IOT BASED AIR POLLUTION MONITORING AND

CONTROLLING SYSTEM

PROJECT REPORT
PHASE I

Submitted
by

SANJAYKUMAR.G (191051038)
VENKATAKRISHNAN.S(191051049)

in partial fulfilment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

IFET COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institution)

NOVEMBER 2022
 BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “IOT BASED AIR POLLUTION

MONITORING AND CONTROLLING SYSTEM” is the bonafide
work of “SANJAYKUMAR.G” (191031023) and
“VENKATAKRISHNAN.S” (191051049) who carried out the project
work (Phase I) under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE
Mr.V.VELMURUGAN, M.Tech Mr. C.MANIMARAN, M.E.,
HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR
Associate Professor, Associate Professor,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
IFET College of Engineering, IFET College of Engineering,
Villupuram – 605108 Villupuram – 605108

Submitted for the Project work (Phase I) and the Viva – Voce examination
held on____________.

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

 ABSTRACT
Nowadays air pollution has turned out to be one of the significant issues because of
increment in the quantity of vehicles and during the time spent industrialization and
urbanization. This expansion in the level of contamination brings about destructive
consequences for prosperity. This project explains the depiction and execution of an Air
Pollution monitoring and controlling system. The innovation grasped here, is a hands-on
execution of the idea of Internet of Things. This detailed work is an exploration of the
possibilities of consumption of this innovation, in this world, where natural well-being is
turning into a genuine risk. The work is actualized utilizing microcontroller board of
Arduino. In this project we are going to make an IoT based Air Pollution Monitoring and
Controlling System in which we will monitor the Air Quality over a web server using
ESP8266 Wi-Fi device and will a trigger alarm when the air quality goes down a certain
level means when there is amount of harmful gases is present in the air like CO2. It will
show the air quality in PPM (Parts Per Million) as like “Fresh Air”, “Poor Air”, “Danger
Air” on LCD and webpage so that we can monitor it very easily. It turn on the Air purifier
the air quality reaches low and will remove the harmful gases present in the air.
 INTRODUCTION

The Air Excellence Guide (AEG) may be a common indicator of air quality. The Air
Quality Indicator (AQI) is calculated and supported on air pollutants like CO and NO2
compounds that consume opposing possessions happening the atmosphere and human
health. The Air Quality Indicator may be a range that represents the very finest meditation
of a specific air unused matter at a particular time. I propose an air quality as well as air
pollution monitoring system that allows us to monitor and check live air quality as well as
air pollution in an area through Internet of Things (IoT). It uses air sensors (Gas Sensor
MQ135) to sense presence of harmful gases/compounds in the air and constantly transmit
this data. In addition, system keeps measuring air level and reports it. The sensors interact
with Arduino Uno (Microcontroller) which processes this data and transmits it over the
application. This allows authorities to monitor air pollution in different areas and act
against it .

In addition, authorities can keep a watch on the air pollution near schools, and hospitals
areas. Normally, little concentrations area unit measured exploitation ppb (parts per
billion), that represents units of mass of a material per one billion units of total mass. Parts
per million (ppm) may be similar and unremarkable used unit to measure concentrations of
pollutants. It determines the requirements of a new system and analyze on product and
resource requirement, which is required for the successful system. The product requirement
contains input and output requirements it gives the wants in term of input to produce the
required productivity. The resource requirements define in brief about the hardware that
are needed to achieve the required functionality. In this project we are going to make an
IoT based Air Pollution Monitoring and Conrolling System in which we monitor the Air
Quality over a web server using ESP8266 Wi-Fi device and a trigger alarm when the air
quality goes down a certain level means when there is amount of harmful gases is present
in the air like CO2. It shows the air quality in PPM (Parts Per Million) on LCD and
webpage so that we monitor it very easily and air purifier remove the harmful gases present
in the air.

Air purifier is a device used to remove contaminants present in the air. These devices are
claimed to be beneficial to people having allergies, and asthma. The commercially graded
air purifiers are manufactured as either small stand-alone units or larger units that can be
affixed to an air handler unit (AHU) or to a heating ventilation and air-conditioning
(HVAC) unit found in the medical, industrial, and commercial industries. Air purifiers may
also be used in industry to remove impurities such as Carbon dioxide from air before
processing.

