Wideband Iris-Fed Patch Antenna Under Operation of Dual-resonance for

X-band applications: MOM-GEC approach

M.Abdi 1 and T.Aguili 1

1
Sys’Com Laboratory
National Engineering School of Tunis, Tunis El Manar University, BP 37, le Belvédère, Tunisia
[email protected], [email protected]

Abstract ─ In this paper, a microstrip patch antenna fed manufacture, their ability to be shaped, etc. However,
by a waveguide using an end-wall iris through ground one of the major drawbacks is their low bandwidth,
plane has been investigated. The antenna operates under which is of the order of a few percent (2% to 4%).
the emergence of two modes relating to the iris and the Multiple techniques have been used to widen the
patch, resulting in a wideband radiation characteristic bandwidth of antennas, namely: the use of superstrate
with dual resonances. A fast and efficient calculation cover [1-2], the thick substrate with low dielectric
model of the antenna is introduced based on the hybrid permittivity, the combination of several antenna
MOM-GEC method, thus a reduction in both memory resonance modes [3-4], etc. In fact, few works in the
storage requirements and computational time is achieved literature have proposed the technique of coupling
compared to HFSS simulator. Prototype antenna is radiation modes to widen the bandwidth of antenna in the
designed and implemented as proof of concept. X-band. The majority of them attempt to use the
Measurement demonstrates the single band with dual technique of adding the superstrate above the antenna to
resonances type (8.7GHz and 9.6GHz) and the radiation increase in its gain as well as its bandwidth.
bandwidth of (8GHz-10.6GHz) which are in decent In this work, an iris-fed microstrip patch antenna is
agreement with HFSS and the proposed approach. proposed for analysis for several reasons. On the one
Performances comparison with the X-band antennas hand, the use of a waveguide as a feeder to excite the
existing in literature using other bandwidth enlargement microstrip patch antenna through an end-wall iris has
techniques proves that the proposed antenna has smaller main advantages over the transmission line or the coaxial
volume than some designs. Moreover, it has the higher cable namely the low less losses, the high design
fractional bandwidth and the simpler design fabrication. accuracy and the mechanical strength [5-8]. On the other
Hence the efficiency of the technique of merging several hand, this antenna operates under the emergence of two
resonance modes in widening the antenna bandwidth. modes relating to the iris and the patch, resulting in a
wideband radiation characteristic with dual resonances.
Index Terms ─ Bandwidth, dual-resonance, iris-fed With regard to the electromagnetic modeling of the
patch antenna, MOM-GEC analysis, wideband, X-band. antenna, it turns out that the current trend is to use
simulation tools such as HFSS and CST which are
I. INTRODUCTION essentially based on methods that require a 3D mesh. In
For several years, the fields of telecommunications this work, a modular method which consists in
and new technologies have been experiencing a real converting a 3D investigation problem into a 2D problem
upsurge. To meet the growing needs for high-speed is proposed. This makes simulation easier than software
wireless communication, current generations of simulators and thus a reduction in both memory storage
equipment use increasingly efficient antennas which requirements and computational time is achieved.
have to operate on several frequency bands or on a The modular method is in fact the hybridization of
wideband. But they must also, for practical and aesthetic the method of Moments (MOM) with the method of
reasons, be integrated into radio systems which requires Generalized Equivalent Circuits (GEC). This one is
the development of compact, discreet structures that do made by using a flexible formalism which reduces the
not have electromagnetic compatibility problems with resolution of the electromagnetic problem in a simple
the surrounding electronic circuits. manipulation of the equivalent circuits [9-10].
Microstrip patch antennas have several advantages, This paper is divided as follows. Section II
such as their low weight and size, their ease of introduces the MOM-GEC formalism and the proposed
antenna. The mathematical formulation based on the B. Antenna description
hybrid approach will be detailed in section III. Section The antenna illustrated in Fig. 2 is composed by a
IV presents the validation of the antenna by full-wave three-layer device which consists on a dielectric layer
simulations. To confirm the accuracy and the efficiency sandwiched between a radiating patch and a ground
of the proposed numerical approach, a comparison with plane. The structure is fed by an iris which is formed by
HFSS and with measurement is held. Finally, Section V an obstacle pierced with a rectangular coupling slot and
concludes the work. terminating a rectangular waveguide. The presence of
the conductive ground plane leads the electromagnetic
II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND radiation to be oriented from the exciter waveguide to the
A. MOM-GEC approach patch through the coupling slot. The feeder waveguide is
The hybrid MOM-GEC aims is to diminish the excited by the fundamental mode TE10 and the
electromagnetic calculation and the resolving of microstrip patch antenna is excited by the quasi-TEM
Maxwell's equations through evolving a simple mode.
generalized equivalent circuit (GEC). The GEC of the
structure is extracted in terms of the known excitation
sources, the unknown virtual sources defined on
discontinuity surfaces presented as test functions not
storing energy, and the admittances or impedances
operators which express the boundary conditions on
either side of the discontinuity surface [11].
The integration of auxiliary sources (AS) in the
generalized equivalent circuit (GEC) makes it possible
to study two distinct parts of a circuit when they are of
different dimensions from each other [12-13]. This is the
case of the antenna whose integration of auxiliary
sources will be useful for interconnecting the exciter
waveguide with the microstrip patch antenna. Once the
equivalent circuit is extracted, the implementation of the
proposed MOM-GEC steps is described in the flowchart
as illustrated in Fig. 1.

