Metacognitive Approach

Metacognitive approach to supporting student learning involves promoting student metacognition – teaching
students how to think about how they think and how they approach learning. Why is this important? It makes
thinking and learning visible to students. The figure below provides examples of metacognitive activities that can be
adapted to any discipline. Examples include activities that can be used at the start, during, and the end of the course.

Teaching for Effective Learning

Metacognition
Metacognition is the process of thinking about one’s own thinking and learning.

Metacognition: intentitional thinking about how you think and learn

 I am figuring out ...
 What are the steps that I need to follow here?
 I am wondering ...
 What do I already know about this topic?
 Where did I get stuck when trying to solve this problem?
 It reminds me of ...
 What is the assignment asking me to do?

Cognition: your thinking activities and processes

It involves knowing when you know, knowing when you don’t know, and knowing what to do when you don’t
know. In other words, it involves self-monitoring and correcting your own learning processes. For example, you
engage in metacognition if you notice that you are having more trouble learning concept A than concept B, or if you
realize that your approach to solving a problem is not working, and you decide to try a different approach.
Metacognition also involves knowing yourself as a learner; that is, knowing your strengths and weaknesses as a
learner. For example, if you can explain what your strengths are in academic writing, or exam taking, or other types
of academic tasks, then you are metacognitively aware. Metacognitive processes can be applied to learning and
thinking in all disciplines and contexts. It is an essential skill for life-long learning, and therefore, metacognitive
skills need to be taught and discussed with students.
Metacognitive Study Strategies
Do you spend a lot of time studying but feel like your hard work doesn’t help your performance on exams? You may
not realize that your study techniques, which may have worked in high school, don’t necessarily translate to how
you’re expected to learn in college. But don’t worry—we’ll show you how to analyze your current strategies, see
what’s working and what isn’t, and come up with new, more effective study techniques. To do this, we’ll introduce
you to the idea of “metacognition,” tell you why metacognition helps you learn better, and introduce some strategies
for incorporating metacognition into your studying.

What is metacognition and why should I care?

Metacognition is thinking about how you think and learn. The key to metacognition is asking yourself self-reflective
questions, which are powerful because they allow us to take inventory of where we currently are (thinking about
what we already know), how we learn (what is working and what is not), and where we want to be (accurately
gauging if we’ve mastered the material). Metacognition helps you to be a self-aware problem solver and take control
of your learning.
By using metacognition when you study, you can be strategic about your approach. You will be able to take stock of
what you already know, what you need to work on, and how best to approach learning new material.

Strategies for using metacognition when you study

Below are some ideas for how to engage in metacognition when you are studying. Think about which of these
resonate with you and plan to incorporate them into your study routine on a regular basis.

Use your syllabus as a roadmap

Look at your syllabus. Your professor probably included a course schedule, reading list, learning objectives or
something similar to give you a sense of how the course is structured. Use this as your roadmap for the course. For
example, for a reading-based course, think about why your professor might have assigned the readings in this
particular order. How do they connect? What are the key themes that you notice? What prior knowledge do you
have that could inform your reading of this new material? You can do this at multiple points throughout the
semester, as you gain additional knowledge that you can piece together.

Summon your prior knowledge

Before you read your textbook or attend a lecture, look at the topic that is covered and ask yourself what you know
about it already. What questions do you have? What do you hope to learn? Answering these questions will give
context to what you are learning and help you start building a framework for new knowledge. It may also help you
engage more deeply with the material.

Think aloud

Talk through your material. You can talk to your classmates, your friends, a tutor, or even a pet. Just verbalizing
your thoughts can help you make more sense of the material and internalize it more deeply. Talking aloud is a great
way to test yourself on how well you really know the material. In courses that require problem solving, explaining
the steps aloud will ensure you really understand them and expose any gaps in knowledge that you might have. Ask
yourself questions about what you are doing and why.

Ask yourself questions

Asking self-reflective questions is key to metacognition. Take the time to be introspective and honest with yourself
about your comprehension. Below are some suggestions for metacognitive questions you can ask yourself.

 Does this answer make sense given the information provided?

 What strategy did I use to solve this problem that was helpful?
 How does this information conflict with my prior understanding?
 How does this information relate to what we learned last week?
 What questions will I ask myself next time I’m working these types of problems?
 What is confusing about this topic?
 What are the relationships between these two concepts?
 What conclusions can I make?

Try brainstorming some of your own questions as well.

Use writing

Writing can help you organize your thoughts and assess what you know. Just like thinking aloud, writing can help
you identify what you do and don’t know, and how you are thinking about the concepts that you’re learning. Write
out what you know and what questions you have about the learning objectives for each topic you are learning.

Organize your thoughts

Using concept maps or graphic organizers is another great way to visualize material and see the connections
between the various concepts you are learning. Creating your concept map from memory is also a great study
strategy because it is a form of self-testing.

Take notes from memory

Many students take notes as they are reading. Often this can turn notetaking into a passive activity, since it can be
easy to fall into just copying directly from the book without thinking about the material and putting your notes in
your own words. Instead, try reading short sections at a time and pausing periodically to summarize what you read
from memory. This technique ensures that you are actively engaging with the material as you are reading and taking
notes, and it helps you better gauge how much you’re actually remembering from what you read; it also engages
your recall, which makes it more likely you’ll be able to remember and understand the material when you’re done.
Review your exams

Reviewing an exam that you’ve recently taken is a great time to use metacognition. Look at what you knew and
what you missed. Try using this handout to analyze your preparation for the exam and track the items you missed,
along with the reasons that you missed them. Then take the time to fill in the areas you still have gaps and make a
plan for how you might change your preparation next time.

Take a timeout

When you’re learning, it’s important to periodically take a time out to make sure you’re engaging in metacognitive
strategies. We often can get so absorbed in “doing” that we don’t always think about the why behind what we are
doing. For example, if you are working through a math problem, it’s helpful to pause as you go and think about why
you are doing each step, and how you knew that it followed from the previous step. Throughout the semester, you
should continue to take timeouts before, during or after assignments to see how what you’re doing relates to the
course as a whole and to the learning objectives that your professor has set.

Test yourself

You don’t want your exam to be the first time you accurately assess how well you know the material. Self-testing
should be an integral part of your study sessions so that have a clear understanding of what you do and don’t know.
Many of the methods described are about self-testing (e.g., thinking aloud, using writing, taking notes from
memory) because they help you discern what you do and don’t actually know. Other common methods include
practice tests and flash cards—anything that asks you to summon your knowledge and check if it’s correct.

Figure out how you learn

It is important to figure out what learning strategies work best for you. It will probably vary depending on what type
of material you are trying to learn (e.g. chemistry vs. history), but it will be helpful to be open to trying new things
and paying attention to what is effective for you. If flash cards never help you, stop using them and try something
else instead. Making an appointment with an academic coach at the Learning Center is a great chance to reflect on
what you have been doing and figuring out what works best for you.

Works consulted

McGuire, S.Y. and McGuire, S. (2016). Teach Students How to Learn: Strategies You Can Incorporate in Any
Course to Improve Student Metacognition, Study Skills, and Motivation. Sterling, Virginia: Stylus Publishing,
LLC.
Centre for Innovation and Excellence in Learning. Ten Metacognitive Teaching Strategies. Vancouver Island
University. Retrieved from https://ciel.viu.ca/sites/default/files/ten_metacognitive_teaching_strategies.docx