Air Quality Parameters

The important parameters that are considered in the proposed framework include: Carbon
Dioxide (CO2) – CO2 is colorless, odorless gas and non-combustible gas. Also, it is
measured under the category of smother gases that have ability of interfering the
availability of oxygen for tissues. Carbon Dioxide is a gas vital to life in the world, because
it is one of the most vital elements evolving photosynthesis process, which converts solar
into chemical energy. The concentration of CO2 has amplified due mainly to massive
remnant fuels boiling. This increase makes plants grow rapidly. The rapid growth of
undesirable plants leads to the increase use of chemicals to eliminate them .

Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) - Sulphur Dioxide is a colorless gas, detectable by the distinct odor
and taste. Like CO2, it is mainly due to fossil fuels boiling and to manufacturing processes.
In high attentions may cause breathing problems, especially in sensitive groups, like
asthmatics. It contributes to acid rains.

Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) – Nitrogen Dioxide is a brownish gas, easily detectable for its
odor, very corrosive and highly oxidant. It is produced as the result of fossil fuels burning.
Frequently NO terrified to the atmosphere is converted in NO2 by chemical processes. In
high absorptions, NO2 may principal to respiratory problems. Like SO2, it contributes to
acid rains.

Smoke - About 1 million people are in custom of tobacco smoking globally of which
majority population is from rising countries. Every year nearly 4.9 million people expired
due to smoking allow to 2007 report. In addition, second hand smoke is serious threat to
the health of people of all age’s causes 41000 deaths each year.
LPG - Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) is an odorless and colorless liquid which evaporates
readily into a gas. Leakage is generally noticed by adding an odorant into it. It is
considered

under the category of highly flammable gases and it can be classified as a carcinogen and
mutagen if Butadiene content is more than 0.1%. LPG may escape in the form of a gas or a
fluid. If it escapes in the form of a liquid, it vanishes quickly and will eventually form large
cloud of gas in air, which is relatively thicker than air thus drops to the ground. Whereas,
LPG vapors travel along the ground for a long distance and gets collected in drains or
basements. Gas principals to burn or detonate after getting in touch with a source of
ignition.

Temperature and humidity- Quantity of temperature is an important for safety of people

and affects our life skills. Greenhouse outcome can be observed by measuring temperature
and comparing temperature changes from historical to present time especially since the
industrial revolution using climate data. Humidity is a type of gas that guards us from UV
rays from the sun and helps trick heat on Earth, thereby making the climate on Earth, a
pleasant one for living. However, as humidity increases, the warmth on Earth also
increases which makes our life uncomfortable. Humidity is essential for various storage
and food processing facilities.
 LITERATURE REVIEWS

This chapter reviews some of the past works in processing and understanding IoT based air
pollution detection monitoring system. Air pollution is not only natural medical matters
impact on creating nations alike. The strong effect of air pollution on wellbeing are
extremely mind blowing as there are a broad area of sources and their particular influence
differ from one another. The synthetic substances reason an assortment of mankind and
natural medical issues enlarge in air contamination impacts on condition also on human
wellbeing. The proposed framework unit incorporates an Arduino, MQ135 Gas sensor,
LCD and ESP8266 Wi-Fi Device. Almost all the past and recent works in IoT based on
methods that implement these steps sequentially and independently.

Opportunity of IoT

The IoT create a huge network of billions or trillions of “Things” communicating each
other. The IoT is not dissident revolution over the existing technologies, it is
comprehensive uses of existing technologies, and it is the creation of the new
communication modes. The IoT blends the virtual world and the physical world by
transporting different concepts and technical components together: pervasive networks,
reduction of devices, mobile communication, and new ecosystem. In IoT, applications,
services, middleware components, networks, and end nodes to structurally planned and
used in entire new ways. IoT proposals a means to look into complex procedures and
dealings. The IoT implies a symbiotic communication between the physical and the digital
worlds: physical entities have digital complements and virtual illustration; things become
context aware and they sense, communicate, interact, and exchange data, information, and
knowledge. New chances meet business requirements, and new services to be created
based on real-time physical world data. All from the physical or virtual world possibly be
connected by the IoT. Connectivity between the things to be available to all with low cost
and cannot be owned by private objects. For IoT, intelligent learning, fast placement, best
information understanding and interpreting, against fraud and malicious attack, and privacy
protection are vital requirements.