Begin

Data structure

Extraction of the Generalized Equivalent Circuit of the structure

Application of Kirchhoff and Ohm’s laws

Galerkin-MOM analysis: extraction of unknown quantities

Determination of basis functions and test functions

Convergence? no

Results yes
Fig. 2. (a) Iris-fed patch antenna (b) bottom view:
End
a=22.86, b=10.16, h=41.5, a′′ =56.5, b′′ =53, a′ = b′
=32, Wp =0.93, Lp =8, Ws =8.28, Ls =10.62, t1 (substrate
Fig. 1. Flowchart of the MOM-GEC method. thickness) = 1.5, t (patch thickness =ground thickness)
=0.025, (all dimensions in millimeter),Ԑr(FR4) =4.4
III. MOM-GEC PROBLEM FORMULATION amplitude 𝐼02 and 𝑉02 and according the fundamental
A. Generalized equivalent circuit mode 𝑓0 ′ of the modal base function 𝑓𝑚𝑛 ′ :
The structure is shielded in virtual waveguide
associated with a modal base function where m and n are J02 = I02 f0 ' , (3)
integers related to the mode. The structure represents Nb
three planes of discontinuity respectively 𝐷1 in z=0, 𝐷2 E02 = V02 f 0' + V02 f mn ' , (4)
in z=t and 𝐷3 in z=𝑡1 as illustrated in Fig. 3. By placing m, n
ourselves on the plane of discontinuity 𝐷1 , we solve the Discontinuities 𝐷1 and 𝐷2 are identical so they
equivalent scheme of the Fig. 4. have the same test function (𝑔1 𝑝 )𝑝=1,..,𝑁𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 which is
similar to the fundamental mode in the iris. The virtual
electric fields 𝐸𝑒1 and 𝐸𝑒2 are equals and expressed in
terms of test function (𝑔1 𝑝 )𝑝=1,..,𝑁𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 and weighting
coefficients 𝑥𝑝 :
Ntest
Ee1 =  x p g1 p , (5)
p

The thick rectangular iris between two guides of

different heights can be subdivided into three guides as
illustrated in Fig. 3.
- Guide 1
The admittance of the modal source representing
Fig. 3. Antenna shielded in rectangular waveguide the evanescent modes at the level of discontinuity 𝐷1 of
defined by perfect electrical walls (EEEE) on all faces the exciter waveguide which is associated with the modal
with discontinuity planes. base function (𝑓𝑚𝑛 )(𝑚,𝑛)={1,..,𝑁𝑏2} is expressed by:
   
