Engineering Mechanics

Definition
Mechanics is that the physical science which deal with the state of
rest or motion for bodies under the action of forces.
The subject is logically divided into two parts:
1- Statics which concerns the equilibrium of bodies under the
action of forces.
2- Dynamics which concerns the motion of bodies.

Rigid body
A body is considered rigid when the relative movements
between its part are negligible

Scalar and Vector Quantities

1-Scalar Quantities
Quantities which posses magnitude only and can be combined
arithmetically such as, area, mass and time

2- Vector Quantities
Quantities which having both magnitude and direction and can
be combined geometrically , such as force, displacement and
moment.
 Force
The action tends to move a body in direction of its action.
To complete definition of force we must know the following:
1- It’s magnitude
2- It’s direction
3- It’s point of application
**Units of Force: N , kN F

A
Line of action

Principle of Transmissibility
The point of application of a force may be transmitted along its
line of action without change the effect of the force on any rigid
body to which it may be applied.
F
Abody to which it A F
B
B
Force System
When several forces act in a given situation on body , they are
called a “ system of force”.
The system can be classified as:

1- Coplanar
When the action lines of all forces F3
of the system are in the same plane. F2
F1

2- Collinear
When all forces of the system have a common line action.
F1 F2

3- Concurrent
When the action lines of all forces for the system intersect at
common point.

F2

F3 F1
4- Parallel
When the action lines of all forces for the system are parallel.
F1
F2
F3
 Resultant of Force System
It is the simplest force which can replace the original forces
system without changing its external effect on a rigid body .

Composition and Resolution

Composition
It is the reduction of a given force system to the simplest one.
Resolution
It is the analysis of the single force to the several force.

F1
Composition
R

Resolution
F2

Law of super position

The action of a given system of forces on a rigid body will be no
changed when added to or subtract from them another system of
force in equilibrium.
2W
Q Q
+
W W
2Q

Q 2W Q
W

W 2Q W
Resultant of Force System Laws
1-Triangle law
If the two forces are represented by their free vectors placed tip to
tail, their resultant vector is the third side of the triangle, the
direction of the resultant being from the tail of the first vector to
the tip of the last vector.

F2
F1 F1

γ R

β
F2 θ
F1
F2

Cosine law

𝑅= 𝐹12 + 𝐹22 − 2𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐶𝑜𝑠 (𝜃)

Sine law
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝑅
= =
sin 𝛾 sin 𝛽 sin 𝜃
2-Rectangular Components
The most common resolution of force is resolution into
rectangular (perpendicular) components.
Y

Fx= F. Cos(θ) Fx F
Fy= F. Sin (θ) θ X
Fy

𝐹𝑋 = −𝐹3 + 𝐹1 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛽 + 𝐹2 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛼 Y

F1
𝐹𝑌 = −𝐹4 + 𝐹1 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝐹2 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 
F3
X

𝑅= (𝐹𝑥)2 + (𝐹𝑦)2
F4 F2

𝐹𝑦
𝜃 = tan−1
𝐹𝑥

𝐹𝑥


𝐹𝑦

R
 Moments and couple
Moment Of Forces. the tendency of force to produce rotation of a body
about a fixed point is called the moment of the force with respect that point.

Mathematical expression of moment:

F
Ma=F.d
d
where,
a
F=the magnitude of force.
d=moment arm which perpendicular distance
between the force and the point.

Direction of Moment:
Clock wise -

Counter clockwise +

Units of Moment: N.cm , N.m , Kn.m , Ib.in .

Varignan ̓ s Theory:
the moment of a force about any point or axis is equal to the
algebraic sum of its components moments about the same point or
axis.
𝒏

𝑴𝑹 = 𝑴𝒊
𝒊=𝟏

Where,

MR: moment of resultant

Mi: moments of components
Couple:
A couple is defined as two parallel forces that have the same of
magnitude, opposite direction and separated by perpendicular distance.

-F
Mc= F . d d
F

Resolution of a force into a force and a couple:

When the force (P) act at point (A), we can replaced it by another point (B)
to gather with a couple (P.a)

B a
DISTRIBUTED LOADS :

1- Uniformly Distributed Loads ( rectangular loads U. D. L)

W
R= W * L

R: resultant of the total weight of construction (kN, N)

W: the weight per unit length (kN/m, N/m) A B
L: the length of beam L

NOTE: the location of (R) is in the middle R

i.e L/2 from A and B R

A B
L/2

2- Varying Loads or triangular loads

W
R=1/2 * W * L

A L B
NOTE :
the location of (R) is L /3 from point B and
2L /3 from point A.
R

A B
2L/3 L/3
Equivalent forces system
if two systems force in equivalent , that’s mean:

S T K P
M1 M2

A B C D
Q

𝐹𝑥1 = 𝐹𝑥2

𝐹𝑦1 = 𝐹𝑦2

𝑀𝑅1 = 𝑀𝑅2

R1= R2