Status of IoT

The IoT regarded as an extension of existing interaction between people and applications
through a new dimension of “Things” for communication and integration. The IoT
development process is a multifaceted large-scale technological novelty process. The IoT
is developing from the vertical application to polymeric application. At the early stage of
IoT placement, driving of domain specific requests is the main development approach. A
domain-specific application might be an industrial control system with its own industry
features. The application can provide various enterprise management services being
combined with the industry manufacture and business processes. Polymeric requests are
cross-industry applications founded on public information service stages. These requests
provision both home users and industry users. The application is provided and promoted by
communication operators and solution providers with large scale. For example, a vehicle
integrated with sensor networks, a global positioning system (GPS), and radio
communication technology provide inclusive detection, navigation, entertainment, and
other information services. By preserving such information through the public service
platform, consumers, original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), maintenance providers,
and vehicle organization agencies can share this information and segment services to
improve the vehicle, the vehicle component design, and the fabrication process through the
vehicle growth management.

Capability of IoT

In summary, the IoT applications have the following capabilities. Location Identifying and
Sharing of Location Info: The IoT system can gather the location information of IoT
stations and end nodes, and then offer services based on the collected location information.
The location information includes geographical position information got from the GPS,
Cell-ID, RFID, etc., and complete or relative position information between things. More
representative IoT applications include at least the following.

Mobile asset tracking: This application track and display the status of product using the
position sensing device and statement function installed on the commodity.

Fleet management: The manager of the fleet schedule the vehicles and drivers established
on the business supplies and the real-time position information collected by the vehicles.

Traffic information system: This application gets traffic information such as road traffic
conditions and congested locations by tracking the location information of a large number
of vehicles. The system thus contributions the driver to select the most efficient route.

Environment Sensing: The IoT system collect and process all kinds of physical or chemical
environmental parameters via the locally or widely organized terminals. Typical
environmental information includes temperature, humidity, noise, visibility, light intensity,
spectrum, radiation, pollution (CO, CO2, etc.), images, and body pointers. Representative
applications include at least the following.

Environment detection: IoT systems offer environmental and ecological, such as forest and
glacier, checking; disaster, such as volcanoes and seismic, monitoring; and factory
monitoring. All are automatic alarm systems using environmental parameters collected by
large number of sensors.

Remote medical monitoring: IoT analyze the recurring indicator data collected from the
device placed on patients’ body and provide the users with health trends and health advice.

Remote Controlling: IoT systems control IoT terminals and execute functions based on
application commands combined with information collected from things and service
requirements.

Appliance control: People remotely control operating status of appliances through IoT
system.

Disaster recovery: Users remotely start disasters treatment facilities to minimize losses
caused by disasters according to the monitoring mentioned before.
Ad Hoc Networking: IoT system have rapidly self-organized networking capability and
can interoperate with the network/service layer to provide related services [7]. In the
vehicle network, in order to transfer the data, the network between vehicles and/or road
infrastructures rapidly self-organized.

Secure Communication: IoT system further establish secure data transmission channel
between the application or service platform and IoT terminals based on service
requirements

Open and General IoT Architecture

China Communications Standards Association (CCSA) planned a reference model for the
IoT, which consists of sensing layer, network and business layers, and application layer.
Fulfilling with this reference model, its open and general architecture, which is layered,
open, and elastic. The architecture includes three functional stages as follows.

Sensing and Gateway Platform: This platform connects sensors, controllers, RFID readers,
and location detecting device (e.g., GPS) to IoT network layer. Modularization of
hardware, data format, and software edge is proposed for IoT terminal, IoT Gateway, and
angle node. IoT terminal, IoT gateway, and tip node can include flexible modules
combined with control module, common interface module, and communication module.
Joint interface module collects physical interfaces of various sensors into a shared
interface. Common control module can connect sensors, controllers, GPS, and RFID
booklovers with a common connection protocol. The software and application parameters
of an IoT terminal and IoT gateway ought to be able to self-configure and self-adapt.
Modularization, shared interface, intelligent operation, self-adaption, and self-
configuration are important characteristics of this stage.

Resource and Administration Platform: Network and service layer includes backbone
networks and resource administration stages. The backbone network contains 3G, 4G,
internet, optical fiber network, Ethernet network, satellite networks, and private network.
The resource and administration stage provides common capabilities which can be used by
different IoT applications, such as data processing, data storage, security management, and
application supporting. These abilities may also be invoked by specific IoT application
support capabilities, e.g., to build other specific IoT application support capabilities. This
stage also provides relevant control functions of network connectivity, such as access and
transport resource control functions, mobility management, or authentication,
authorization, and accounting for IoT terminals, services, applications, users, and
developers.