On side (1), the auxiliary current source 𝐽01 and the Yev1 =   =TE ,TM f mn  yev1  f mn , (6)
auxiliary field source 𝐸01 are expressed respectively outTE10

according the amplitude 𝐼01 and 𝑉01 and according the 𝛾𝑚𝑛1
𝑦𝑒𝑣1 𝑇𝐸 =
fundamental mode 𝑓0 of the modal base function 𝑓𝑚𝑛 : 𝑗𝜔𝜇0
𝑇𝑀 𝑗𝜔𝜀𝑟 𝜀0
𝑦𝑒𝑣1 =
J01 = I01 f0 , (1) 𝛾𝑚𝑛1 , (7)
𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
Nb √
{𝛾𝑚𝑛1 = ( ) + ( ) − 𝑘0 2
E01 = V01 f0 + V01 f mn ,
𝑎 𝑏
(2)
m, n - Guide 2
The auxiliary current source 𝐽02 and the auxiliary The admittance of evanescent modes respectively
related to the modal source at the level of
field source 𝐸02 are expressed respectively according the
discontinuity 𝐷2 of the second waveguide which is

Fig. 4. GEC of the antenna using the MOM-GEC technique.

 𝛾𝑚𝑛4
associated with the modal base 𝑦𝑠 𝑇𝐸 = 𝑦𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝐸 =
𝑗𝜔𝜇0
function (𝑓 ′ 𝑚𝑛 )(𝑚,𝑛)={1,..,𝑁𝑏2 } is expressed by:
𝑗𝜔𝜀𝑟 𝜀0
    𝑦𝑠 𝑇𝑀 = 𝑦𝑡ℎ 𝑇𝑀 = . (17)
Yev2 =   =TE ,TM f mn ' yev2  f mn ' ,
𝛾𝑚𝑛4
(8)
𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2
2
√
𝑇𝐸 𝛾𝑚𝑛2 {𝛾𝑚𝑛4 = ( 𝑎′ ) + ( 𝑏′ ) − 𝑘0
𝑦𝑒𝑣2 =
𝑗𝜔𝜇0
𝑇𝑀 𝑗𝜔𝜀𝑟 𝜀0
𝑦𝑒𝑣2 = B. Kirchhoff and Ohms laws
𝛾𝑚𝑛2 , (9)
The application of Ohms and Kirchhoff's law to the
𝑚𝜋 2 2 𝑛𝜋 2 equivalent circuit leads to obtain the following equations
√
{𝛾𝑚𝑛2 = ( 𝑎′ ) + ( 𝑏′ ) − 𝑘0 given by:
E01 = Ee1 , (18)
- Guide 3
The line length between the two discontinuities E02 = Ee 2 , (19)
𝐷1 and 𝐷2 is represented by: Therefore, the virtual current sources 𝐽1 and 𝐽2 are
expressed as:
 
   
 Y Y12 
[Q] =  11
, (10) J1 = − J 01 + (Yev1 + Y11 ) Eev1 + Y12 Eev 2 , (20)
  

Y12 Y11    
J 2 = − J 02 + (Yev2 + Y11 ) Eev2 + Y12 Eev1 , (21)
The input admittance 𝑌̂ 11 and the inverse transfer 0 0 1 0 
admittance 𝑌̂
12 of quadrupole associated with the modal
 E01     J 01 
base function (𝑓 ′ 𝑚𝑛 )(𝑚,𝑛)={1,..,𝑁𝑏 2} are respectively    0 0 0 1   J 02 
 E02  =      
expressed by:  J1   −1 0 (Yev1 + Y11 ) Y12   Ee1 
        
 
Y11 =   =TE ,TM f mn ' y11  f mn ' ,  J 2   0 −1
 
Ee2 
(11)
 Y12 (Yev2 + Y11 ) 

    ,(22)
Y12 =   =TE ,TM f mn ' y12  f mn ' , (12)
On side (2), as the dielectric is thin, it is equivalent
𝑦11 𝛼 = 𝑦𝑚𝑛 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑡ℎ( 𝛾𝑚𝑛3 𝑡) to a layer surface impedance. Then, by applying Ohms
𝑦𝑚𝑛 𝛼 and Kirchhoff's laws, the auxiliary electric field 𝐸02 and
𝑦12 𝛼 = −
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑚𝑛3 ) , (13) the virtual electric source E are given by:
𝑚𝜋 2 𝑛𝜋 2  −1
𝛾𝑚𝑛3 = √( ) + ( ) − 𝑘0 2 E02 = Yt2 ( J 02 + J s ) , (23)
{ 𝐿𝑠 𝑊𝑠

 −1
On side (2), the virtual current distribution 𝐽𝑠 E = Yt2 ( J 02 + J s ) . (24)
which is the dual of virtual electric field E, is expressed
in terms of test function (𝑔2 𝑝 )𝑝=1,..,𝑁𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 and weighting The total admittance of the circuit 𝑌̂
𝑡2 is the sum of

coefficients 𝑥𝑝 : 𝑌̂
𝑡ℎ .
Ntest
J s =  x p g2 p , (14) C. Application of Galerkin method
p The resolution of electromagnetic equations is
The admittance of the dielectric layer is expressed provided by (V, I) physical scales instead of using (E, J)
by: physical scales. Therefore, Fig. 3 is presented as
    illustrated in Fig. 5.
Yth =   =TE ,TM f mn ' yth coth( mn4 t1 ) f mn ' , (15) The projection of equations (18) and (19) on the test
functions (𝑔𝑞 )𝑞=1,..,𝑁𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 with the cancellation of virtual
The admittance from the vacuum brought to the current source 𝐽1 and 𝐽2 is solved by the method of
surface of the dielectric 𝐷3 is expressed by: Galerkin as it is indicated in the matrix system (25):
 V01   [ A]t [ D1 ]−1[ A] [ B]t [C ]−1[ A]   I 01 
 =
   
Ys =   =TE ,TM f mn ' ys  f mn ' , t −1 t −1   ,
(16)  V02   [ A] [C ] [ B] [ B] [ D2 ] [ B]   I 02 
(25)
 Fig. 5. GEC of the antenna using the MOM-GEC technique using (V, I) physical scales.

Noting that  X  is the vector ponderation expressed by Noting that  A0  =  f 0 , Yt2
−1
f 0 ' ,  A1  is the excitation
N test 
 X  =  x p ,  A is the first excitation vector vector expressed by  A1  =  g2 p ,Yt 2
f0'  , and C1  is the
p
impedance matrix which define the coupling between p
expressed by  A =  g1 p , f0  ,  B  is the second and q dielectric elements and expressed by
excitation vector expressed by  B =  g1 p , f0 ' ,  C  is
Nb

C1  = yt2 −1   g2 p , f mn ' f mn ', g2q  .

the first impedance matrix expressed by mn

C  =  g1 p ,Y12 g1q  ,  D1  is the second impedance
From (29), the expression Z 02 of is deduced:
[ A1 ]t [ A1 ]
 
Z 02 = [ A0 ] −
matrix expressed by  D1  =  g1 p ,(Yev + Y11 ) g1q 
1
and [C1 ]
, (30)

 D2  is the third impedance matrix expressed by The amplitude 𝑉02 is expressed as:
 
 D2  =  g1 p ,(Yev + Y11 ) g1q  . V02 =
Z 02
.
Z eq
V01 , (31)
Z 02 + Z 22 − Z12 Z eq + Z11 − Z12
2

Noting that:
( Z01 + Z 22 − Z12 ).Z 21
 Z11 = [ A]t [ D1 ]−1[ A] Z eq = , (32)
 −1 ( Z01 + Z 22 − Z12 ) + Z 21
 Z12 = [ B] [C ] [ A]
t

 −1 , (26)
 Z 21 = [ A] [C ] [ B]
t The amplitude 𝐼02 is expressed as:
 Z = [ B]t [ D ]−1[ B] V02
 22 2 I 02 = . (33)
Z 02
The expression of the input impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 (27) is
deduced from (25):
IV. COMPUTED RESULTS
Z .Z
Zin = Z11 − 21 12 , (27) A. Convergence study
Z 22 − Z12 The convergence study is essential in a first step for
The reflection coefficient is deduced from (27) as the validation of the numerical method MOM–GEC. It is
expressed in (28): carried out through the determination of the number of
functions test and the number of modes m and n (here
Z in − Z 0
S11 = , (28) supposed to be equal). The number of modes 𝑁𝑏 and the
Z in + Z 0 test function number 𝑁𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 are fixed in such a way that
Where 𝑍0 is the impedance of fundamental mode. the boundary conditions of the electromagnetic state of
the antenna is verified. Once these parameters are found,
they will be used in the rest of the paper to extract the
The projection of the equation (23) and (24) on the
characteristics of the antenna. The exact solution is
test functions (𝑔𝑞1 )𝑞1=1,..,𝑁𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 with the cancellation of
provided only at the convergent state of the structure’s
virtual current distribution Js is solved by the method of parameter that we can consider it as steady state. The
Galerkin as it is indicated in the matrix system (29): convergence of the input impedance and the antenna
 V02    A0   A1    I02  , current is established for 𝑁𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 =11 and 𝑁𝑏 =300 as
t

  =    mentioned respectively in Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.

