Dungan, Andrew, Hist 11 - Module 1 PDF

HIST 11 – READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
MODULE 1
MEANING OF HISTORY
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, you should be able to: A. Discuss

the meaning of history.
B. Differentiate theories constructed by historians in investigating history.
C. Construct samples of historical data using the different theories of history
INTRODUCTION
We always hear the word history everywhere. But what is the real meaning of history? Do you have
your own meaning of what is history? And have you figured out its importance to our daily life?
ANALYSIS
Before you start studying this module, take this simple test to find out how much you already
know about the topics to be discussed.
A. Complete the following statements by filling in the blanks.

past 1. History deals with the study of ___________ events.
historia 2. History is derived from the Greek word ___________ which means learning
by inquiry.
____________ 3. Historian’s aim is ___________ which means the truth, authenticity,
plausibility about a past.
historical data 4. Historians investigate, collects, and examine ___________.
B. Write TRUE if the statement is true and FALSE if otherwise.

True 1. From the incomplete evidence, historians strive to restore the total past of mankind.
True 2. Historiography is the traditional method in doing historical research that focus on
gathering of documents from different libraries and archives to form a pool of evidence
needed in making descriptive or analytical narrative.
False 3. Unlike the study of the Natural Science that has subjectively measurable
phenomena, the study of History is an objective process as documents and relics are scattered
and do not together comprise the total object that the historian is studying.
Well, how was it? Do you think you answered well? Compare your answers with the Answer
Key below.
Answer Key
MODULE 1 | Meaning of Hi story 1

A. Fill in the blanks:
1. past / past significant

2. historia
3. verisimilitude
4. historical data/sources
B. True or false:
1. TRUE
2. TRUE
3. FALSE - Unlike the study of the Natural Science that has subjectively (OBJECTIVELY)
measurable phenomena, the study of History is an objective (SUBJECTIVE) process as
documents and relics are scattered and do not together comprise the total object that the
historian is studying.
If all of your answers are correct, very good! You may still study the module to review what
you already know. Who knows, you might learn a few more new things as well.
If you got a low score, don’t feel bad. This only means that this module is for you. It will
help you understand some important concepts that you can apply in your daily life. If you study this
module carefully, you will learn the answers to all items in the test and a lot more! Are you ready?
You may go to the next page to begin Lesson 1.
ABSTRACTION
Lesson 1: Meaning of History

Etymologically, History is derived from the Greek word historia which means learning by
inquiry or knowledge acquired by investigation. It is a systematic accounting of a set of the natural
phenomena that is taking into consideration the chronological arrangement of the account.
On the other side, the events occurring before written record are considered prehistoric; an
umbrella term that relates to past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization,
presentation and interpretation of information about these events. Hence, scholars who write about
history are called Historians.
History is a narration of the events which have happened among mankind, including an account of the
rise and fall of the nations, as well as of other great changes which have affected the political and
social condition of the human race.
- John Anderson, 1876. A Manual of General History
Aristotle is a Greek philosopher who looked upon history as the systematic accounting of a
set of natural phenomena considering the chronological arrangement of the account.
There are theories constructed by historians in investigating history which are Factual and
Speculative History.
• FACTUAL HISTORY o It presents readers the plain and basic information, the events
that took place (what), the time and date with which the event happened (when), the place
with which the event took place, and the people that were involved (who).