Open Application Platform: Modularization design in this application stage provides

common function and open application programming interface (API). An IoT application
provider develop its application using these APIs. Meanwhile, this stage supports
application managements. Various applications can be obtainable to the application stage
and users get application information and subscribe applications through this platform.
Suitable and easy deployment, distribution, and flexible application environment are the
characteristics of this stage.

Challenges of IoT

The IoT provides many new chances to the industry and end user in many application
fields. Currently, however, the IoT itself lacks theory, technology architecture, and
standards that integrate the simulated world and the real physical world in an integrated
framework. Following key challenges are thus recorded.

Architecture Challenge: IoT encompasses a life-threatening wide range of technologies.

IoT involves a cumulative number of smart interconnected devices and sensors (e.g.,
cameras, biometric, physical, and chemical sensors) that are often nonintrusive,
transparent, and invisible. As the communications among these devices are predictable to
happen anytime, anywhere for any related services, generally, these communications are in
a wireless, autonomic, and ad hoc manner. In addition, the services become much more
mobile, regionalized, and complex. In IoT, data integrations over different environments
are thus tough and to be supported by modular interoperable components. Infrastructure
solutions require systems to combine volumes of data from various sources and control
relevant features, to interpret data and show their relationships, to compare data to ancient
useful information, and support decision-making. Single position architecture cannot be a
blueprint for all applications. Heterogeneous situation architectures have to coexist in IoT.
Architectures should be open, and following standards, they should not limit users to use
fixed, end-to-end solutions. IoT architectures should be flexible to cater for suitcases such
as identification (RFID, tags), intelligent devices, and smart objects (hardware and
software solutions).

Prospect of IoT

With the development and adulthood of distributed intelligent information processing

technologies, IoT systems make intelligent sensing widely available through information
sharing and teamwork. The gradual founding and improvement of the standards system
inescapably bring IoT into our daily life. The IoT creates an opportunity for the web-based
services, thus attractive the commercial and social potential future of IoT. The growth of
IoT keeps going forward along scale, collaborative, and intelligent. Promoted by
technology, standardization, and application experiences, IoT applications expand the scale
in the different industries, and more initiatives to be attracted to come in.

Interoperability: Information interoperability take place among unlike things, unlike

enterprises, unlike industries, and unlike regions or countries; application models change
from closed to open and the globalization of IoT application system helping different
industries and fields to be constructed. Interoperability is the essential issue for adventure
layers of physical, device, communication, function and application. These levels usually
are built with different languages and protocols. Level and domain clear languages and
protocols are, therefore, needed. A rounded approach is required in addressing and solving
the interoperability of IoT devices and services at several layers.

Intelligent System: The IoT bring seamless business and social networking over fast
reliable and protected networks into our society. System intelligence important for the
development of IoT and the key point context awareness and inter-things information
exchange. Therefore, increasing and familiarizing the intelligence at the device level will
be a focus of research, such as the integration of sensors and actuators, high efficiency,
multi standard and adaptive communication subsystems, and adaptable antennae.
Intelligences can be presented using micro control unit (MCU) on upper layers. However,
physical layer so far has been far behind the mandatory intelligent level, for example, to
adapt IoT devices under different radio infrastructures. Four parts in physical layer must be
further advanced to adapt to and/or to form an intelligent IoT device, which are as follows.
Programmable baseband processor used to adapt to different modulation algorithms,
different error correction algorithms, different channel bandwidths, and diverse channel
scenarios. Software-controlled RF essential for transceiver to adapt to the local radio
frequency necessities. Fully digital RF PA the indispensable device to consume less low
power and offer programmability for PA to adapt radio transmission requirements. Finally,
controllable integrated passive components an essential glue to connect intelligent
semiconductor components into a sensor node with low cost, low size, and low power.

Energy Sustainability: In the future, energy-efficient and self-sustainable systems key

enhancing issues to the IoT. The ways to harvest energy from surroundings must be
developed. Efficiency in dispensation and communication must also be increased through
new circuits, new programming paradigms, and the further growth of energy-efficient
protocols and smart antennae. The expansion of new, efficient, and compact batteries, fuel
cells, as well as new energy generation devices join energy transmission methods or energy
harvesting the key factors for the roll-out of autonomous wireless smart systems. Charging
of global IoT terminals, power consumption of global IoT access points and gateways, as
well as the power consumption of IoT data processing in IoT substructures one of the
dominant power consumers in the future world. Mechanical energy harvests sufficient for
body network as a part of IoT. Solar or wind energy is a provisional energy sources which
may not be dependable. It used for battery charging.