 0    A1  C1     X  
(29)
Fig. 6. Input impedance a function of different number Fig. 7. Current distribution as a function of different
of N b and N test . number of N b and N test .

B. Boundary conditions verification C. Antenna’s characteristics

Fig. 8 illustrates the current and electric field Results obtained by MOM-GEC approach are
distributions of the antenna which are consistent with compared with those obtained with HFSS commercial
electromagnetic field theory. In fig. 8(a), the current software. It should be noted that the computer code of
density distribution is shown at the metallic patch. In fig. the numerical method is translated with MATLAB and
8(b), the normalized electric field peak is at the edge of executed on an Intel Core i7 processor computer with a
the patch in the x direction and the minimum values are processing capacity of 55 GHz and 16 GB RAM. The
at the dielectric.

(a)

(b)
Fig. 8. (a). Normalized current distribution of the antenna (b) Normalized electric field of antenna obtained at
convergence.
results obtained by the HFSS simulator are also obtained As presented in Fig. 10, the iris alone presents a first
by this computer. Fig. 9 illustrates both the magnitude in resonance at 𝑓𝑟1 =9.6 GHz. By adding the dielectric and
dB of reflection coefficient of the antenna compared to the patch above the iris, a second resonance
HFSS. Simulated results using HFSS and MOM-GEC frequency 𝑓𝑟2 =8.7 GHz appears at a frequency lower
method have a slight difference due to different than 𝑓0. Due to the emergence of the modes relating to
numerical techniques used. the iris and the patch, a wideband radiation characteristic
The simulated reflection coefficient of proposed iris- with dual-resonance is obtained.
fed patch antenna has two resonance frequencies; one
appears at 8.7 GHz and the other appears at 9.6 GHz, so
the bandwidth is centered around 𝑓0 = 9.15 GHz.

Fig. 10. Simulated reflection coefficients of the iris alone

and the iris-fed antenna as a function of frequency.

In order to show the calculation efficiency of the

proposed method, CPU time and storage memory
required by MOM-GEC and HFSS simulator have been
reported in Table 1. It has been found that MOM-GEC
model is more efficient in terms of memory requirements
and approximately four times faster than HFSS simulator
software.

Table 1. Comparison of CPU time between the MOM-

GEC method and the HFSS simulator (Intel Core i7 3-
55GHz, 16 GB RAM).
Memory requirements
CPU time (in seconds)
(GB)
HFSS This paper HFSS This paper
   

D. Antenna fabrication and comparison with

various X-band antennas
The prototype of the fabricated iris-fed patch
antenna as shown in Fig. 11. The antenna is excited by a
Fig. 9. (a) Magnitude in dB and (b) the angle in degree rectangular waveguide of the Oritel TGN R100/WR90
of reflection coefficient of the antenna compared to type with 22.86 mm × 10.16 mm × 41.5 mm dimension,
HFSS. also extended wall dimension is 56.5 mm ×53mm. The
results are measured by an Agilent HP 8510C vector 9.6GHz) and the radiation bandwidth of (8GHz-
network analyzer (VNA) as shown in Fig. 12. 10.6GHz) which are in decent agreement with the
proposed approach. In fact, the difference between
simulated and measured results is may be due to the
manufacturing tolerance and the effect of the connector
which was not taken into account during the numerical
method modeling.

Fig. 11. Photograph of the fabricated iris-fed microstrip

patch antenna.

Fig. 12. Photograph of measurement set-up: Reflection Fig. 13. (a) Magnitude in dB and (b) the angle in degree
coefficient measurement. of simulated and measured reflection coefficient of the
antenna.
Fig. 13 illustrates both the magnitude in dB and the
angle in degree of simulated and measured reflection Performances characteristics comparison between
coefficient of the antenna. Measurement demonstrates the proposed antenna and the state-of-art works
the single band with dual resonances type (8.7GHz and operating in the X-band is listed in Table 2. Without the
 Table 2. Performances comparison of the proposed antenna with the state-of-art works operating in the X-band.
Complexity
Bandwidth enhancement Dimension Band -10 dB fractional
Antenna type technique (W×L×T type bandwidth (GHz; fabrication
in 𝞴𝟎 𝟑 ) %)
2.54×3.6×0.92
Waveguide slot Metallic superstrate Single* 7.7-9.7; 23% High
antenna [1]
Resonator Dielectric superstrate 2.4×2.4×1.2 Single 8.75-11.25; 25% High
antenna [2]
Parasitic patch superstrate 2.33×3.03×0.79
Waveguide slot Single* 7.85-9.25; 16.2% High
antenna [14]
Dielectric superstrate 16.6×13×0.62
Leaky wave Single* 9.4-10.8; 13.86% High
antenna [15]
Fabry-Perot AMC ground 3.33×3.33×0.35 Single 7.7-9.5; 20% Very high
antenna [16] plane and a FSS superstrate
Planar antenna Metamaterial substrate 1.25 × 0.9 ×0.04 Single* 9.2-11;17.8% Very High
[17]
SIW slot Cavity backed structure 0.46×2.1×0.025 Single 9.4-10.5; 11% High
antenna [18]
This work Emergence of two modes 1.76×1.65×1.29 Single* 8-10.6; 27.9% Low
W×L×T: Width×Length×Thickness; Single*: Single with dual-resonance; AMC: Artificial Magnetic Conductor; FSS:
Frequency Selective Surface.

addition of superstrate cover, the antenna bandwidth is than HFSS and thus a reduction in both memory storage
equal to 5.8%, 7.54% and 11.1% respectively in [1], [2] requirements and computational time is achieved.
and [14]. Hence, the interest of adding superstrate cover Thereby, this approach can be exploited as a preliminary
as a bandwidth expansion technique. Indeed, the search tool for modeling complex structures.
superstrate cover can be either dielectric, metallic, On the other hand, it presents an antenna prototype with
metamaterial, frequency selective surface or with a a fractional bandwidth better than those obtained with
parasitic patch. some bigger size prototypes existing in the literature
The proposed antenna has smaller volume than even though they use superstrate cover as a bandwidth-
[1-2] and [14-16]. Moreover, it has the highest enlarging technique. Hence the efficiency of the
impedance bandwidth and the simplest design technique of merging several resonance modes in
fabrication. Due to its high bandwidth, its simple widening the antenna bandwidth.
fabrication and its compactness, this antenna presents a Future research will focus on adding superstrate
promising candidate for X‐band satellite cover to the proposed prototype to further improve its
communication, radar application, microwave power gain as well as its bandwidth so that it covers the entire
transmission and wireless communication. X-band.

