Branch - Current MetRo i KVL ft KCL eguahons . These must equal Hee number od utKaowg curren The Vode aa (Lethool ! Node: where 2 or more ells ge" Essenhal node; where 3 or mere Ce onProcedure : y Tolenhily oll He esserhial nodes in h arcul » AssiGt ont od te esscnocl nodes as a redrence poole or Grown Cov) J Lt yo Aston node voles bln ght the ee cssnhol nodes tf He yvefrnce node Nodt ie a op blen an essential nodt # He refrnce rede i wile a Ka Guahion or equations rues oh Re node worragre s DP sowe for oth He voltoges ¢ dnd Her volues Y Calculate alt He current jn He brarches Pf now a power checK can be madeProblems: yy 7 124) 3 coll tanta tae 2a) ai cu ewCl ato —> woe vollage equabon Vz ov VE 2e A tre GG FF 2s 3 8A Ga 192W Co ¢ -V0 2 34x12 = of%wQo (5) (4) 0 Ss Vo = Yov _10 Vo ie coo No- 280 6 cw.v-€) do MVL 1 -aep- dot, +Vo = 0 Gor Ouh fe NO>slo @ wv Se \ v 2 + Vo +200 20 (9) Vo = Sov rte) 10A @ wv KVL + 200 - dor ¥Vo=0 Qo1,>V24%00 = Vg aoe 2o UsAt node ¢: CO) AV) - 7 WEES wba) - ve At node a. Va- 32 Ve 7 12 aN ie a Tid 5 (4 v,- 163 u 6 ve &) 245 Vee S) 5+ tw - Vi- 4277 VU 30 ® 40Pra fiw Pisx Psa (wine = oto) 24 Co Goow Naa Jo? 5 i plo ow) > oO | tco dis) co Ov Sn qo(5) = So Abs Z Paws = GeoW = PydkoA A: Vo Va-v44 va pee CScUee 12 4 oe ote) esi vibe Vth 66 8 Yo Va= \ooV Ve. gov (ane we. DcoP s coo! lo \o z Pro Mave) Goo) = Gu $0 w (ee i tome to Z Pass Hd 5 6 P : ide ee Odi = bi > Va-t44d = ees ee eA 4 4 fry ey ees ae Nie eli oticFigure P4.12 At @ Va - 123 Va -Vb uy ¢ At bb. Ve. Vb -Va 6 Alc Ve-125 cee ‘ al Va- argv Vo- 66-19V Vez ugsev Va-Ve i a4 Vo -v b-ve Lo Vo Ve -Va < =0 gtFigure P4,.12 6 AF 2; Vo-V3 D At 3, Na-Ve D Viz 293 Vy = 2) §96V \, EB logngoc a. ee Me ad mvc 2 a 4 V2-125 a Vy -V3- 193 oF =0 i View= aaa thethed vependent Source. SOME worl but wilh addi honal constraint EP Gp : av & 2o \ $lp Ab e2o Va fs Va-Vb -o 2 ade 5 At b: “e + weawe * Shoftie 6 a Constrarnk uy: G2 s Voa-Ve 5 6-10 | Vex ev et) aes com alecno}e: © v 6 € Se Vv &— > NMod€ _ voltage MevRod: Speco Cast Super nodes case 1: when @ vol source only ens between on essenhal node +¢ tke tehence node example: At 1+ Vix looV supernocle Ali AV Zi VEEN GOR are V2-1 1 05]V) 60 to Dr tutes @ voont 25h 8 8 ica lo io fie Ave ool Fa as as ae UN a role eS St Agicovsss eV) eaco (eo) =) So) (oe oell Pasa: M2 . oot + 400 w Abs as 7 Fore (VieVe) ce tra Siwy Abs Ao 2 Poon = Me eye SE CSE) Aprs 60 60 2 is ape Sw tol EPdl - EPabs = 775 W Case 2; yi Source only ens between 2 esstnhoal nodes example: ie @3 Woa Go VY ANGE QO VZV ee V20 iG) Been V2 sy g 5 2 SsoMmamiron) LCE) aa tix) enV 1G) L, superacle a (ery const rank; Ce: N2-Vi KVL: -V2_ tote .V3 =0 is V3-Ve= lor?5 So too Vv t 1 V3 a 09) Crass) ce cod Va_v2 = 9Ve —loo V2 = 6oV ~3V2 +\3- _ 100 V3 2 %oU VPaARS Vi = a OGY) eso. WE cell aso ovary ww Se Ce/ 100 00 i Cig ate ewe Cx ect) nV ey Carey es 1 100 Nga} Pasa G/ OC) Canes!) TCR CUE ole/| ieee Ve-ve =a 3 eo AH = 22wW Abs og Pars CVV gee aA ls 3 Pton - VP - 62.5 do Solin A(T ng 7 eA Sie cp WE eaViU ch eat 75/4 : ae a cy es ae TP Abs 2 EPod = GrowThe mesh — current one Keck: flesh: is a clestol Gop thal olots not contain y other Cops Procedutt : > ey all He meshes in te circuh » Assigh mesh currenB clockwst wo all te mes hes d whe KVL eq. ia olf te meshes y sole dr the mesh current S Caleuale atl power p moke a power cneck if rece Soey example : to Qo a -120 4 loti, &L 440+ to G=0 ae Cy) Ons, 6 4 Et de) to el ee toe! /))taov (4) @ 2.5 ES; Mesh: 25D ~ 204 30 , 9CL-id-0 coir oly (Geli Se ee Sri 9 OTe THC Bi 0G. tale — Tex Te - 5.36 A= Ty Tze-T. -Tz 4 (aw Mesht: 40+ 20 + 96 L1-T2) =0 icc beot so Giger) taGeliee ne 61Gloe tia) ito coi Pio ia Ck GR Teste Tie) ete Cale on 10) rn a) (z= 2A (Gee -o 8AMesh current me Rel! 20 52 92 80v 2n sn Mesh ts _ 80 + $CL-Is) +260L-h) =0 Neots = > ones) . Suede © Utes hiaht ss Sores ty SO) Grcieie) 4 oars ier) 0 Ue Oly Blg2yey rs) Olt I3: aA Rae oW sottis tow cy Osa = 5G qi Tat = 15") Abs Pa. 26C0,-12)? = 132.5W Abs Pyoas Gol 12-73)? = 19.5 w Abs Psa: SIy = Sow Abs Neuron = Gc a8 lool w! Abs ZPavs- = Pool = 100wMesh. current petRod ¢ deptndent source: Use the mesh-current method of circuit analysis to determine the power dissipated in the 4.0 resistor in the circuit shown in Fig, 4.23. 19 unknown and four nodes. Therefore we need three ‘mesh currents to describe the circuit. They are which is the supplemental equation imposed by the presence of the dependent source. Substituting Eq, 435 into Eqs 4.34 and collecting the coetf- cients of i. /, and is in cach equation generates 50 = 25iy ~ Siz ~ 20s, 0 = ~Si, + 10, ~ 4s, ~ diy + Sis. Sia Figure 4.24 A The circuit shown in Fig. 4.23 wth the thre sesh curents Using the Mesh-Current Method with Dependent Sources defined on the circuit shown in Fig. 424. The three ‘mesh-current equations are 50 = S(iy — is) + 20(4 - 4), 0 = Sia ~ i) + Lin + Mia ~ by), 0 = 20(is ~ fy) + Mis ~ fa) + 1Siy. (634) We now express the branch current controlling the dependent voltage source in terms of the mesh currents as (435) 4.7 The Mesh-Cunent Method: Some Special Cases 103 Because we are calculating the power dissipated in the 4.0 resistor. we compute the mesh currents /; and iy ip = 26A, y= BA. ‘The current in the 40 resistor oriented from left to right is iy ~ i. or 2 A. Therefore the power dissipated is i — FA) = QF) = 16 W. Pa What if you had not been told to use the mesh- current method? Would you have chosen the node: voltage method? It reduces the problem to finding ‘one unknown node voltage because of the presence of two voltage sources between essential nodes. We present more about making such choices later.25V Ves WS) IGT ets) en IGT ere) lOO) Mlestyth on Sp Gtr 1) ty aren reer a7) 10) Mesh3: QC13- I.) -(3Ve) + 413 , 3CT3- Tr) =0 Cous tran: Ve= 3(I2- 13) Di: 4A te+ 8A t3--1A Ve= 3€ 62. 