Scribd
Upload
64 views17 pages

Combustion CH 1 Lecture 04mar10

The document discusses key concepts in combustion theory including stoichiometry, equivalence ratios, extensive and intensive properties, equations of state, mixtures, enthalpy, heat of formation, and heat of reaction. The key points are: - Stoichiometry examines the air-fuel ratio for complete combustion - Equivalence ratios indicate if a mixture is rich, lean, or stoichiometric - Enthalpy is a state function that depends on heat of formation and temperature change - Heat of formation is the energy required to form a substance from its elements - Heat of reaction is the heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction

Uploaded by

Luis_Montefusc_3130
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
64 views17 pages

Combustion CH 1 Lecture 04mar10

The document discusses key concepts in combustion theory including stoichiometry, equivalence ratios, extensive and intensive properties, equations of state, mixtures, enthalpy, heat of formation, and heat of reaction. The key points are: - Stoichiometry examines the air-fuel ratio for complete combustion - Equivalence ratios indicate if a mixture is rich, lean, or stoichiometric - Enthalpy is a state function that depends on heat of formation and temperature change - Heat of formation is the energy required to form a substance from its elements - Heat of reaction is the heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction

Uploaded by

Luis_Montefusc_3130
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 17

Theory of Combustion

3/4/2010

Stoichiometry & Heat of formation HW #1 Due 3/9

Stoichiometry: example (1/2)


Stoichiometric CxHyOz - air

Chapter 1

23

Stoichiometry: example (2/2)

Chapter 1

24

Equivalence ratio
Equivalence ratio : Quantitatively indicate that if a fuel-oxidizer mixture is rich, lean, or stoichiometric

F /O = F / Ost

=1 <1 >1
Chapter 1 25

Other ways for defining stoichiometry

Percent of stoichiometric air % stoichiometric air = 100 % / Percent excess air % excess air = 100% * (1 )/

Chapter 1

26

Global reaction for 1

Chapter 1

27

Approaches for > 1


More complicated if fuel left over is allowed Simple approach: No left-over O2 Fuel breaks down into CO and H2

Chapter 1

28

Extensive and intensive properties


The numerical value of an extensive property depends on the amount (mass or number of moles) of the substance considered.

usu. Denoted with CAPITAL letters. e.g. V (m3) for volume, U (J) for internal energy, H (J) (=U+PV) for enthalpy

The numerical value of an intensive property is independent of the amount of substance present.

Mass-based intensive properties are generally denoted with lower-case letters. e.g., v (m3/kg) for specific volume, u (J/kg) for specific internal energy, h (J/kg) (=u+Pv) for specific enthalpy.

Chapter 1

29

Equation of State
An equation of state provides the relationship among the pressure, P, temperature, T, and volume V (or specific volume v) of substance. For ideal gas (single component)

Ideal gas: a model treat molecules as point particles exchanging momentum in elastic collisions, neglecting both molecular size and intermolecular attractions,.

Low density (pressure) High temperatures

Chapter 1

30

Other forms of equation of state

For ideal gas, mole fraction is equivalent to volume fraction.

Chapter 1

31

Calorific equations of state (1/2)


For pure substance at thermodynamic equilibrium, independent intensive properties define the state.

Chapter 1

32

Calorific equations of state (2/2)

Chapter 1

33

Mixtures
Consider a system of i = 1, 2, Nsp chemical species occupying a volume V

Mass fractions Yi

Chapter 1

34

Mole fractions
Mole fractions xi

Chapter 1

35

Ideal-gas mixtures
Molar concentration

Chapter 1

36

Ideal-gas mixtures (2/2)


Partial pressure Pi

Chapter 1

37

Latent heat of vaporization


Latent heat of vaporization (also known as the enthalpy of vaporization, denoted as hfg): the heat required in a constant-pressure process to completely vaporize a unit mass of liquid at a given temperature hfg(T,P)=hvapor(T,P)-hliquid(T,P) where T and P are the corresponding saturation temperature and pressure, respectively. Clausius-Clapeyron equation can be used with the latent heat of vaporization to estimate saturation pressure variation with temperature:

Chapter 1

38

First law of thermodynamics


First law fixed mass

Chapter 1

39

First law of thermodynamics


First law control volume

Chapter 1

40

Enthalpy
For any species i Absolute enthalpy at temperature T = Enthalpy of formation at Tref, P0 + Sensible enthalpy change in going from Tref to T

Enthalpy of formation (hf): an enthalpy that takes into account the energy associated with chemical bonds. Sensible enthalpy (hs): An enthalpy that is associated only with temperature.

Chapter 1

41

10

Enthalpy at Reference State


At Pref and Tref, enthalpy of elements in their natural state is zero. Reference state

Pref=P0= T
Elements in natural state

Oxygen Hydrogen Carbon Nitrogen


Chapter 1 42

Enthalpy of formation
To form oxygen atoms at the standard state requires the breaking of the covalent bond of oxygen The dissociation energy for O2 at 298 K is 498390 kJ/kmolO2 Thus, the enthalpy of formation for atomic oxygen is

Chapter 1

43

11

Enthalpy of formation
Consider the formation of H2O at Pref, Tref

Chapter 1

44

Enthalpy of formation

Chapter 1

45

12

Chapter 1

46

Enthalpy of formation
The enthalpy of formation chart from high to low Similar to a potential energy chart As species at the top react to form species at the bottom, heat is , and an system exists
Chapter 1 47

13

Relationship between bond energies and heat of formation


The bond energy for dissociation D0(R-X), is also know as the strength of a chemical bond between R and X of the molecule RX The energy required to break the R-X bond at 298.15 K, RX->R+X, is related to the enthalpy of formation D0298(R-X)=h0f,R+h0f,X-h0f,RX (per mole) Bond and resonance energies can be used to estimate heats of formation for some molecules and heats of combustion for certain reactions. Ex: Bond energies (kcal/mol) H-H 104.20 C-H 80.88+- 0.29 H-O 102.20 C-O >= 141.97 C=O 173 NN 225.94+-0.14 O=O 119.11 C=C 145.08 +- 5.02
Chapter 1 48

Example 1 (1/4)
A gas stream at 1 atm contains a mixture of CO, CO2, and N2 in which the CO mole fraction is 0.10 and the CO2 mole fraction is 0.20. The gas-stream temperature is 1200 K. Determine the absolute enthalpy of the mixture on both a mole basis (kJ/kmol) and a mass basis (kJ/kg). Also determine the mass fractions of the three component gases.
Chapter 1 49

14

Example 1 (2/4)

Chapter 1

50

Example 1 (3/4)

Chapter 1

51

15

Example 1 (4/4)

Chapter 1

52

Enthalpy of reaction
Heat released by complete combustion of a specific fuel at specified P and T

Chapter 1

53

16

Enthalpy of reaction
Stoichiometric CH4/air

Per mass of fuel

Chapter 1

54

17

You might also like