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State Equation

1. An ideal gas is defined as having no intermolecular forces, while real gases only follow gas laws at low pressures and high temperatures due to small intermolecular forces. 2. The equation of state relates the pressure, specific volume, and temperature of a pure substance. For engineering calculations, the ideal gas equation of state can be used for real gases at pressures below their critical pressure and temperatures above critical. 3. The ideal gas equation, PV=nRT, relates pressure, volume, amount of gas, and temperature for an ideal gas. It and variants like Pv=RT can be rearranged to solve for different variables. Examples show how to use the equations to solve gas problems

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Dr.Risalah A Mohammed
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195 views4 pages

State Equation

1. An ideal gas is defined as having no intermolecular forces, while real gases only follow gas laws at low pressures and high temperatures due to small intermolecular forces. 2. The equation of state relates the pressure, specific volume, and temperature of a pure substance. For engineering calculations, the ideal gas equation of state can be used for real gases at pressures below their critical pressure and temperatures above critical. 3. The ideal gas equation, PV=nRT, relates pressure, volume, amount of gas, and temperature for an ideal gas. It and variants like Pv=RT can be rearranged to solve for different variables. Examples show how to use the equations to solve gas problems

Uploaded by

Dr.Risalah A Mohammed
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ideal and Real Gases :

An ‘ideal gas’ is defined as a gas having no forces of intermolecular attraction. The


gases which follow the gas laws at all ranges of pressures and temperatures are
considered as “ideal gases”. However, ‘real gases’ follow these laws at low pressures
or high temperatures or both. This is because the forces of attraction between molecules
tend to be very small at reduced pressures and elevated temperatures.

The relation between the independent properties, such as pressure, specific volume and
temperature for a pure substance is known as the ‘equation of state’. For engineering
calculations, the equation of state for perfect gases can be used for real gases so long
as the pressures are well below their critical pressure and the temperatures are above
the critical temperature.

The Ideal-Gas Equation of State


Property tables provide very accurate information about the properties, but they are
bulky and vulnerable to typographical errors. A more practical and desirable
approach would be to have some simple relations among the properties that are
sufficiently general and accurate. Any equation that relates the pressure, temperature,
and specific volume of a substance is called an "equation of state".

Gas and vapor are often used as synonymous words. The vapor phase of a substance is
customarily called a gas when it is above the critical temperature. Vapor usually implies
a gas that is not far from a state of condensation.
An ideal gas is governed equation which relates the state pressure, volume and
temperature of a fixed mass
(m is constant) of a given gas (R is constant) as:

PV = m R T …………………(4-1) ( The Ideal-Gas Equation of State )

Where :
P – Pressure (Pa)
V – Volume (m3)
T – Absolute Temperature (K) where :T (K) = 273 + T (C)
m – mass (kg)
R – gas constant (J/kg.K)

Equation (4–1) is called the ideal-gas equation of state, or simply the ideal-gas
relation, and a gas that obeys this relation is called an ideal gas.
Eqn. (4-1 ) can be written as : P v = RT …………....(4-2)

(where v = V/m) called specific volume

Also, the equation of state can be written in the following forms, depending on
what is needed to be calculated :

𝑚𝑅𝑇
1 .In terms of the pressure 𝑃=
𝑉

𝑚𝑅𝑇
2 .In terms of the volume 𝑉=
𝑝

𝑃𝑉
3 .In terms of the mass 𝑚= ……....(4-3)
𝑅𝑇

𝑃𝑉
4 .In terms of the temperature 𝑇=
𝑚𝑅

𝑃𝑉
5 .In terms of the gas constant 𝑅=
𝑚𝑇

Alternative Gas Equation During a Change of State:


The equation of state can be used to determine the behaviour of the gas during a
process, i.e. what happens to its temperature, volume and pressure if any one property
is changed. For a fixed mass and simplifying, the properties of an ideal gas at initial
and final states defined by a simple expression as:

𝑃₁ 𝑉₁ 𝑃₂ 𝑉₂
= ……....(4-9)
𝑇₁ 𝑇₂

Where : State 1 : is the initial state

State 2 : is the final state


Example 4-1: A perfect gas at pressure of 750 kPa and 600 K is expanded to 2 bar
pressure. Determine final temperature of gas if initial and final volume of gas are 0.2
m3 and 0.5 m3 respectively.

Solution:

Example 4-2 :A rigid tank of 1 m3 contains nitrogen gas at 600 kPa, 400 K. By mistake
someone lets 0.5 kg flow out. If the final temperature is 375 K what is then the final
pressure?

Given :Initial state (1) : V = 1m3, P1 = 600×103 Pa, T1 = 400 K ,

Final state (2) : T2 = 400 K . P2=?

p.v 600 ×1
 Solution: m = R.T
= = 5.054 kg
0.2968×400

m2 = m – 0.5 = 4.554 kg .

m2 R.T2 4.554×0.2968×375
P2 = = = 506.9 kPa
V 1
Example 4-3 : A vessel of 5 m3 capacity contains air at 100 kPa and temperature of
300K. Some air is removed from vessel so as to reduce pressure and temperature to 50
kPa and 7ºC respectively. Find the amount of air removed and volume of this mass of
air at initial states of air. Take R = 287 J/kg.K for air.

Solution:

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