The IoT incorporates several technologies such as information technology, cognitive

sciences, communication technology, and low-power electronics. IoT creates a newer
information society and information economy. But the trials from research, industries, and
the government will keep pushing and investing. The expansion of IoT depend on
technological advances in silicon scaling and energy-efficient devices, in getting the
information from mixed sources, in reducing costs, and in refining efficiencies. The
development of the IoT exposed many new challenges including the lack of essential
theory supporting, unclear architecture, and undeveloped standards. To meet these
challenges, I give a three-layer architecture including three platforms. The proposed acting
standard can confidently balance desires from different parties, can open the door for
future important theory development, and can eventually stimulate/regulate IoT
development. Recent years, Chinese government is pushing the expansion of the IoT.
Following the Chinese 12th Five-Year Plan for IoT Development, China has skillful a
number of demonstration application projects such as the smart city and the intelligent
transportation system in public IoT applications, intelligent coal mine, and the IOFs in
industry claims. The future of IoT will be predictable to be unified, seamless, and
pervasive. Large-scale service deployment needs to be enclosed within a set of standards.
Thus, the developments of IoT as a brainy system can be proceeding with interoperability,
energy sustainability, privacy, and security. IoT have become a predictable trend of
development of information industry, which certain to bring new changes to our lives.

PROPOSED SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

The paper aims at designing an air pollution monitoring and controlling system which can
be installed in a specific locality and to enhance the system from the previously developed
systems beating the earlier disadvantages by developing an android app available for the
public. This app can be used by anyone to get in live updates about the pollution in their
region. It uses Arduino integrated with individual gas sensors like carbon monoxide,
ammonia along with particulate matter, humidity, and smoke which measures the
concentration of each gas separately. The collected data is uploaded to the cloud using
thing speak platform at regular time intervals. Ethernet shield is used for connecting
Arduino and cloud. Pictorial or graphical representation of values can be shown in Thing
speak The users can install an android application through which they get the recent
updates and graphical content up to date [6]. The average concentration of each gas is
analyzed using matlab. Then certain time control is assigned based on the standard level of
each gas measured and the result can be viewed in android application. The architecture of
air pollution monitoring and awareness creation system. The concentration level of each
gas can be viewed both as a graph and in numerical format. Based on these values the air
quality index value is calculated and the nature of the air quality in that area is determined
which is also displayed through the app. Along with this, the health effects for the
corresponding air quality is displayed to create awareness among the public. Additionally,
they could also get to know the temperature and weather in that region. The users will not
get disturbed with irrelevant data as the values displayed are location specific and help
them stay tuned to the current status of air pollution.

Circuit Diagram

It connect the ESP8266 with the Arduino. ESP8266 runs on 3.3V and connect the VCC
and the CH_EN to the 3.3V pin of Arduino. The RX pin of ESP8266 works on 3.3V and it
communicate with the Arduino when I connect it directly to the Arduino. So, I have to
make a voltage divider for it which convert the 5V into 3.3V. This can be done by
connecting three resistors in series like I did in the circuit. Connect the TX pin of the
ESP8266 to the pin 8 of the Arduino and the RX pin of the esp8266 to the pin 9 of
Arduino. ESP8266 Wi-Fi module gives my projects access to Wi-Fi or internet. Then I
connect the MQ135 sensor with the Arduino. Connect the VCC and the ground pin of the
sensor to the 5V and ground of the Arduino and the Analog pin of sensor to the A0 of the
Arduino. Connect a buzzer to the pin 7 of the Arduino which start to beep when the
condition becomes true. In last, I connect LCD with the Arduino . The connections of the
LCD are as follows

Connect pin VCC to the 5V of the Arduino; Connect pin GND to the GND of the Arduino;
Connect pin RS to the pin 12 of the Arduino; Connect pin RW & GND (Read/Write) to
used Jumper pin; Connect pin E to the pin 11 of the Arduino; The following four pins are
data pins which are used to communicate with the Arduino; Connect pin D4 to pin 5 of
Arduino; Connect pin D5 to pin 4 of Arduino; Connect pin D6 to pin 3 of Arduino;
Connect pin D7 to pin 2 of Arduino.