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  are larger than primary windings. However, these forces
tn−1 t
should be calculated precisely for discussing and evaluating
Rpr i1sc (t)dt + i1sc (t)dt short circuit conditions accurately. It is notable that,
0 tn−1
applicable approaches have been presented to detect short
circuit fault in transformers [16, 17]. These methods can be
 

 tn−1 t
+ Lpr i1sc (t) − i1sc (0) + u(t)dt + u(t)dt utilised to protect transformers in different conditions.
0 tn−1 These methods can distinguish inrush currents with the

Dt 



 huge magnitude from short circuit currents to implement a
= Rpr j2 + i (t) + i1sc tn−1 + Lpr i1sc (t) − i1sc (0) reliable protection.
2 1sc
V1

 
Dt 
  3 Analytical calculation of exerted axial and
+ j1 + u(t) + u tn−1 = m cos u − cos (vt + u)
2 v radial forces on power transformers windings
(18b)
Interaction between the winding currents which calculated in

tn−1 t 

 the previous part and the existing leakage flux in the winding
Rse i2sc (t)dt + i2sc (t)dt + Lse i2sc (t) − i2sc (0) regions which is estimated in this part, generate
0 tn−1 electromagnetic forces in transformers. Here, the method of
  images is utilised to obtain the magnetic flux density as a
Dt 


double-Fourier series [18]. The transformer window region
= Rse j3 + i2sc (t) + i2sc tn−1 + Lse i2sc (t) − i2sc (0)
2 has been exhibited in Fig. 4 in which all the four

Dt 

 boundaries have been assumed infinitely permeable. This
= j1 + u(t) + u tn−1 (18c) rectangular region contains an arrangement of a number of
2 rectangular conductors (q) carrying current. Based on the
method of images, an infinite number of images both in the
where V1m is the maximum magnitude of the applied primary x and y directions are made by the q conductors. The vector
voltage, ω is the angular supply frequency, θ is the angular potential (A) is described using Laplacian equation by
position. Furthermore, ξ1, ξ2 and ξ3 are defined as follows
tn−1 ∂2 A ∂2 A
Dt
+ 2 = −m 0 J (20)
j1 = u(t)dt = u(0) + 2u(Dt) + 2u(2Dt) + · · · ∂x2 ∂y
0 2

+2u((n − 2)Dt) + u((n − 1)Dt) (19a) where J is the current density. This current density is
computed using magneto motive force of the primary
tn−1
Dt

j2 = i1sc (t)dt =
i (0) + 2i1sc (Dt) + 2i1sc (2Dt) + · · ·
0 2 1sc

+2i1sc ((n − 2)Dt) + i1sc ((n − 1)Dt) (19b)
tn−1
Dt

j3 = i2sc (t)dt = i (0) + 2i2sc (Dt) + 2i2sc (2Dt) + · · ·
0 2 2sc

+2i2sc ((n − 2)Dt) + i2sc ((n − 1)Dt) (19c)

The necessary variables which include short circuit currents

are calculated by solving (12), (15), (16), (18a)–(19c) as
non-linear algebraic equations. Fig. 3 illustrates simulated
short circuit currents using the above explained method.
According to Fig. 3, the enormous currents are flowed
through the windings which generate enormous forces.
Comparison between primary and secondary short circuit
currents reveals that the peak and steady state values of the
secondary windings are larger than primary windings. So, it
is predicted that exerted forces to the secondary windings Fig. 4 Transformer window region with conductors

Fig. 3 Analytical simulation of short circuit currents (left) primary and (right) secondary

IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 2, pp. 250–260 255
doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0268 & The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014
 17518695, 2014, 2, Downloaded from https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0268 by National Medical Library The Director, Wiley Online Library on [15/11/2022]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
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Fig. 5 Analytical simulation of forces on the power transformer winding

a Axial-LV (steady-state)
b Axial-HV (steady-state)
c Radial-LV (steady-state)
d Radial-HV (steady-state)
e Axial-LV (transient-state)
f Axial-HV (transient-state)
g Radial-LV (transient-state),
h Radial-HV (transient-state)

256 IET Gener. Transm. Distrib., 2014, Vol. 8, Iss. 2, pp. 250–260
& The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2014 doi: 10.1049/iet-gtd.2013.0268