Lecture15 Energybalance Intro

Universiti Teknologi MARA
Terengganu
CHE263: Material and Energy

Balance
LECTURE 15
Energy balances - Introduction

Energy and Energy Balances
❖ Every chemical process involves the transfer of energy:

– combustion → power generation
– distillation → energy required for volatilization (reboiler) and
energy removed at condenser
– reactors → breaking and forming chemical bonds
– phase changes → evaporator and condenser
❖ Energy balances are used to:

– determine the amount of energy that flows into or out of each
process unit
– calculate the net energy requirement for the process
– assess ways of reducing energy requirements in order to
improve process profitability
CHE 271 Lecture 14 2

Units of Energy
❖ Energy has units of force times distance (mass[length/time]2)

Nm (=Joule) SI units
dynecm (=erg) CGS system
ftlbf British engineering system
❖ Energy also defined in terms of the amount of heat required to raise

the temperature of a specified mass of water by one degree at 1 atm
Unit Symbol Mass of H2O Temperature Interval

kilocalorie kcal 1 kg C
calorie cal 1g C
British thermal unit Btu 1 lbm F

Forms of Energy
The total energy of a process system has

three components:
1. Kinetic Energy (KE) – energy due to the
translational motion of the system as a whole
1 2 m = mass (kg)
KE = mv  J = [kg][m/s]2
2 v = velocity (m/s)
 1 2
KE = m v  W = J/s = [kg/s][m/s]2
2
Forms of Energy
2. Potential Energy (PE) – energy due to the

position of the system in a potential field (e.g.,
earth’s gravitational field (g=9.8 m/s2))
PE = mgz  J = [kg][m/s ][m]

2

PE = m gz  W = J/s = [kg/s][m/s ][m]
2
m = mass (kg)
z = height of object (m)
Forms of Energy
3. Internal Energy (U) – all energy possessed by system other than

kinetic and potential energy, including the energy due to the:
– rotational and vibrational motion of molecules within the system
– interactions between molecules within the system
– motion and interactions of electrons and nuclei within molecules
❖ Internal energy (U) is related to enthalpy (H)  H = U + PV

– U and H are a function of temperature, chemical composition,
physical state (solid, liquid or gas) and only weakly a function of
pressure
❖ U and H are relative quantities

– absolute values are unknown
– values must be defined with respect to their reference state

Transfer of Energy
In a closed system (no mass transferred

across the system boundaries (i.e., batch
system)), energy may be transferred between
the system and the surroundings in two ways:
1. Heat (Q) – energy that flows due to a
temperature difference between the
system and its surroundings
– always flows from high to low
temperature
– defined to be positive if it flows to a
system (i.e. input)
Transfer of Energy
2. Work (W) – energy that flows in response

to any driving force (e.g, applied force,
torque) other than temperature
– defined as positive if it flows from
the system (i.e. output)
– in chemical processes, work may
come from a moving piston or
ROTATING SHAFT
A system does not possess heat or work. Heat or

work only refer to energy that is being transferred to
the system.
Transfer of Energy
In an open system (mass transferred across
the system boundaries (i.e., continuous
system)), energy may be transferred between
the system and the surroundings in three ways:
1.Heat (Q)
2.Work (W)
3.Mass Flows –Mass flows
carries internal energy, kinetic
energy and potential energy
Summary on Energy Balances
The First Law of Thermodynamics for a closed

(i.e. batch) system is:
U + KE + PE = Q − W
and the First Law of Thermodynamics for an

open system at steady-state (i.e., continuous)
system is:
H + KE + PE = Q − Ws

Summary on Energy Balances
U + KE + PE = Q − W
H + KE + PE = Q − Ws
❖ Changes in kinetic and potential energy can be
calculated (usually small/negligible for chemical
systems)
❖ Heat and work input is given in the problem (or
is what you must solve for)
❖ The major task is calculating changes in U or H:
– Ch 7: Using tabulated values (steam tables)
– Ch 8: Calculate as function of phase and T
– Ch 9: Energy balances with reaction
Problem 7.18 F&R
•Define a system and simplify the open-system energy balance