3) => 30341) = lav Sc as Via) Seles lool Wi ole: Pov 9g .We tocimoip) o lode fou x Pan = QCI,-13)* 2 204+)? = SoU Abs ie Gy ie GE ae oie) Als Pin 2 1dts Qudbs /Pan- 30h = ‘ig Ms gin Chere Lai Abs ZalgAbs) atcoel— 13 GaulMesh . current rte thodl splaual cas! Supt mesh Gast): carreat source exist in a mesh thid 15 not conneckcl & another mesh 6.5iy 2 Om Ve faa YS iy Mesh equations: Wig ~ 4i =0 Aig + 24i: + 6.51 = 400 Solving, i) =15 A; iy =16A vaoa = lig + 6.5ig = 7.5(16) = 120V Pma = —20v20q = —(20)(120) = -2400 W (del) Posig = 6.5iai: = (6.5)(16)(15) = 1560 W (abs) ‘Therefore, the independent source is developing 2400 W, all other elements are absorbing power, and the total power developed is thus 2400 W. CHECK: pia = (16)?(1) = 256W Psa = (20 — 16)?(5) = 80W pan = (1)°(4) = 4W Pron = (20 — 15)?(20) = 500 W Yoav. = 1560 + 256 + 80 + 4 +500 = 2400 W (CHECKS)Case 2! Curent source exis etuten 2 meshes Figure 4.25 A circuit illustrating mesh analysis when a branch contains an independent current source oa wov(2) av oon Figure 426 a The cicut sown in Fg 425, tat ‘ng the concept ca speresh. ‘Wher.a branch includes a current source, the mesh-current method requires some additional manipulations The circuit shown in Fig. 425 depicts the ‘nature of the problem. ‘We have defined the mesh currents iy and i, a8 well a the voltage across the 5 A current source. to aid the discussion. Note that the circuit Contains five essential branches where the current is unknown and four ‘sential nodes Hence we need to write two [5 — (4 ~ 1)] mesh-current {equations to solve the circuit. The presence of the current source reduces the three unknown mesh currents to two such currents, because it con- Strains the difference between j, and i, to equal S A. Hence, if we know i, wwe know i and vice versa. However, when we aempt to sum the voltages around either mesh a for mesh €, we must introduce into the equations the unknown voltage across the 5 A current source. Thus, for mesh a 100 = 3, ~ A) + ¥ + by, 435) and for mesh 50 = i, — v + 2c - fy) «sn ‘We now add Eqs 4.36 and 4.37 to eliminate v and obtain. 50 = 91, ~ Si + 64 630) ‘Summing voltages around mesh b gives =x ) + 104, + 204 429) We reduce Eqs 438 and 439 to two equations and two unknowns by using the constraint that jrie (440) ‘We leave to you the verification that, when Eq. 4.40 is combined with Eqs. 4.38 and 4.39, the solutions forthe three mesh currents are WT LISA, y= 125A, and ig = 675. The Concept of a Supermesh We can derive Eq, 438 without introducing the unknown voltage v by using the concept of a supermesh. To create a supermesh, we mentally remove the current source from the circuit by simply avoiding this branch ‘when writing the mesh-current equations We express the voltages around