-long tube if the tube surface temperature is a constant value of 1500C.

11. Water at 2600C enters a heat-exchanger tube having an inside diameter of 2.54 cm and a
length of 304.8 cm. The water flows at 75.7 litre/min. For a constant wall temperature of 99 0C,
estimate the exit temperature of the water. Entrance effects are to be neglected, and the
properties of water may be evaluated at the arithmetic-mean bulk temperature.

12. Consider a glass shield (1 m height and 2 m width) of a fire pit at 250 oC. If the room
temperature is 20oC, estimate the convection heat flux from the glass shield.

Air properties at 400K: k=0.034 W/m.K, ν= 26.4×10-6 m2/s, α= 38.3×10-6 m2/s, Pr=0.690

An approximate correlation for Nusselt number can be used:

1 /3
Nu L =0.1 R a L
3
gβ ( T s−T ∞ ) x
R a x ,c =G r x, c Pr=
να

Optional (For radiation)

13. Steel sheet is preheated in vacuum for subsequent vapor deposition. The steel sheet is placed
between two sets of cylindrical heating elements (25 mm in diameter). The heating efficiency is
kept high by utilizing radiation reflectors of polished brass. The steel sheet and radiation
reflectors may be considered to be infinite parallel plates. a) Calculate the rate of heat transfer
from the heating elements (maintained at 1810 K) to the steel when the steel is at 300, 390, 530,
670 and 810 K. The reflectors may be assumed to be at 310 K b) From part a) determine the time
it takes to heat a steel sheet 6 mm thick from 300 to 810 K.

14. A steel sheet, 12.5 mm thick and having the shape of a square 1.5 m x 1.5 m, comes out of a
heat-treating furnace at 1090 K. During heat treatment its surface was oxidized so that its
emissivity is 0. 8. a) Calculate its initial cooling rate (K /s) if it is suspended freely by a wire in a
room at 300 K. Neglect all heat transfer with convection, i.e., deal only with radiation heat
transfer. b) Calculate its initial cooling rate if it is supported vertically on a horizontal surface
(also at 300 K) which has an emissivity of 0.2. Again deal only with radiation heat transfer. Data
(all units in Sl):