State Equation
State Equation
The relation between the independent properties, such as pressure, specific volume and
temperature for a pure substance is known as the ‘equation of state’. For engineering
calculations, the equation of state for perfect gases can be used for real gases so long
as the pressures are well below their critical pressure and the temperatures are above
the critical temperature.
Gas and vapor are often used as synonymous words. The vapor phase of a substance is
customarily called a gas when it is above the critical temperature. Vapor usually implies
a gas that is not far from a state of condensation.
An ideal gas is governed equation which relates the state pressure, volume and
temperature of a fixed mass
(m is constant) of a given gas (R is constant) as:
Where :
P – Pressure (Pa)
V – Volume (m3)
T – Absolute Temperature (K) where :T (K) = 273 + T (C)
m – mass (kg)
R – gas constant (J/kg.K)
Equation (4–1) is called the ideal-gas equation of state, or simply the ideal-gas
relation, and a gas that obeys this relation is called an ideal gas.
Eqn. (4-1 ) can be written as : P v = RT …………....(4-2)
Also, the equation of state can be written in the following forms, depending on
what is needed to be calculated :
𝑚𝑅𝑇
1 .In terms of the pressure 𝑃=
𝑉
𝑚𝑅𝑇
2 .In terms of the volume 𝑉=
𝑝
𝑃𝑉
3 .In terms of the mass 𝑚= ……....(4-3)
𝑅𝑇
𝑃𝑉
4 .In terms of the temperature 𝑇=
𝑚𝑅
𝑃𝑉
5 .In terms of the gas constant 𝑅=
𝑚𝑇
𝑃₁ 𝑉₁ 𝑃₂ 𝑉₂
= ……....(4-9)
𝑇₁ 𝑇₂
Solution:
Example 4-2 :A rigid tank of 1 m3 contains nitrogen gas at 600 kPa, 400 K. By mistake
someone lets 0.5 kg flow out. If the final temperature is 375 K what is then the final
pressure?
p.v 600 ×1
Solution: m = R.T
= = 5.054 kg
0.2968×400
m2 = m – 0.5 = 4.554 kg .
m2 R.T2 4.554×0.2968×375
P2 = = = 506.9 kPa
V 1
Example 4-3 : A vessel of 5 m3 capacity contains air at 100 kPa and temperature of
300K. Some air is removed from vessel so as to reduce pressure and temperature to 50
kPa and 7ºC respectively. Find the amount of air removed and volume of this mass of
air at initial states of air. Take R = 287 J/kg.K for air.
Solution: