Please do not encourage

beggars who exploit children .

Srinivas
Sahana foundation

www.sahanafoundation .net
 06 /12 / ’17

Dear friends ,
This presentation is aimed at helping
my students in MADE EASY only .
I am forced to upload it now , because of pressure from
many students but I am going to upgrade it in 10 days
with some more useful information and questions.

Srinivas
Faculty – Made easy
9985143817
 PARTS OF SPEECH
1 . NOUN : NAME
2 . pronoun : used instead of a noun .
3 . Adjective : Describes quality.
 Verb : Action / state
Adverb : Modifies a verb/ an adjective/ adverb
Conjunction : That joins
preposition: : shows the relationship
Interjection : shows a sudden feeling
 Noun
The name of a person / place /
thing/ action / state /
emotion..
Proper noun : the name of a specific
person / place / thing .
Common noun : The name that
represents the whole class.
Ex : boy / girl / city / institution.
Collective noun : The name that denotes
a collection of persons / things together
as a whole .
Ex : audience / committee / crowd /
mob / group .
Proper / common / collective nouns are
countable
Abstract noun : name of a Quality / concept /
idea / state . Ex : Death, Honesty, Youth, Beauty.
Material noun : The substance with which
something is made or prepared . Ex : Gold ,
Wheat, Iron , Wood.
Abstract and material nouns are
uncountable
Countable nouns : the nouns that can be
counted . Ex : boys / girls / books / pens etc .

Uncountable nouns : the nouns that cannot be

counted .
Ex : sugar / rice / water / coffee / love / patience etc .

“ A /An “ stand for one ( singular )

“ S “ stands for two or more than two ( plural )

When it is an uncountable noun , we can use neither A nor S

with it .
My friend has given advices that helped me in my
tough times .
Ans : advice in place of advices .
Advice is an uncountable noun , we can make it
neither singular nor plural

an advice advices
a piece of advice
Some pieces of advice
 People : more than one person
Peoples : people of different nations

EX : The peoples of India and pakistan

WATER : UNCOUNTABLE NOUN -
SINGULAR

WATERS : SPECIFIC BODY OF WATER –

IN A LAKE / RIVER / SEA
News, information, furniture,
luggage, baggage, scenery, poetry ,
machinery, equipment, alphabet ,
stationery etc .

are always singular

Scissors, tongs, spectacles, cattle,
gentry, poultry, clergy, pants,
pantaloons , jeans , tights , shorts

are always plural

Board , Committee , Jury , Team ,
Government , Management are both

singular and plural

 sheep , fish , deer , species ,
offspring , aircraft , spacecraft
remain the same both for
singular and plural.
 Questions from work book

1. The scenery of Kashmir___(is/are) enchanting.

2. Where____ (is/are) the scissors?
3. The cattle ___ (is/are) grazing in the ground.
4. The clergy ___ (has/have) visited the church.
5. He is six ____ (feet/foot) tall.
6. I want _____ (an advice/a piece of advice) from you.
7. One must take care of _____ (his/one's) own health.
8. Four ____ (hundreds/hundred) miles is a long distance.
9. The manager asked me _____ (a cheque/ a leaf of
cheque).
10. The _____ (off-springs/off spring) of animals are
very much dependent on mothers for survival.
 Dozen , hundred , thousand , lakh ,
million , crore are expressed in singular
when used with a definite number .
Five hundred students wrote the mock test .
Hundreds of students wrote the mock test .
Several / many /few hundreds of students.
1. The leaders of our party (A) in this region are not (B)
in good terms of each other. (C) No error (D)
2. The analysises of the (A) organization are (B) very
reliable. (C) No error (D)

Each other : 2 one another : 3 / 3+

 singular plural
ANALYSIS ANALYSES
CRISIS CRISES
SYNOPSIS SYNOPSES
THESIS THESES
 GENDERS
MASCULINE : MALE FEMININE : FEMALE
COMMON : THAT APPLIES FOR BOTH
MALE AND FEMALE
NEUTER : THAT HAS NO GENDER
Common genders : baby / kid / child /
student /teacher / lecturer / professor /
sibling / parent / cousin/person etc .

* We cannot say Cousin brother / cousin sister

though this rule is grossly violated .
3. Females (A) are not appointed (B) in our
college. (C) No error (D)
4. The table's legs (A) have been (B)
elaborately carved. (C) No error (D)
FEMALE CANDIDATES / TEACHERS /
EMPLOYEES / STAFF MEMBERS CAN BE
USED .
SIMPLY “ FEMALE OR FEMALES “ IS
WRONG , IT IS DISCORTEOUS TO
MENTION SOMEONE BY THE GENDER .
 My shirt’s collar
The collar of my shirt
The legs of the table have been
elaborately carved
 RULE
The possession of a non living thing
cannot be shown by using APOSTROPHE
AND S
 EXCEPTION
TIME : yester day’s programme , today’s
class .
ORGANIZATIONS : R.B.I.’s decision , Micro
soft’s C.E.O.
PLACES: America’s president , Bihar’s election.
Books and movies
APOSTROPHE IS USED AFTER ‘ S ‘ WHEN WE
SHOW THE POSSESSION OF A PLURAL SUBJECT.

This boy’s car Boys’ hostel

Our minister’s decision Our ministers’ decision

 Thomas’ James’
Tiger woods’ Charles’
If the name itself ends with S , we use
APOSTOPHE after S
5. This misogynist hates (A) all mother in laws
(B) lady doctors and house maids. (C) No error(D)

6. There are so many filths (A) all around (B) the

place. (C) No error (D)

5th . Ans : B – mothers in law

 SINGULAR PLURAL
Passer – by passers – by
Mother – in -- law Mothers – in law
Father- in--law Fathers – in -- law
Brother – in– law Brothers – in--law
Sister -- in -- law Sisters – in -- law
 There is so much filth
Many is used with countables
Much is used with uncountables
7. The company has ordered (A) some
(B) new equipments. (C) No error (D)
8. Science and religion (A) are both
necessary for man and for their (B) outer
and innerself respectively. (C) No error (D)

Answer for 8th question : his in place of their

The pronoun for a noun called man is “ his “ .

One of the (A) most dangerous ( B) disease is
AIDS. (C) No error (D)

Answer : diseases in place of disease

Plural object

One of Singular verb

Singular pronoun
Please do not encourage
beggars who exploit children .
Srinivas
Sahana foundation

www.sahanafoundation .net
TENSES AND VOICE
 Simple present tense
Habitual Actions
Universal Truths
Planned Actions
 Sub + Vɪ + Obj am
Is
I teach English
are
English is taught by me
 Key words
often , usually , frequently ,
regularly , now and then ,
rarely, daily, every.
 Present Continuous Tense
Action that is in progress at present.
Action that is certain to take place.
Action in general.
 Keywords : now , right now ,
At present , presently , currently .
 Sub + am/ is/ are + V4 + Obj
He is writing a novel. am
Is + being
are
A novel is being written by him.
 Present Perfect Tense
Action that has just happened.
A past action without time.
An incomplete action.
 Sub + have/has + V3 + Obj
He has informed them.
They have been informed by him.
have
has + been
 Key words
Just , just now , recently ,
So far , yet , already, this
week/month/year
 Didn’t yet
Have/has + not + yet
Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Action that started in the

past and is still going on.
[ Time is given importance ]
No passive voice
 Key words
For , since .
Sub + have been/has been + V4+
Obj + Time
I have been preparing the
material.
 Simple Past Tense
A past action with time.
Sub + V2 +Obj + Time
 Key words
Any word that refers to past .
He finished the work yester day.
The work was finished by him
yester day. was/were
 Past Continuous Tense
Action as going on in the past .
Sub + was/were +V4 + obj + time
When ever I saw him he has been
reading the same novel.
(1) Had been reading (2) is reading
(3) was reading (4) No
Improvement
Answer : 3 (CDS 2014)

The combination of past continuous and simple

past tenses .
He was interviewing them at 4p.m.
They were being Interviewed
by him at 4p.m.
Was
+ being
Were
 Past Perfect tense
Action that takes place prior to
another in the past .
Key words
Already , when , before , after .
 Sub+ had +V3 + obj +
when/before + sub +V2 + obj

He had deceived us before

you came here.
we had been deceived by
him before you came here.
Had + been
Past perfect continuous tense
Action that lasted for some
time in the past.
(time is given importance)
 Sub + had been + V4 + obj + time

He had been living in the U.S. for

six years before shifting to the
U.K.

( no passive voice )
 Simple future tense
Action that is yet to take place
Sub + shall/will+V1 +obj + time
I , we : shall Simple futurity
All persons: will Simple futurity
2nd , 3rd persons : shall compulsion
 She will receive the guests at the
airport tomorrow. Shall
+ be
will
The guests will be received by her
at the airport tomorrow.
 Future Continuous Tense
Action as going on in future.
Sub + shall be /will be + V4 + obj +time

He will be travelling tomorrow at 7p.m.

No passive voice
 Future Perfect Tense
Action as finished in future.
( before a particular time or an action )

sub + shall have / will have +V3 + obj + time

He will have submitted the file by 20th.

The file will have been submitted by

him by 20th. Shall have
Will have + been
Usage of by in passive voice is optional
not a must . In fact sometimes we need
to avoid by which gives the information
about the doer of the action .

Ex : English is spoken by people in

many parts of the world
it is known that only people speak
languages hence we need to avoid “ by “
If a ” be “ form or a ” get “ form is
immediately followed by the third
form of the verb it is passive voice
 AM
IS
Get ARE
got WAS
WERE + V3 = PASSIVE VOICE
got BE
BEING
BEEN
IMPERATIVE SENTENCES :

Do it : Let it be done .
Do not do it : Let it not be done .
Finish the work : let the work be finished
Do not waste your time : let your
time not ne wasted
Imperative sentences express : requests / suggestions
/ advice / commands .

They begin with verbs not with the subjects

unlike other sentences , in fact the subject is
the person listening .
GERUND
A Verb used as a noun is called a gerund
1 . It acts as a subject to a verb
2 . It acts as a complement in a sentence
3 . It is used with some specific words .
a preposition is followed by GERUND
ENJOY , MIND , MISS , AVOID , REMEMBER ,
WITH A VIEW TO , CANNOT HELP , COMMITTED
TO , LOOK FORWARD TO , BE HABITUATED TO ,
BE ACCUSTOMED TO , BE ADDICTED TO , BE
USED TO , FOND OF , CAPABLE OF , INTERESTED
IN , INSIST ON , KEEP , KEEP ON , BE WORTH ,
STOP , PREVENT , DISLIKE , BE NO GOOD , TIRED
OF , ADMIT TO ETC. TAKE GERUND
My friend worked ( 1 ) hard with
a view to pass ( 2 ) the
examination( 3 ) / no error ( 4 )
ESE 2015

It should be “ passing “
S . S . C . STATISTICAL INVESTIGATORS EXAM . 31 / 07 / 2005

She doesn’t mind to be disturbed .

( 1 ) being disturbed ( 2 ) to being disturbed
( 3 ) being disturbing ( 4 ) No improvement
( 1 ) is correct
Be – was – been – being are the four forms of the verb
S . B . I . ( PROBATIONARY OFFICERS ) EXAM 2013
We are eagerly looking forward to receive
the chief guest at the airport
( 1 ) received ( 2 ) be receiving
( 3 ) receiving ( 4 ) no improvement

Answer : ( 3 ) receiving
 QUESTION TAGS
Question tags are the short questions that we put at the
end of the sentences , they are used for confirmation of
the statements that we make .
We need to keep three points in mind while using question tags

SUBJECT ? TENSE ?
KIND OF SENTENCE ?
If the sentence is positive , question tag should
be negative , if the sentence is negative , the
question tag should be positive .
Use a helping verb according to the tense of
the sentence .
Use a pronoun based on the subject .
 If the subject of the sentence is an indefinite
pronoun , then the subject of the tag will be
THEY .
EX : some one called you , didn’t they ?
None can prove it , can they ?

let us : shall we ?
let him/her/them : will you ?
I am : aren’t I ?
 IMPERATIVE SENTENCES

Do it : will you ? / won’t you ?

Do not do it : will you ?
 WORK BOOK PAGE NO . 105
1. mohan has already come , ___________ ?
2 . She can swim well ____________ ?
3 . Mohan doesn’t work hard , ______________ ?
4 .They haven’t come yet , __________ ?
5 . There are some girls in your class, __________ ?
6 . They haven’t taken the material, ___________ ?
7 . Made easy has several branches , _____________ ?
1 . I needn’t get up early tomorrow , ___________ ?
2 . Lets go to the beach , ______________ ?
3 . Some body has called , _______________ ?
4 . Few students attended the party , ______________ ?
5 . She won’t receive the guests tomorrow , ___________ ?
6 . The performance was exceptionally impressive , ______ ?
7 . He never sleeps in the afternoon , ___________ ?
 Page no . 105
1 . Neither of them has completed the task , __________ ?
2 . We must follow the rules , _________________ ?
3 . None of the students has attended the class, ________ ?
4 . He has been preparing for the examination since
2014, _________________ ?
5 . Little progress was made , ________________ ?
6 . It’s obvious that they are trying to cheat us , __________ ?
7. My father suggested that I should be more serious
towards my career ,_______________ ?
concord
Two singular nouns joined with “ and “
take the plural verb → are / were /
have / have been

Ravi and Raju have started the business

Two singular nouns joined with “ and “
referring to the same person take the
verb in singular form. has
My friend and colleague have come to my house.
Two singular nouns joined with “ and “
together expressing one idea take the
verb in singular form. ( Pair words )
Slow and steady Time and tide
Age and experience Cup and saucer
Horse and carriage Name and fame
Rise and fall Soup and salad
 GATE 2013 EC + EE +IN
CHOOSE THE GRAMMATICALLY CORRECT SENTENCE :

( A ) Two and two add four

(B ) Two and two become four

( c ) Two and two are four
( D ) Two and two make four
 Answer is “ D “

In the absence of makes , make is correct .

Two singular nouns joined with
“and “ preceded by each or every
take verb in singular form.
was
Every man and every woman were
surprised at the result. is
Each minute and each hour are valuable
in life.
In sentences having either - or , neither- nor,
not only – but also the verb must agree with the
subject that is after or/nor/but also
has
Either you or he have to finish this work .
 When we have a connective like
With, Together with, But , Rather than,
Along with, As well as, accompanied by, apart
In addition to, Besides, from, aided by,

The verb must agree with the subject before

the connective.
The students as well as their teacher is
waiting. are
Expressions like
one of
None of Noun Verb
either of
take ↓ ↓
neither of Plural singular
every one of
The verb in a sentence must always
agree with the real subject not with the
dummy subject.

The beauty of those flowers have attracted me.

has
The verb that follows “here there “ depends
on the noun that follows the verb.

There is a boy
There have been many questions.
“A number of “ takes plural verb
“The number of” takes singular verb .
 many a → singular
many/ a good many/ a great
many →plural
When ever a gerund is the
subject, the verb is put in singular
Reading news paper
improves language skills.
The verb that follows a fraction depends on
the noun that follows the fraction.
Ex : of his work is left.
Half
Half of the students are not sure of the
answer.
 Several/many/ few always take
plural subjects and plural verbs.
Someone ,somebody, anyone ,any
body , none , nobody ,either , neither
always take singular verbs.
 Questions from work book

1 . The college board as well as the local

citizens ( a ) were pleased ( b ) with the
plans for the new college ( c ) no error (D )
2 . The intelligence ( a ) of many wild
animals is ( b ) indeed amazing ( c ) no
error ( d )
3. Every man , woman (a) and child were (b)
taken from the town (c) no error (d)
4. Either a certified cheque on deposit ( a )
or a valid major credit card is required ( b )
for one to bid on the goods (c) no error(d)
5. One of these detergents have (a) proved
to be harmful (b) to the delicate skin of the
house wife (c) no error (d)
6. None of the soldiers (a) was able to pass
(b) the physical fitness test (c) no error (d)
7. The principal was pleased to learn (a)
that none of the foreign students was (b)
majoring in education of chemistry(d)
8. Here comes (a) the trainers and the
players (b) for both teams(c) no error(d)
9. Each organization has its (a) own
selected officers (b) who conduct the
business of the organization (c) no error(d)
10. This master book concludes with pages (a)
that contain lists (b) of American colleges and
universities (c) no error(d)
 Page no. 105 subject verb agreement

1. Rahul’s natural ability and his desire to

help others HAS / HAVE led to a career in
the ministry .
2. Everybody who signed up for the ski trip
WAS / WERE taking lessons
3. Some of our luggage WAS/ WERE lost
4. None of his advice MAKE / MAKES SENSE .
5 . One out of every three sunsets WAS / WERE
covered with clouds .
6. The teeth in a crocodile’s mouth IS / ARE sharp
7. The leaders of the expedition WAS/ WERE
looking for a camp site
8. During the trip bread and butter WAS / WERE
the favourite meal for the two drivers .
9. On the side IS / ARE political correspondents
hoping for an interview .
10. The trunk of the elephant and the belly of
the hippo MAKE / MAKES me laugh .
Conditionals
 Type - 1
If + sub + V1 + Object 
sub + shall / will / can / may
+ V1 + Object
If I take coaching , I will get good marks
FUTURE 50%
 Type -2
If + sub + V2 + Object 
sub + should / would / could / might
+ V1 + Object

If I took coaching , I would get good marks

 Type - 3
If + sub + had + V3 + Object 
sub + would / should / could / might +
have + V3 + Object
If I had taken coaching , I would have got good marks.

PAST 0%
 2nd way of type 3 conditional

Had + sub + V3 + obj + sub +

would have + V3 + obj
Ex : Had you asked me , I would have helped you
( I did not help you because you did not ask me )
 Type 4

If + sub + V1 + Object 
sub + V1 + Object
FACTS 100 %
 Negatives of conditionals

If you do not ask me , I will not help you

If I do not take coaching , I will not get good marks
If I did not take coaching , I would not get good marks

If you did not ask me , I would not help you

If I had not taken coaching , I would not have
got good marks

If you had not asked me , I would not have

helped you
Prepositions
 AT : time ( 10 0 clock , 9-15 )
( at noon and at night )
ON : days ( Sunday ) and dates ( 15TH )

IN : parts of the day ( morning ) /

months ( march ) , years ( 2015 ) /
seasons ( winter )
on : static ( They are in the garden )
IN
upon : with movement ( They ran
INTO into the garden )
 Between - Among

2 3/3+
Ex : There are some disputes between the two brothers
Ex : Distribute the sweets among the children
AT : COMPARATIVELY SMALL PLACE .
IN : COMPARATIVELY LARGE PLACE
AT : NEARNESS
IN : EXACT LOCATION
He is at the library ( near )
Ex :
He is in the library ( may be , he is reading )
By : the doer of the action
With : the instrument
Ex : The land was ploughed by the
farmer with the help of a tractor
.
AGREE WITH : someone
Agree to : something

Agree on : terms and conditions

 In : at the expiry of time
Within : before the expiry of time
Ex : I shall return your money in a week
on the seventh day ( last day of the week )
Ex : I shall return your money within a week
On any one of the next six days
 FOR ---- SINCE

Period of time Point of time

PERIOD OF TIME : THAT CAN BE COUNTED IN
NUMBER . ( FROM SECONDS TO CENTURIES )
FEW , SEVERAL , MANY , A LONG TIME , A LOT OF TIME .

POINT OF TIME : THAT CANNOT BE COUNTED

IN NUMBER , ONLY IDENTIFIED .
 ESE 2015
Have you seen ( a ) / any films
lately ?( b ) / “Not since the last
few months “( C ) no error (D)

Answer : C ( for in place of since )

Though last is used we need to take for because of

few .
 Enter - moving in ( physically )
He entered my room without permission
To be a part of / join he entered politics
last year
ENTER INTO : INVOLVE
Discussion / argument / agreement / contract / deed

They entered into a heated argument with their leader .

 Jealous
Fond
Aware
Beware
Suspicious
Of
Proud
Boast
Accuse
Guilty
Convict Of
Acquit
 Refrain
Stop
Prevent
Prohibit From
Dissuade
Abstain
People should be prohibited from smoking in public .
He stopped me from going there .
 Of : physical blindness
Blind
To : mental blindness

He is blind of one eye

We should not be blind to our weaknesses
 with : someone
Angry
AT : something

Ex : my brother is angry with me at my laziness

Good
Bad
Clever
Poor At
False
 Sympathy Antipathy
Passion Aptitude Love
Liking Hatred
cure

For
We were discussing about politics
when he called up
Discuss does not take a preposition , it is
directly followed by the object

But discussion ( the noun form ) is used

with prepositions .
DISCUSSION : ABOUT : AT LENGTH

DISCUSSION : ON : IN SHORT
 Attend: to be present physically
I need to attend a meeting tomorrow

Attend to : to take care of / to pay attention

She had to attend to her mother who was ill.