• SPECULATIVE HISTORY o It goes beyond facts because it is concerned about the
reasons for which events happened (why), and the way they happened (how). Also,
Speculative history tries to speculate on the cause and effect of an event (Cantal, Cardinal
et. al.).
HISTORICAL METHOD AND HISTORIOGRAPHY
The practice of historical writing is called Historiography, the traditional method in doing
historical research that focus on gathering of documents from different libraries and archives to form a
pool of evidence needed in making descriptive or analytical narrative.
Salient feature of historical writing is the facility to give meaning and impact value to a group
of people about their past.
The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past is
called Historical Method.
Historical analysis is also an important element of historical method. In historical analysis,

historians:
1. Select subject to investigate;
2. Collect probable sources of information;
3. Examine the sources genuineness;
4. Extract credible “particulars” from the sources
HISTORY AS THE SUBJECTIVE PROCESS OF RECREATION
From the incomplete evidence, historians strive to restore the total past of mankind. They do it
from the point of view that human beings live in different times and that their experiences maybe
somehow comparable, or that their experiences may have significantly differed contingent on the
place and time.
For the historian, history becomes only that part of the human past which can be meaningfully
reconstructed from the available records and from inferences regarding their setting.
In short, the historian’s aim is verisimilitude (the truth, authenticity, plausibility) about the
past. Unlike the study of the natural science that has objectively measurable phenomena, the study of
history is a subjective process as documents and relics are scattered and do not together comprise the
total object that the historian is studying.
Some of the natural scientist, such as geologist and paleo-zoologist who study fossils from the
traces of a perished past, greatly resemble historians in this regard, but they differ at certain points
since historians deal with human testimonies as well as physical traces.
APPLICATION
I. Using the table below, list down the differences of the Factual and Speculative
History.
Factual History Speculative History

- Presents basic and concise information to - Focuses on the facts due to its interest to
the readers the reasons of a particular event
- Introduce the situation and condition of the - It highlights the way or process of the
events events that happened

- It presents the setting and occasion of the - Forms a conjecture of the causes and
events effects of the events
- Introduces the people that are involved in - It can be viewed from different
the events perspectives and opinions
- It’s something that can be authenticated or
proven
II. Write any historical event in the Philippines that you know using the two theories.
A. FACTUAL HISTORY
A land force and naval artillery fire from the Manila Bay fleet met General Luna's
onslaught at La Loma with three companies of troops under his command. Heavy
casualties were sustained by the Filipinos. On February 23, the Filipinos launched a
counterattack that made some progress before collapsing when Cavite men refused to
follow General Luna's orders and insisted that they would only obey Aguinaldo. Luna was
indignant and managed to disarm the resistance soldiers, but he was forced to retreat.
General Luna resigned from his position, which Aguinaldo reluctantly accepted after
several more negative encounters with the unruly and clannish Filipino men and after
Aguinaldo had rearmed the recalcitrant Cavite troops as his own Presidential Guard.
However, Aguinaldo persuaded Luna to return and appointed him commander-in-chief
because the war continued to go very poorly for the Philippines over the next three weeks.
B. SPECULATIVE HISTORY
The Communist insurgency and Juan Ponce Enrile's ambush outside the Wack-Wack
subdivision were two specific incidents that Marcos used as justification for his decision to
impose martial law in the Philippines. Naturally, both factors are part of the current threat that
justifies the imposition of martial law. Long-term martial law has had positive effects on the
Filipino people, but still the negative effects prevail, including severe restrictions on civil
liberties, violations of human rights, a lack of press freedom, suppression of social dissent, no
real elections, social immobility, and unjustified imprisonment and killings. But this event is
still questionable because there are distinctive views from Filipinos who experienced martial
law.

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HIST 11 – READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

At the end of this module, you should be able to: A. Discuss

A. Complete the following statements by filling in the blanks.

B. Write TRUE if the statement is true and FALSE if otherwise.

MODULE 1 | Meaning of Hi story 1

1. past / past significant

You may go to the next page to begin Lesson 1.

Lesson 1: Meaning of History

MODULE 1 | Meaning of Hi story 1

HISTORICAL METHOD AND HISTORIOGRAPHY

Historical analysis is also an important element of historical method. In historical analysis,

HISTORY AS THE SUBJECTIVE PROCESS OF RECREATION

Factual History Speculative History

MODULE 1 | Meaning of Hi story 1

MODULE 1 | Meaning of Hi story 1

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