the supermesh in terms of the original mesh currents. Figure 426 illus- trates the supermesh concept. When we sum the voltages around the supermesh (denoted by the dashed lin), we obtain the equation 100 + 3, ~ a) + 20 =) + 50+ 41, + 6H, = 0, (643) which reduces to 50 = 91, ~ Sip + bie (62) [Note that Eqs 4.42 and 4.38 are identical. Thus the supermesh has elim nated the need for introducing the unknown voltage across the current source. Once again. taking time to look carefully ata circuit to identify @ shortcut such as this provides a big payoff in simplifying the analysisSource bransharmahon : An indepcnalnt voltage source is series wilh a moister an be replaced A a indlpendent cere sowc€ in parallel with game cesisl ¢ V5e versa = (b) Rs-Re-R Eyoye pV SE Co) ANSE V5 lesen = Tek Rs R = — f Rear R a Wr —ea ooo! ee 1@ mere (a) t $ (b) (b)Remar lk: independent voitage Sourl€ in stvics can be adele of avtelec /subrract aaa on thar ae ee ae Sv wv Pu OY curttnt Source iin porallel : - -E omProblems: 40 6a 50 nol’ i 0 Fao ? foe 6, 4 O»| 0a (b) Second step sn 20 =) Orv (4) Fourth step -6, 61, !3-2-=0 sv) O @igeu eee og216) A) i Pev = vis 4.95u AbsSuper postVion } A Gntar orcut contoins more than one independent source, the dinot voltage or curant is He sum of HE individual response. An tndiviclual response is th response oul fp one sacle pendeal source oy dlekrminahion od inobviolal response: independent Vere source: short arcu t ‘“ current “ peor rou ¢ skp 2: S e @) 8A cleachvole 36V sowce ow” 3 = = 0 36 6ASuper pasihon meHocl' 60 20 “apa agia Dae Find ¢ by superpesihon ta okp: deachvol€ aA source 4412-6 » 63-2 _» 216-8 6o 4% 20 Giz 3o . 159 8 le 3*6 2" slp + deachvol’ 120 source CuA222 1 Qeae4 6a 20 [ef Oe = 4 @ 2 Es ids (Gig elle B 16 02, nolefad ¢ by Superpors ‘hon 80V skp 1: deachvak 4 * gov sowce 5 q HS} Sul0=4 bl gov Qo 54447 = ban tz we. 7A (6 t°- fx _S 215A 2045 slep a: deachvah 120V # 4A source Seria 2e 2 uleolei7.05) gov F Satie) 265 eae ~ Ly = @ é22_89_ - @ya 12-5 axe = 2A 12+ 7 ae 2 Skp 3: oleachvake idov F %oV sowc€ Ai ead lo, | ae Super mes: eles) ‘a osMesh} = SIivy 20CL,-L2)- WT, ~ tz) = 6 Mesha =< 402 + 1} 0T2-Ts) 4 9% Ctr- 1) -o0 v Bi GES) Biggs IZA ig Bly pat) co 51/9 U- v4 al” 2 3.674 Problem 97:élep | oleachvalt Smfl source Va- asV le = cele vo — 25, Vo Yor — 25; * (Ve - Yeu) : acon +t -22(4—S) -0 4c Simplifying 5vo1 — 125 + v1 — 1.1 +275 = 0 - vi =30V Vy: Vo Current source acting alone: 22ig olep a: v, dah ake ez 4 Sxto*, Voz 4kQ dok 4k 25V + . OM so 2 -Jadie =O Soc sma vg202 Lo. Vor 4K See, Ue + 0.005 22( i) =0 7000 * 20,000 * °° ~ 2? \q000) = Simplifying 5v,2 + vs2 + 100 — Lv.2 = 0 “Vea = 20V Uo = Vor + Vea = 30+ 20 = 50Vreploce by wwe sov[? 0 Va= Fov Supernode } constra'nk Vio - Va. BD e Va -Ve Nye Vc Vicar a lo 4 q . Q's aa Ne-}to =0 Vb - 270 sf CT) Ve = Mle =v“ 4>gna skp deachvale Yo Vv sow e€The'venin & Norton equivalent circuit : 1. The'venin equivalent circuit: A linear circuit containing independent and/or dependent circuits & resistors behave two open terminals a and b can be replaced by an independent voltage source called The'venin voltage in series with a resistor called the'venin resistor Rth. load Loa 15 100 load resishor 2. Norton equivalent circuit: A linear circuit containing independent and/or dependent circuits & resistors behave two open terminals a and b can be replaced by an independent current source called Norton Current in parallel with a resistor called Norton resistor Rn | Ga a 4 & —~ lad Gncar : j 315 lor ciccu't b Bly RvRelahion sup between Te'venin -¢ orton eq. ce cul eG MEC Rar VtR > tv Rw Rih- Ru Iv-V®& or Vm= TuRw = Iw Rm How wb Rad Vm: ee an Ws &ncor erecta Vi Vm is He open urcurt Oc a 2 Se How bo fined In: Place oa chet circuf bin a arminch at bt Ise Bigs co lmAG Tr is th short crews current bbiotin fen Rul) cas€ £1! GreuihB oe oe) inebpeavtnt Sour COS Method 1: oleachvaht oll 1 independlen€ source volley earim@e on Seer . len! current source —> open ~ Grcurt Then we calcula tHe equi valend resiSlor Rob: Rh by 5065 Iporallel or pucdle [ser ies Crm oe A cemiinchon telfod 2: Calculate Voc - Vm “ Bins Cae ea Theo fm. Ku 2 Vin . Mik Ie Tse feted 3; clkachvate alt independent sources. Ten place blwn terminas a+ b a ket sncepertent V source uwitk known voltage Virani Cad pf OLR Ces (aT Ceau'ng tee kste Ua sources ie When Cale aR ie Vrs # A autase 2: Crew ccataing inclependoal f olependeat source ust method (2) ¢ metRed (3) rmk: io method 3 a ole ach vale independant sour CE case 3: circu B conta a olpendent Source | ust method G) oO cmk: mefhool (2) cannot be used: Pai arauit ots not contan tadlepenclent source ten Here will bt no cnegy va circur't Vezsc@V § dices Ol) Rm: _VmR - Oo snc hyn re cee Oflazimum Power Transfer : \ a Ree RL Re: variable God 55 hor circu t D whet wl be He value of RK & nective max pow er for te arcw}.? 2) How much is tG5 mad power ? skp 1: vtplace He Crear arcu with ih Tacvear 4 arcewt bun termnal ar b Vin i Re bkep 2: Galeulahl He power absorbed by Ri Oe. MR = tee later Ce = pigs rsiecina Re +R (Re + @)*skp 3) derive Per with repel b & sh He cervahws e. w 0 VaR e WArel a Re (Rig +@.)% OF . Vig (RK +R)*- 20K rRIRE = 0 ORL (Qk +Re)7 => (Re, RM) _ ICR, RRL =0 duro a (Re 4 Re) GR (Co) IK =i) ice Ke =) = Rea Rn 5g5 1 Z queshon 2: Pes Vee Rie a We . ie CR + RR )™ 4 RR oi Vie 4 eRProblems! caése 1: circuikh Kot contan a inclopeabal source W- IS Vi = cee vont as 3 =0 Viz BaV = Vik Re : meted Lt: okachvale inolependont source 20 4 a 5 oe 4 vows =f 444-8 Rez °Re: melod 2° calculahe t Ve: 32V Vie Pee es ee Val Oe Vo a,méfod 8! oleachvatt incle penclent sour CE Se) 4 . cr 20 (©) lov b Vie vy . Velo {6 5 20 4 ee lO oS Sh 4 4 q Re Vie oe Ge 5 or y S TEC fn a 325 ¥, IWC $20Q VR b ‘The node voltage equations are of bp: MH - “= 20 - vm=u em- 72 _ oe Place these equations in standard form: te -) _ oa a5 PT) 3) rm ( 5 ae 1 1 a ; «(-3) + m(t+p) = 6 Solving Bd vm = 64.8 V. Therefore, the Thévenin equivalent circuit is a nurce in series with a 6 resistor. ie VOR EE Selah ad iss 20 wo ICU CPs S(t FEE TO. Viren Cte eGo) Gen Cy) 1-8 ul 0 Rie: me Had 1! 