 Wait : we use for after it
We are waiting for the results
Await : we do not use for after it
We are awaiting the results
 Page 106

1. There is no cure ____ AIDS.

2. I am suspicious ____ his intensions.
3. The lecture was accompanied _____
subtle analysis of concepts .
4. Life is compared ____ a battle.
 Page 106

5. We are responsible ___ God ___ our

actions.
6. You are prohibited ____ taking
photographs.
7. We must have the ability to cope ____
adverse situations in life .
 Moderate level: Fill in the blanks;

1. The British could conquer India because the

Indian kings were fighting ___ themselves.
(a) among (b) between (c) with (d) for

2. The history of Hindu religion dates ____

ancient times.
(a) from (b) since (c) for
3. No one believes him because he is
false _____ heart.
(a) to (b) at (c) of
4.Cooperation between friends stems
_____ mutual consideration .
(a) is (b) out (c) from
5. In fact there is no library in our town to
speak _____.
(a) for (b) about (c) of
6. Dishonesty is always detriment
_____ progress.
(a) to (b) for (c) of
7. In the long run, drinking proved fatal both
____ his reputation and health.
(a) for (b) to (c) of
8. Disintegration of the country is inimical
_____ the progress of the people.
(a) to (b) for (c) from
9. He has great antipathy _____ those
who are hypocrites.
(a) for (b) to (c) against
10. As a dancer she has aptitude ____
classical system.
(a) for (b) to (c) in
1. On a holiday (A) Madhu prefers
reading (B) than going out visiting
friends. (C) No error (D)

2. My brother (A) has ordered (B)

for a new book. (C) No error (D)
3. My niece has been (A) married
with(B) the richest man of the town.
(C) No error (D)
4. All the doctors were(A) puzzled on
the strange symptoms (B) reported
by the patients.(C)
No error (D)
 verb
Marry Married Married object
adjective
Be + married To + object
noun
Marriage + with object
Puzzled , shocked , surprised , astonished

At
5. When he parted with his sister(A) at
London airport (B) there were tears
in his eyes. (C) No error (D)
6. He was honorably (A) acquitted
from (B) the charge. (C)
No error (D)
7. He was very much engaged (A) in his
work when the thieves (B) entered into his
house (C) and took away a lot of things. (D)
No error (E)

8. Somebody reported to me (A) that a boy

has fallen (B) in the well and nobody had (C)
tried to save him (D) No error (E)
 .
9 He wants to resign (A) his job
because (B) he is unable to (C) cope up
with the work pressure at the office (D)
No error (E)
He could not cope up with the heavy rush.

(a) cope with (b) cope by

(c) cope up to (d) No improvement

(ESE-2012)
Cope is followed by only with

Answer : a
 INSPITE ------ DESPITE
Inspite takes of after it , despite does not take
the preposition .
CONSIST ----- COMPRISE
Consist takes of , comprise does not take of
COMPRISED TAKES “ OF “ IN PASSIVE VOICE
IT IS COMPRISED OF A LOT OF THINGS
10. Despite of curfew (A) in some areas,
minor (B) communal incidents were reported
(C) from different areas of the walled city (D)
No error (E)

SOURCE : IBPS EXAM

Answer : a
Idioms
 Add fuel to the fire : to make a problem worse
Bad blood : hostility / hatred between people
Blue blood : of a noble / royal family
Cake walk : a very easy task
Grease someone’s palm : to bribe someone
Spick and span : neat and clean
Fit as a fiddle : very healthy and full of energy
Bury the hatchet : to make peace / to end the rivalry
and start a good relation
Break the ice : to speak first after a prolonged silence
Bring to book : to punish
Breathe one’s last : to die / pass away
Bolt from the blue : sudden shock
Blow one’s own trumpet : to praise the self
Burn one’s fingers : to get into trouble
Lion’s share : the largest part of something
Tip of the iceberg : only a hint of a much larger
problem/issue
Bolt from the blue : unexpected shock
 Keep one’s fingers crossed : to wish / hope
for luck .
Ex : students keep their fingers crossed before the results .
A wolf in a sheep’s clothing : a person who looks harmless
but is actually dangerous .
Ex : most of the politicians are wolves in sheep’s clothing
Feather in one’s cap : an achievement that one
takes pride in .
Bird’s eye view : a large view / comprehensive
perspective
Bird’s eye view
A wolf in a sheep’s clothing
Old habits die hardly. (ESE-2012)
(a) die hard (b) die too hard
(c) die much hardly (d) No improvement
Answer : A
 He turned a deaf ear to my request .

What does the underlined phrase mean?

(a) ignored (b) appreciated

(c ) twisted (d) returned
GATE 2016 CE ,Set - II

Answer : a
 GATE 2016 C E SET : II
Choose the most approprite set of Words.
____ ____ Is a will , ____ is a way .

A. Wear , there , their

B. Where, their, there
C. Where, there, there
D. Were, their , their

Answer : c
We should keep (a) such people (b)
at an arm's length. (c) No error (d)

E S E 2012

Answer : c ( at arm’s length )

Any meaningful discussion of national
integration (a) must take stock about the
tendencies (b) which threaten it. (c) No
error. (d)
ESE 2010
Answer : b ( to take stock of )

Take stock of : assess / evaluate .

She wanted to be an actress, (a)
but her father soon (b) nipped
that idea in the bud. (c) No error.
(d)
ESE 2008
Select the alternative meaning of the underlined
part of the sentence.

The chain snatchers took to their heels when the

police party arrived.
GATE 15 CS+IN
A. Took shelter in a thick jungle
B. Opened indiscriminate fire
C. Took to flight
D. Unconditionally surrendered
That boy from the town was a ………
in the sleepy village .

(a) dog out of herd (b) sheep from the herd

(c) fish out of water (d) bird from the flock

GATE 2015 C S + I N
 S . S . C . ( INCOME TAX ) EXAM 11 / 12 / 2005

As I am new to the place I felt like a fish in water

(1) felt like a fish in the water
(2) felt like a fish with water
(3) felt like a fish out of water
(4) No improvement
PHRASAL VERBS
A SIMPLE VERB FOLLOWED BY A
PREPOSITION OR AN ADVERB.
TAKE UP : TO ACCEPT A RESPONSIBILITY .
TAKE ON : TO COMPETE .
TAKE DOWN : TO NOTE DOWN .
TAKE AFTER : TO RESEMBLE .
TAKE IN : TO UNDERSTAND .
TAKE OVER : TO TAKE CONTROL .
TAKE SOME ONE THROUGH : TO EXPLAIN
SOME THING TO SOME BODY IN DETAIL .
TAKE OFF : TO START .
TAKE PART : TO PARTICIPATE / JOIN IN
 PUT
PUT UP : TO ESTABLISH / STAY
PUT OFF : TO POSTPONE
PUT FORTH / FORWARD : TO OFFER AN IDEA / PLAN
PUT ON : TO WEAR
PUT OUT : TO EXTINGUISH
PUT UP WITH : TO SUSTAIN
PUT DOWN : TO WRITE DOWN .
PUT OFF : TO POST PONE
PUT OFF : TO RID ONESELF OFF
 GATE : 2016 EE + CS
Nobody knows how the Indian cricket team
is going to cope with the difficult and
seamer - friendly wickets in Australia .
( A ) PUT UP WITH ( b ) PUT IN WITH ( c) PUT
DOWN TO ( d ) PUT UP AGAINST

Answer : ( a )
 GATE 2013 EC + EE + IN
They were requested not to quarrel with others
Which one of the following options is
the closest in meaning ?

A . MAKE OUT B . CALL OUT C . DIG OUT D. FALL OUT

( d ) is the answer( meaning to fight / get into a dispute . )

 CALL
call on : to visit ( someone ) Call off : to cancel an event

Call forth : to elicit a reaction Call up : to phone

Call for : publicly demand for an action

CALL OUT : TO shout and talk loudly / to challenge someone for a fight
 Look up : to try to find info in a book
Look after : to take care of
Look into : to examine the facts
Look through : to read or briefly examine
Look forward : to eagerly expect
something to happen
Look down upon: to consider someone
to be inferior
 Go on : to happen ex ; what is going on there ?
Go by : to pass ex : two hours went by

Go through : ( 1 ) to examine ( 2 ) to undergo / experience

Articles
Uses of “THE”
Unique NOUNS
The Moon, The Sun , The Sky.
Holy Books
The Quran , The Bible.
Superlative degrees
The richest , The tallest.
 Two comparatives in a single sentence.
The more we earn , The more we spend,
The harder he thought ,
The more confused he became,
 S . S . C . SECTION OFFICER EXAM 29 / 07 / 2001

The greater the demand , higher the price.

( 1 ) high ( 2 ) the high

( 3 ) the higher ( 4 ) no improvement

ANSWER : 3
When we talk about a particular person or
thing we use The before it
This is The girl who got the first rank
The book which I gave him is expensive
Adjective used as a noun.
The rich, the poor , the blind , The Old.
 Before comparative degree in case of a choice
Ex 1: she is the older of the two girls
Ex 2: he is the weaker of the two players

Before a unit of measurement

Ex 1:cloth is sold by the metre
Ex 2: Eggs are sold by the dozen
 Before the armed forces
EX : The army ,The navy ,The air force.
Before the dynasties , empires , wars , revolutions ,
centuries.
Ex : The Gupta dynasty , The red revolution , The civil war ,
The seventh century , The British empire , The middle ages
, The Vedic ages.
 Before the names of physical positions

The right , The Left , The Middle

Important Designations

The P.M, The C.M, The President.

 Before Ordinal Numbers
Cardinal - Ordinal
One The First
Two The second
Three The third
Political Parties
The BJP ,The RJD.
Historical Events
The Salt Satyagraha.
The Quit India movement.
Names of Musical Instruments
The guitar, The flute.
 We use a before names of musical
instrument in the sense of one
He is good at playing the guitar.
He bought a guitar yesterday .
She practises the veena .
She has a veena at home .
Directions
The North, The East,
Names of Imp. Inventions
The T.V, The P.C
United countries
The U.S.A, The U.K, The U.A.E
Words which indicate Nationality.
The Indians, the Americans,

Noun that represent the whole class.

The Cow is a useful animal,
The peacock is a beautiful bird.
Before persons or things which are
already mentioned in the same context.

The person who cheated me was

caught last night.
Before the names of
news papers & magazines
The Hindu,
The India today.
Before the words same & whole.
The whole country regretted his
death.
After the words all & both when
used with plural nouns.
Both the sisters are brilliant.
All the questions are tough.
 BEFORE THE NAMES OF RIVERS, OCEANS,
GROUP OF MOUTAINS, GROUP OF
ISLANDS,GULFS ,DESERTS AND WATERFALLS.
.
EX : THE PERSIAN GULF / THE GANGES / THE PACIFIC
/ THE SAHARA / THE NETHERLANDS / THE
HIMALAYAS.

Note : “ The “ is not used before Everest because

it is a single peak not a mountain range .
 Before names of trains / hotels / names of
reputed organizations / names of families

Ex : The shathabdhi express / The Taj / The U.N.O. ,

The W.H.O. / The Tatas / The Birlas / The kapoors .
USAGE OF INDEFINITE ARTICLE
 A is used before the words beginning with
consonant sound .
AN is used before the words beginning
with vowel sound .

A E I O U are called vowels .

Rest of the 21 letters are called consonants .
 A
One , universal , university , European
Union , unique , utensil , utopia.
AN
HOUR , HONEST MAN , HONOURABLE PERSON ,
S.I. , L.L.B., M.A., M.B.A.
A SUB - INSPECTOR
An S . I .
A lawyer
An L . L . B .
 IT IS USED : INSTEAD OF THE WORD ONE ,
EVERY , IN EXCLAMATIONS , AFTER THE
WORD “ SUCH “ , WITH WORDS LIKE FEW
LITTLE TO EXPRESS A POSITIVE SENSE ,
Before a singular countable noun.
 Examples
(1) I have a cousin in France ( one cousin ) , there is
an umberella ( one )
( 2 ) He earns rs.500 /- an hour ( every hour / per hour )
( 3 ) She comes here twice in a week ( every week )
( 4 ) What a wonderful book ! / what a beautiful bungallow !
( Exclamations )
( 5 )I have never read such an interesting novel .
(6) I have a little money with me ( some money )
( 7 ) A few students in our class are interested in the special
class .
( some students )
 It is a fact (a) that cereals constitute
major part (b) of the diet of our people. (c)
No error (d)
ESE 2014
Answer : a major part .

Explanation : we need to use an indefinite article ( A /AN )

before a singular countable noun
Choose the grammatically INCORRECT sentence.
(a) He is of Asian origin.
(b) They belonged to Africa.
(c) She is an European.
(d) They migrated from India to Australia.
GATE 2013 ME + CS + PI
Answer : ( c )
Explanation : European begins with a vowel ( E ) but it
gives a consonant sound .
 GATE 2015 ME + CE (Online Exam)

The Tamil version of ______ John Abraham- starrer

Madras Café ---- cleared by the Censor Board with no cuts
last week, but the film “s distributors ___ no takers
among the exhibitors for a release in Tamil Nadu ____
this Friday.

