Period of Re-orientation (1898-1910)
covered the early years of American period
Americans established public school system (during the war)
English language was used as medium of instruction in public schools in the Corregidor Island.
The first English teachers were the American soldiers
Later on, the professional teachers arrived via USS Thomas.
They established public Elementary, Secondary and Tertiary schools around the
archipelago.
They also established University of the Philippines with Murray Bartlett
They also established Philippine School of Arts and Trades (which became Polytechnic
University of the Philippines), Philippine Normal School (which became Philippine Normal
University), Silliman University and Xavier University, in the Visayas and Mindanao
“El Renacimiento”
edited by Rafael Palma
the pioneering newspaper to publish works written in English Language.
Philippines Free Press
founded by R. McCullough Dick & D. Theo Rogers
the first privately owned publication to publish English works of Filipino writers.
Pioneer Filipino English writers
Justo Juliano wrote “Sursum Corda” as the first literary work published in English in 1907.
Juan F. Salazar wrote “My Mother” and “Air Castles” which were published in 1909.
Proceso Sebastian wrote “To my Lady in Laoag” which was published in 1909.
Period of Imitation (1910-1924)
Filipino writers imitating the American and English writers
resulted in a stilted, artificial and unnatural style, lacking vitality and
spontaneity.
UP College Folio
the school publication of the University of the Philippine.
published literary compositions in English written by the pioneers.
English poetry, essays and short stories.
Poems
1. Fernando Maramag wrote the “Rural Maid.” Other poets include:
2. Juan F. Salazar-“My Mother” and “Air Castles”
3. Francisco Africa- Pioneered English Poetry
4. Victoriano Yamzon
Essay
Pioneers of Formal Essays
1. Carlos P. Romulo
2. Jorge C. Bocobo
3. Mauro Mendez
4. Vicente Hilario
Informal essay writers
1. Ignacio Manlapaz
2. Godofredo Rivera
3. Federico Mangahas
4. Francisco B. Icasiano
Short Stories
Various school newspapers that published short stories:
1. UP College Folio which became Philippine Collegian
2. Bulletin
3. The Philippine Herald
4. The Philippine Review
5. The Independent
6. Rising Philippines
7. Citizens
8. The Philippine Education Magazine
Filipino writers that became famous during this period
1. Carlos P. Romulo -“Daughters for Sale and other Plays.”
2. Rodolfo Dato - “Filipino Poetry.”
3. Paz Marquez Benitez - “Dead Stars”
4. Procopio Solidum - “Never mind and Other Poems.”
Period of Self-Discovery and Growth (1925-1941)
Filipino writers mastered English Lnaguage
they began to write confidently and competently
They wrote in free verse, sonnets, odes, elegies and others.
They even started to write novels and dramas.
The Philippine Writers Association was organized in 1925.
Poetry
Luis Dato wrote “Manila: A Collection of Verses”
Marcelo De Gracia Concepcion wrote “Bamboo Flute”
Aurelio S. Alvero wrote “Moon shadows on the Water”
Pablo Laslo edited the “English-German Anthology of Filipino Poets”
Rafael Zulueta da Costa wrote “First Leaves”
Short Story
Numerous short story writers were motivated due to incentives given by these publications:
1. Philippine Free Press
2. The Graphic
3. The Philippine Magazine
4. UP Literary Apprentice
Notable short stories:
1. Paz Marquez Benitez -“Filipino Love Stories.”
2. Jose Garcia Villa - “Philippine Short Stories.”
3. Manuel Arguilla -“How my Brother Leon brought home a Wife.”
Essay
Classifications
Political, social, and reflective essays.
Critical essays
Personal or familiar essays
Notable Essays during this period
“Literature and Society” by Salvador P. Lopez.
“The Filipino Way of Life” by Camilo Osias
“Mang Kiko” reprint of Francisco B. Icasiano
“I am a Filipino” by Carlos P. Romulo
Drama
Wilfrido Guerrero became director of UP Theater and popularized drama performances
in the country.
He founded the UP Mobile Theater
Notable Dramas
Daughters for Sale and other Plays by Carlos P. Romulo
The Waves by Hilarion Vibal
The Radiant Symbol by Jorge Bocobo
The Land of our Fathers by Severino Montano
Biography
notable biographies
Quezon by I.P. Caballero
The Great Malayan by Carlos Quirino
The Birth of Discontent by I.V. Mallari.