120 6H 2024 Cae 58 se Nei) Olena ere 200 Rmfind rec # wee [a] Open cireuit: Va: 2Y Ne 4\.$20 +5 7 Short circuit: 200 . gy , oie | oa 5+ I95 = 30 wd aon | | Bo Nt short: short tec a 20 + lo = 30 vy 100 P %-9 1 _ a tig 18= . 2 =15V Fee 9-15 : ee aa i= p= 03a a ig = 18-03 =15A sf Ee Rae = 0 = mw TS ib rec NECMh ti 9 +$§00,-L£3) 4 95€ 01 -Tr)-0 WSGeccee rouse Supu mesh a! Dats = Got toa) 6 25h) ele)| case) 0 Lizo.5A Iz:05A Is- 1.3 VR - 6012 = 6060-5) = 30Vind Re bor may P tran. How much 18 may P Ta-ba [esha eee SOO) OGeTieli7)hl 2eet 10) (co Waitt OG tz la) rn Sizeiiz) en 8 Gio) <1 ti: 30 F2z- 2.5 A late . S2T2 4 Vik =0 VR = 12030) + $:2012.5) = 425 V a StaViteS 22) (110 soov(*) RO ee — . ‘ lo 30 = FS R=RR wire Pmav= Vi. _yrst = 6090-3 wca6€ 2: circwt con Fou ng 1ade pendent © dlepenolent spw 1 30 iy EC Nae bi 16 2000 29600 Soon ch ibe dat. pV enVem Fe eal so) 6000 $0000 locoo A oc: _30i0 , VE + MeVe = 0 40000 oe Vo = atv Vo = _\oV Ve = 280V ViR = Vc = aYov30 ty Neto Nicely =o eos 5000 20000 No-Vi Ve f Ve Pla 0) S00 5 ove0 fooco coz Qe 000 Miz --- Was soo BISCe a) oes KCL: + 8010 = Tse = 14nA loooo Re- NR 2 waka VR 280V Ise4 A Re is aaa fr max power Sink Rr ¢ Firol the max power ~%0 + 2Ii 4 lool T.- Iz) =6 loo(ip- Ti) + lolz + 2oT2 + 3olx -0 cons brant: Cx= Te Ti: 832A qz:2A VR- 2ot2+30¢x - 2tr , B0]e- SoL2 -looV Va-2e0 , Va, Va 20 5 Vastly as is lo 3 BIS Orie) be 7h tx Ge GEA es 10 3 BS} U,- Bote = SA go -Golx , Jou: 0 Isc- 2A Re = Mie Sees Tse eax = Mig S55 4 erTest source meHoc’ Von a Variise 0) Vor loo 25 [oo fo tx: Ya-\S0 - _ SA ig - Vce- Soltx = 165A lo 2o exe irre Dire ie (ie (0) R= Vr Pe Sch can tr 20+ Vv = ie 7] Va = 449V @ “On © 220V 4 2 hq Woe Vb - 220 Nie = oa a x3 4 1 — WW ., , Ve-Va - 6 1 2 ? (ons fran: Vo- Va-Vb = 440 - Vo Vo= 259.2 a ie = ISHN Tse in @ same drechon d VRIse >— OV Vine gel RUIN zene Ve-Vs_ Cr ANU 3i ee com On ee A) Via = Wine Vi = 440 Ss loo = Yo,Pmay = VikCade 3! find TEC oc VEC a 10 is" we crpendend auc we energy in We cued Voy se = 08 b Tb sourte ractod: ovo Gli isvion a sGrie reo. Oo dhs AG 45 (f2-f) + 12CLa-13) + loo -6 Iv = -12.5 Cpliciaees N2tes= L2y) te lio) Gilest 1) ero | tlesys C05) neil Ts Cie Ete 1) IA (Qin NOOR Caen ir 12.5 NEC Tec aq a £ g b3 cages 300 ig 2is¢t Super node at Bolt Vaan Too 10 Co- Va 700 Vib - Va = Zoo'n Ao. Vae doo Na Foo pio 1) We Va lo 200 Foo 20, = Qn Me 4 to Foo Foo Teorey) Veo wo mokpencknt seus ce vk. Ov Is-:of Test suv rtetled Vb= QoV D>va-I4V Cig) ee ea) 19.5 A