(a) Mr. , was, found, on (b) a, was, found, at

(c) the, was, found, on (d) a, being, find, at
Answer : ( c )
 GATE 2016 EE + CS SET I - II

The man who is now a municipal

commissioner worked as ____ .
(A) the security guard at a university
(B) a security guard at the university
(C) a security guard at university
(D) the security guard at the university
Answer is “ B “

www.sahanafoundation.net
 1. No article is used before proper nouns.
(names of persons & places)
I met …….. Kishore
------ Hydarabad is a large city.
Exception : when we compare a proper noun with
another proper noun , we use the before the compared
proper noun .
Ex: kalidas is the shakespeare of India , prabhudeva is the
michael jackson of our country .
He is the Einstein of our town . ( the most intelligent person in our town )
He is an Einstein of our town . ( one of the most intelligent persons in
our town )
 2. No article is used before material
nouns and abstract nouns.
(Gold, Silver, Copper, Water, Wood,
Milk… )
(Honesty, Wisdom, Happiness,
youth… )

Exception : When they are made specific we use the before them .
Ex : The gold imported from gulf countries is heavily taxed .
The courage shown by Bhagat singh was incredible .
The patience of the leader is what made him so great .
 No article is used before names of languages .
He speaks the English fluently
I think it is difficult to learn a chinese
But we say : The English language

THE ENGLISH : ENGLISH PEOPLE

THE FRENCH : FRENCH PEOPLE
4. No article is used before the places
like School, College, Hospital, Office,
prison , market , Church , masjid ,
Temple , bed , table etc .
When they are used for primary
purpose.
5. No article is used after words like Sort
of, Kind of, Type of & manner of…..

Eg : what sort of a bird is it ?

 Before uncountable nouns

An advice , the weather , a fun.

 6. Before the names of meals

A supper , the dinner, a lunch

But when the name of a meal is made specific , we use the before it

Ex : ( 1 ) The lunch that I had in the flight was hardly sufficient .

( 2 ) The dinner , we had in the Taj was quite expensive .

 A B C D
We / shall see him / after the dinner / no error

ESE 2014

Answer : c ( dinner in place of the dinner )

www.sahanafoundation.net
Before the names of seasons :

The winter , The summer.

7. Modes of transport
They will go by the air
We had a pleasant journey by a road
 8 BEFORE NAMES OF DISEASES :
He died of a cancer
The cancer is a dangerous disease
Exception : The plague , The cholera ,
The flu .
QUESTIONS FROM WORK BOOK
 1. Most of the residents (A) were inside the
building(B) when it was collapsed. (C)
No error (D)
ANS : A ( it collapsed in place of it was collapsed )
2. Does it matters (A) whether a cat is white
or black (B) as long as it catches mice?. (C)
No error (D)
Ans : A ( DOES IT MATTER IN PLACE OF DOES IT
MATTERS )
 Do / does / did
V1
Donot / doesnot / didnot
V 1 : PRESENT OF VERB ( GO )V 2 : PAST FORM
OF VERB( WENT ) V 3 PAST PARTICIPLE ( GONE)
V 4 PRESENT PARTICIPLE ( GOING )
3. My friend (A) worked hard (B) with a view to
pass the examination (C). No error (D)

ANSWER : C ( PASSING IN PLACE OF PASS )

“ WITH A VIEW TO “ TAKES GERUND ( V 4 )

4. Though it is a month since he has left us,
(A) he has not written to us yet, (B) and we
do not know what he has been doing.(C)
No error (D)
ANSWER : A

It has been a month since he left us

 She was ashamed (A) when she remembered (B)
that she did not visit her mother for a year (C) No
error (D)
Ans : C
she had not visited IN PLACE OF she did not visit
Between two actions in the past , the former
should be in past perfect and the latter should
be in simple past
6. Respectfully l beg to state that (A) I am
suffering from fever (B) for the past
fortnight (C) No error (D)
ANSWER : B ( HAVE BEEN IN PLACE OF AM )
7. I have sent you (A) a letter (B) last month.(C)
No error (D)
ANSWER : A ( I SENT IN PLACE OF I HAVE SENT )
8. Were they having (A) a car when they (B)
were living in Bangalore ? (C) No error (D)

Answer : A ( did they have in place of were they having )

Have should not be expressed in ING form

8. Were they having (A) a car when they (B)
were living in Bangalore ? (C) No error (D)
ANS : A ( DID THEY HAVE )
9. When Rima came to India (A) she had to
get used (B) to drive on the left (C)
No error ( D ) ANS : C ( DRIVING )

BE / GET + USED TO TAKES GERUND ( V 4 )

 possess
Have Take
Receive
Experience
Have cannot be expressed in continuous tense when used
in the sense of possess .
In all the rest of the three senses it can be used .
Ex : I am having a severe headache ( experience )
She was having the material when I came here ( take )
You will have a mail next week ( receive )
 MODALS
A verb used to express the mood of a speaker is called modal auxiliary .
List of modals
Can , could , may , might , shall , should , will , would ,
must , ought to , need , dare , have / had to , be to , be
able to , going to .

These modals suggest : permission / possibility / promise

/ ability / advice / obligation /request / duty / necessity /
prohibition etc .
 Uses of modals
Can ability / permission / prohibition
Examples : he can speak four languages ( is able to speak )
Can I take your book ? ( permission ) yes you can ( permission ) no , you
can’t ( denying permission )
You cannot go there without my permission ( prohibition )

Could
Past ability / request / permission / possibility / past improbable condition .
Examples : I could run 10 kms at a stretch in my college days ( past ability : I was able to )
Could you please help me ? ( request ) ; could I speak to you ? ( permission )
He could be a police officer ( possibility )

You could have done it ( you had the ability to do it but you did not )
 May possibility / permission / wish or prayer / purpose
/ past uncertainty
The chief minister may visit our place ( possibility ) :
May I come in ? ( permission )
May his soul rest in peace ( prayer ) ; may god bless you ( wish )
Walk regularly so that you may be healthy ( purpose )
Might
Possibility / as a the past form of may / past uncertainty

He might excuse them ( more doubtful possibility than may )

She said that she might go to France . ( as the past form of may )

The police might have arrested him ( past uncertainty – we do not

know it clearly )
 Should
1. duty / obligation : we should finish the task in time
2. As the past form of shall : he told me that I should listen to him
3. After the word lest : work hard lest you should fail
4 . Obligation in the past : you should have taken permission
( You did not )
Must
1. Necessity : He must consult a doctor ( stronger than should )
2. Command : you must follow our instructions
3 . Possibility : She must be in the office now ( stronger than may )
4 . Past uncertainty : They must have gone home ( stronger than
might have gone )
 OUGHT TO It is stronger than should but not so forceful as must.
it is always followed by ‘ TO ‘
1 .Duty or moral obligation : you ought to complete the work today ( ( duty )

We ought help the needy ( moral obligation )

2 . Past unfulfilled action : He ought to have informed the clients (
he did not inform )
They ought not to have spent so much ( they spent more than needed )

Used to
1. Past habit : I used to read a lot in my college days /
she used to play Tennis .
2 . As an adjective ( be used to ) : I am used to taking a lot of
stress . / they are used to wasting time .
 Would
Request : would you please lend me some money ? / would you
mind lending me some money ?
As the past form of will : He said that he would come home .
Wish : I would like to stay here .
Choice : she would rather die than beg her enemy .
Possibility : He would be a sports man ( possibly he is a sports man )
Recurring action in the past : They would practise swimming in
this river till last year
Past improbable condition ( type 3 conditional ) : If you had
asked me , I would have helped you .
 Need
It is used both as a main verb and auxiliary verb ( helping verb )

As a main verb it has a meaning ( requirement ) , as a helping

verb it has no meaning .