for each of the following cases. State when possible whether
nonzero heat and shaft work terms are positive or negative.
(a) Steam enters a rotary turbine and turns a shaft connected
to a generator. The inlet and outlet steam ports are at the
same height. Some energy is transferred to the surroundings
as heat.
(b) A liquid stream flows through a heat exchanger in which it
is heated from 25C to 80C. The inlet and outlet pipes have
the same diameter, and there is no change in elevation
between these points.
(c) A chemical reaction takes place in a continuous reactor
that contains no moving parts. Kinetic and potential energy
changes from the inlet to outlet are negligible.

Example
•Five hundred kilograms per hour of steam drives a turbine.

The steam enters the turbine at 44 atm and 450C at a
linear velocity of 60 m/s and leaves at a point 5 m below the
turbine inlet at atmospheric pressure and a velocity of 360
m/s. The turbine delivers shaft work at a rate of 70 kW, and
the heat loss from the turbine is estimated to be 104 kcal/h.
Calculate the specific enthalpy change associated with the
process.

Steam Tables
•Tables located in the back of F&R can be used to estimate U and H
for liquid water and steam (water vapour) at any specified
temperature and pressure.
•Recall the phase diagram for water:
Vapour-liquid
equilibrium (VLE)
curve or saturation
line – water may
Subcooled liquid
exist as saturated
water, saturated
steam (vapour) or
mixture of both.
superheated steam

Steam Tables
Saturated Steam Tables: data taken along

the VLE curve or saturation line
❖ Table B.5 – properties of saturated water
and saturated steam as a function of
temperature from 0.01C (triple point) to
102C
❖ Table B.6 – properties of saturated water
and saturated steam as a function of
pressure (same data as Table B.5 but
over a much larger range of
temperatures and pressures)
CHEE 221
CHE 271 Lecture23
Lecture 14 15
Steam Tables
• Superheated Steam Table: data taken

from points below the VLE curve or
saturation line – vapour heated above its
saturation temperature
❖ Table B.7: properties of superheated

steam table at any temperature and
pressure – includes data for liquid water
(data in the enclosed region), and
saturated water and saturated steam

Example
•Steam at 10 bar absolute and 200C is

fed to a turbine at a rate of 2000 kg/h.
The turbine operation is adiabatic, and
the effluent is saturated steam at 1 bar.
Calculate the work output of the turbine in
kilowatts, neglecting kinetic and potential
energy changes.

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Universiti Teknologi MARA

CHE263: Material and Energy

Energy balances - Introduction

❖ Every chemical process involves the transfer of energy:

❖ Energy balances are used to:

CHE 271 Lecture 14 2

❖ Energy has units of force times distance (mass[length/time]2)

❖ Energy also defined in terms of the amount of heat required to raise

Unit Symbol Mass of H2O Temperature Interval

CHE 271 Lecture 14 3

The total energy of a process system has

2. Potential Energy (PE) – energy due to the

PE = mgz  J = [kg][m/s ][m]

3. Internal Energy (U) – all energy possessed by system other than

❖ Internal energy (U) is related to enthalpy (H)  H = U + PV

❖ U and H are relative quantities

CHE 271 Lecture 14 6

In a closed system (no mass transferred

2. Work (W) – energy that flows in response

A system does not possess heat or work. Heat or

The First Law of Thermodynamics for a closed

and the First Law of Thermodynamics for an

H + KE + PE = Q − Ws

CHE 271 Lecture 14 10

•Define a system and simplify the open-system energy balance

CHE 271 Lecture 14 12

•Five hundred kilograms per hour of steam drives a turbine.

CHE 271 Lecture 14 13

CHE 271 Lecture 14 14

Saturated Steam Tables: data taken along

• Superheated Steam Table: data taken

❖ Table B.7: properties of superheated

CHE 271 Lecture 14 16

•Steam at 10 bar absolute and 200C is

CHE 271 Lecture 14 17

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