V. CONCLUSION REFERENCES
This article presents the design of an iris-fed [1] R. Fakhte and H. Ghorbaninejad, “High gain and
microstrip patch antenna for X-band applications. In improved waveguide slot antenna using a metallic
terms of validation, the prototype antenna was superstrate as main radiator,” IET Microwaves,
fabricated. Simulation results obtained from MOM-GEC Antennas & Propagation, vol. 11, no. 8, pp.563-
method and HFSS simulator are in good agreement with 557, 2016.
measured results. The antenna has a size of [2] T. Rahim and J. Xu, “Design of high gain and wide
1.76𝜆0 ×1.65𝜆0 ×1.29𝜆0 , and has a fractional bandwidth of band EBG resonator antenna with dual layers of
27.9%. same dielectric superstrate at X-bands,” Journal of
This work has two important contributions. On the Microwaves, Optoelectronics and Electromagnetic
one hand, it presents an accurate and reliable Applications, vol. 15, no. 2, pp.93-104, June. 2016.
electromagnetic model of the antenna based on the [3] N. Liu, L. Zhu and W. Choi, “A differential-fed
hybrid MOM-GEC with which the simulation is easier microstrip patch antenna with bandwidth
 enhancement under operation of TM10 and TM30 [15] F. Scattone, M. Ettorre, B. Eddo, R. Sauleau and N.
modes,” IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagations, vol. Fonseca, “Truncated Leaky-Wave Antenna with
65, no. 4, pp.1607-1614, April 2017. Cosecant-Squared Radiation Pattern,” IEEE
[4] Y. Zhu, J. Li, X. Zhang, T. Yuan, Z. Zhong, T. Tan Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 17,
and X. Bi, “A 3-D Printed Spherical Antenna with no. 5, pp.841-844, 2018.
Bandwidth Enhancement Under Operation of Dual [16] R. Fakhte and I. Aryanian, “Compact Fabry-Perot
Resonance,” IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp.19345- 19352, Antenna with Wide 3-dB Axial Ratio Bandwidth
2020. based on FSS and AMC Structures,” IEEE Antennas
[5] M. Kanda and D. Chang; Greenlee, “The and Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 19, no. 8,
Characteristics of Iris-Fed Millimeter-Wave pp.1326-1330, 2020.
Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antennas,” IEEE [17] O. Borazjani, M. Naser-Moghadasi, J. Rashed-
Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Mohassel and R. A. Sadeghzadeh, “Bandwidth
vol. 27, no. 4, pp.212–220, 1985. improvement of planar antennas using a single-layer
[6] S. Farjana, M. Ghaderi, A. Zaman, S. Rahiminejad, metamaterial substrate for X-band application,”
T. Eriksson, J. Hansson, Y. Li, T. Emanuelsson, S. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless
Haasl, P. Lundgren and P. Enoksson, “Realizing a Technologies, vol. 12, no. 9, pp.906-914, 2020.
140 GHz gap waveguide–based array antenna by [18] D. El khamlichi, N.A. Touhami, T. Elhamadi and
low-cost injection molding and micromachining,” M.A. Ennasar, “High-gain and broadband SIW
Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz cavity-backed slots antenna for X-band
Waves, vol. 42, no. 3, pp.893-914, 2021. applications,” International Journal of Microwave
[7] A. Omar, M. Hussein, I. Rajmohan and K. Bathich, and Wireless Technologies, vol. 13, no. 10, pp.1078-
“Dual-band MIMO coplanar waveguide-fed-slot 1085, 2021.
antenna for 5G communications,” Heliyon, vol. 7,
no. 4, pp.1-10, 2021.
[8] G. Montisci, G. Mazzarella and G.A. Casula, Mariem Abdi is an electronical
“Effective Analysis of a Waveguide Longitudinal engineer and obtained the Master
Slot with Cavity,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas degree in System of
and Propagation, vol. 60, no. 7, pp.3104-3110, communications from the National
2012. School of Engineering of Tunis
[9] A.K. Andrzej, “The FIT-MoM Hybrid Method for (ENIT). Currently, she is a PhD
Analysis of Electromagnetic Scattering by student in Telecommunications at
Dielectric Bodies of Revolution,” IEEE the National Engineering School of
Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 66, Tunis (ENIT). Her research interest
no. 3, pp.1384-1391, 2018. is the electromagnetism and high frequency electronics.
[10] H. Baudrand and D. Bajon,“Equivalent circuit
representation for integral formulations of Taoufik Aguili is currently
electromagnetic problems,” International Journal Professor at the National
of Numerical Modelling- Electronic Networks Engineering School of Tunis
Devices and Fields, vol. 15, no. 1, pp3. 23-57, 2002. (ENIT), Tunis El Manar University.
[11] H. Baudrand and H. Aubert, L’électromagnétisme He is also the director of
par les schémas équivalents, 2003. Communications Systems
[12] K. Minas, L. Nikolaos and F. George, “Method of Laboratory (Sys’Com) and he is the
Auxiliary Sources with an Excitation Source: The responsible of research and master’s
Auxiliary-Current Vector Norm,” IEEE Microwave degree in the communications and information's
and Wireless Components Letters, vol. 29, no. 10, technology Department. His research interests include
pp.1-4,2021. modeling of microwave systems and nano-devices, full-
[13] K. Minas, L. Nikolaos and F. George, “Mode wave numerical methods in electromagnetics,
Analysis by the Method of Auxiliary Sources with electromagnetic wave phenomena in multi-layered
an Excitation Source,” IEEE Transactions on media, integrated transmission lines, and leaky wave
Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol. 69, no. 6, phenomena, waveguides and antennas.
pp.2960-2971, 2021.
[14] R. Fakhte and H. Ghorbaninejad, “High-gain
waveguide slot antenna using simple parasitic
patch’s cover,” International Journal of RF and
Microwave Computer Aided Engineering, vol. 28,
no. 2, 1-8, 2017.