As a main verb it is used in positive sentences and as a

helping verb it is used in negative and interrogative
sentences

When used as a main verb : it takes S , and To .

When used as a helping verb : it does not take S and To .

Examples : I need to finish two batches in a week ( main verb )

You need not invest anything ( helping verb )

She needs to take coaching ( main verb )

Need they come here now ? ( helping verb )

They needed to stay in the office till 9p.m.

 Dare : it is used as both a main verb and a helping verb
As a main verb it has the meaning of challenge and have courage .
The rules of DARE are the same as those of NEED

HAVE TO necessity / compulsion / duty ( less intense than

should / need / must )
Examples
I have to report to the G.M. in Mumbai ( duty )
He had to bribe the officers to get the license ( past compulsion )

She has to spend a lot for the treatment ( necessity )

They will have to submit the file by 20th march ( future compulsion )
Going to it is used to express something with certainty
Subject + be + going to + V1 + OBJECT
I am going to buy a new car
She is going to join politics soon
They are going to win the match
Be to : plan / order / duty

I am to conduct a meeting next week ( plan ) /

you are to answer the questions ( order ) / he
was to take the charge in the absence of his
Boss .
Be able to : it is used to express the capacity .
My friend is able to swim across the river ( he can )
She was able to win 5 matches continuously ( she could )
I am able to understand your problem ( I can )
Had better : it is used to express a suggestion
You had better take coaching
She had better study further
I had better start now ( self suggestion )
 FREQUENTLY TESTED RULES ON MODALS
1. Only 1st form of verb should be used with modals

2.” Should / could /would / might + have “ takes only 3rd form of verb
3 . Had better should never be used with “ TO “
EX : you had better to stay there
4 . Able should not be used with can and could
I can able to convince him Or
I am able to convince him
5 . Would you mind always takes gerund ( V4 )
EX . Would you mind to go there ?
Would you mind going there ?
6 . Lest is always followed by should , no other modal is permitted .
7 . In imaginary sentences we have to use only past
forms of modals like would / should / could / might ,
not will / shall / can / may .
Ex . I wish I can swim well

I wish I could swim well

If I were you , I will accept this proposal

If I were you , I would accept this proposal

 8 . When ever we use would rather to expresses a
preference ( choice ) we need to use only the 1st forms
of verbs .
Ex : I would rather continue studies than doing a job .

I would rather continue studies than do a job .

She would rather take rest than watching a movie now .

She would rather take rest than watch a move now .

10. Miscellaneous page 110
Practice Exercise:(1)

1. Hardly the inspector had arrived there

(A) to investigate the crime. (B) when
the house was set ablaze (C) No error (D)
 PAGE NO : 110
NO SOONER
+
DID + SUB + V 1 + OBJ
HAD+SUB + V 3 + OBJ

+THAN + SUB + V 2 + OBJ

HARDLY WHEN
+ +
DID + SUB+ V 1 +OBJ
HAD + SUB + V 3 + OBJ BEFORE
+ SUB + V2
SCARCELY
 Page 110

2. He lay the watch on the table

(A) and then forgot all about it (B)
when he went out. (C) No error (D)
LIE – LIED -LIED
LIE – LAY – LAIN
LAY – LAID – LAID
 Page 111

3. Being a sunny day (A) I decided to

skip work (B) and stay at home. (C)
No error (D)
 It being a sunny day
being an I.A.S. everybody respects him .
Being an I.A.S. , he is respected by everybody.
being a good teacher all the students admire her.
Being a good teacher , she is admired by all the
students
 Page 111

4. The company not only manufactures (A)

leather goods but (B) also plastic ware.(C)
No error (D)
The company Manufactures
not only leather goods

but also Plastic ware

 Page 111

5. In future when I shall meet you (A)

I shall explain (B) the causes of solar
and lunar eclipses. (C) No error (D)

6. He has left home yesterday, (A)

though there was no need (B) for him
to do so. (C) No error (D)
when
If
unless
until
As soon as SUB + V 1 SUB + WILL + V1
As early as
before
after
By the time
 Page 111

7. Since I drew his attention to some of

his faults (A) he became angry upon
me (B) but I have great regard for him.
(C) No error (D)
8. No sooner did the cat (A) move away
when (B) the mice began to play. (C)
No error (D)
No sooner Than
 Page 111

9. He walked (A) till the end (B)

of the street. (C) No error (D)

10.He lost his new (A) knife shortly

after (B) he bought. it. (C)No error(D)
 Page 111

11. Many a student are (A) frustrated

because (B) of unemployment. (C) No
error (D)
12. The article should not (A) exceed
more than (B) five hundred words. (C)
No error (D)
 Page 111

13. The Chief Minister couldn't but help (A)

shedding tears at the plight of the (B)
villagers rendered homeless by a
devastating cyclone. No error (D)

14. Emphasis on equality of life ensures (A)

for the health and happiness (B)
of every individual. (C) No error (D)
verb + preposition + object

Verb + object
 Page 111

15. Please understand that (A) the dispute on

this issue is between my brother and myself
(B) and concerns no body else. (C)
No error (D)
A preposition is followed by the object
case of pronoun

I ME MY MYSELF
There were gapes of(a)/ horror
from the spectators when(b) /the
performer fell from the tight
rope(c )/ no error(d).
Gape : an expression of surprise
Gasp : an expression of shock / fear
( a short , quick breath through the mouth )
 Page 112

17. She gazed at me(A) in misbelief

when (B) I told her the news. (C)
No error (D)
MISBELIEF : WRONG BELIEF

DISBELIEF : LACK OF BELIEF

 Page 112

18. Acting from inside information (A)

the police were able to arrest the gang
(B) before the robbery occured. (C) No
error (D)
 Page 112

19. She wanted to be an actress,

(A) but her father soon (B)
nipped that idea in the bud. (C)
No error (D)
 Page 112

19. She wanted to be an actress,

(A) but her father soon (B)
nipped that idea in the bud. (C)
No error (D)
 Page 112

20. As monsoon failed this year (A)

drinking water will be supplied (B)
on alternative days. (C) No error (D)
 Page 112

21. Many a student (A) in our college (B)

are extremely fond of the new game. (C)
No error (D)
 Page 112

22. During India's struggle for

freedom (A) many brilliant students
(B) gave up their studies by Mahatma
Gandhi's call. (C) No error (D)
 Page 112
23. The world we live presents (A) an infinite
variety (B) of experiences everyday. (C)
No error (D)
24. Any meaningful discussion of national
integration (A) must take stock about the
tendencies (B) which threaten it. (C)
No error (D)
 The world we live in
The world in which we live
 Page 112

25. The lion told the fox (A) that he is

very weak (B) and that he had no
appetite. (C) No error (D)
26. The traveller was so hungry (A)
that he gulped all the food (B)
placed over the table.(C) No error(D)
The lion said to the fox , “ I am very
weak and that I have no appetite. “
The lion told the fox that he was
very weak and that he had no
appetite.
 Page 112

27. You may have to regret later (A) if you

do not start living (B) within your mean. (C)
No error (D)

28. What made him to do it, (A) or who

provoked him (B) is still not known. (C)
No error (D)
 Page 112

29. The job wasn't interesting (A) but on

the contrary (B) it was well paid. (C)
No error (D)
30. How birds know (A) when to fly
south (B) for the winter? (C)
No error (D)
STATEMENT : SUBJECT + VERB

QUESTION : VERB + SUBJECT

 PAGE 113

31. These are (A) his (B) conclusion

remarks. (C) No error (D)

32. The shopkeeper either offered to

exchange (A) the goods (B) or refund the
money. (C) No error (D)
 Conclusion remarks
NOUN + NOUN
Conclusive remarks
ADJECTIVE + NOUN
 Page 113

33. Churchill was (A) one of the

greatest (B) war leaders. (C) No
error (D)
34. We should keep (A) such people
(B) at an arm's length. (C) No error
(D)
 Page 113

35. That was very dangerous (A) you

might (B) have been killed. (C) No
error (D)
36. I started early (A) for the station
lest I (B) should not miss the train. (C)
No error (D)
 Page 113

37. They made him treasurer (A) because

they considered (B) him as honest and
efficient. (C) No error (D)

38. The President reached back (A) this

morning (B) after a visit to the southern
States (C) No error (D)
 Page 113

39. Egyptian cotton (A) is superior (B) than

Indian. (C) No error (D)

40. Your shirt (A) looks so good. (B) Where

you bought it from? (C) No error (D)
Where did you buy it ?
Where did you buy it from ?
 Page 113

41. A miser man (A) spends very

little (B) even on food. (C)
No error (D)
42. All (A) the glitters (B) is not
gold. (C) No error (D)
 Miser man
NOUN + NOUN
Miserly man
ADJECTIVE + NOUN
 Page 113

43. The administrator is entrusted the

responsibility (A) of the overall
management of an industry (B) while the
technical personnel remain advisors to
the administration. (C) No error (D)

44. My friend (A) worked hard (B) with

a view to pass the examination. (C) No
error (D)
 Page 113

45. We (A) shall see him (B) after the

dinner. (C) No error (D)
46. He looked up (A) into the matter
(B) with keen interest. (C)
No error (D)
 PAGE 114

47. He went to the house (A) and I (B)

followed with him. (C) No error (D)

48. My oldest son (A) is coming back (B)

from the USA this month. (C)
No error (D)
Things / persons without blood relationship

OLD – OLDER -- OLDEST

OLD -- ELDER -- ELDEST
Persons with blood relationship
 PAGE 114

49. The police entered into the house

and (A) questioned the head of the
family (B) about the theft. (C) No error
(D)
Practice Exercise: (2) PAGE 114

1 Either Ram or (A) you is

responsible (B) for this action. (C)
No error (D)
Answer : B ( ARE INPLACE OF IS )
2. By the time you arrive tomorrow
(A) I have finished (B) my work. (C)
No error (D)
Answer : B ( I SHALL HAVE FINISHED INPLACE OF I HAVE FINISHED )
 PAGE 114

3. The captain with the members of his

team (A) are returning (B) after a
fortnight. (C) No error (D) answer : B ( is in
place of are )
4. After returning from (A) an all-India
tour(B) I had to describe about it. (C)
No error (D)
Answer : C ( delete about )
 PAGE 114
5.The teacher asked his students (A)
if they had gone through (B)
either of the three chapters included in the
prescribed text. (C) No error (D)
Answer : C ( any in place of either )

6.Although they are living in the country (A)

since they were married. (B)
they are now moving to the town(C)
No error (D)
Answer : A ( they have been in place of they are )
EITHER - NEITHER : 2
ANY – NONE : 3/3+
 PAGE 114

7. Do you know (A) how old were you (B)

when you came here? (C) No error (D)
Answer : B ( YOU WERE IN PLACE OF WERE YOU )

8. None of the applicants have turned up

(A) for the interview(B) on time. (C)
No error (D)

Answer : A ( HAS IN PLACE OF HAVE )

 DIRECT QUESTION : VERB + SUBJECT
What is your name ?
how did he solve it ?
INDIRECT QUESTION : SUBJECT + VERB
May I know what your name is ?
Can you tell me how he solved it ?
 PAGE 114

9. Her mother did not reply (A) when I

asked her (B) why was she weeping. (C)
No error (D) answer : C ( she was in place of
was she )
10.The oxygen content of Mars is not (A)
sufficient enough to support life (B) as
we know it. (C) No error (D)
Answer : B ( either sufficient or enough)
 I asked her why she was weeping
Why is used as a connective not as an interrogative word
 PAGE 115

11. He told his friends that (A) each of them (B)

should be able to carry Out the orders oneself.(C)
No error (D)
Answer : C ( himself in place of oneself )

12. If the police would have worked (A) in time (B)

the riot would not have occured. (C) No error. (D)

Answer : A ( had worked in place of would have worked )

 PAGE 115

13. The flag is risen in the morning (A)

and taken down at night (B) by the
guards. (C) No error (D) answer : A ( raised
in place of risen )
14.I have seen (A) him going to the
theatre (B) with his friends yesterday
evening. (C) No error (D)
Answer : A ( I saw in place of I have seen )
RISE – ROSE - RISEN
To come up / increase ( Intransitive verb )

RAISE – RAISED - RAISED

To lift
 PAGE 115
15. He was charged of murder (A) though,
the evidence did every thing (B)
to convince the judge of his innocence. (C)
No error (D) Answer : A ( with in place of of )
16. Neither he nor his brother (A) is a good
student (B) but both are good players. (C)
No error (D)
Answer : D
 PAGE 115
17. Suppose if you were left alone (A) to
live on a deserted island (B) what would
you do ? (C) No error(D)
ANSWER : A ( either suppose or if )
18. He wondered that what (A) would be
the next move of his opponents (B) who
had vowed to see him dislodged from
power. (C) No error (D)
Answer : A ( that should be deleted )
 PAGE 115

19. The nation should be grateful (A)

to the armed forces (B) for protecting
them. (C) No error (D)
Answer : C ( it in place of them )

20. I do not know (A) what is he doing(B

to solve the problem.(C) No error (D)
Answer : B
 What is he doing ?
I do not know what he is doing .

WHAT IS USED AS A CONNECTIVE NOT AS AN INTERROGATIVE WORD

 PAGE 115
21. For so many years (A) it is almost his
habit (B) to go to the bed at 10 p.m. daily.
(C) No error (D) answer : C ( bed in place of
the bed )
22. He took (A) down after(B) his father (C)
No error (D) Answer : B ( down should be deleted )
23. His honesty (A) has never been (B)
called the question. (C) No error (D)
Answer : C
Call into question : to doubt / suspect .