WORD PROCESSING

Introduction: -
A word processing program permits one to manipulate text and related object such as
pictures and images when working with a specific document to template. The main
purpose of a word processing program is to support the user in creating text
document, editing (insert, delete, and replace) text and objects, formatting the
document to increase readability and appearance, printing document for distribution,
saving the document for the future use or reference, and sharing the document with
others. This chapter introduces selected word processing features using Microsoft
Word 2019.
Defination: -
Microsoft Word is a word processing software developed by Microsoft in 1983. It is
the most commonly used word processor software. It used to create professional
quality documents, letters, reports, resumes, etc. and also allows you to edit or
modify your new or existing document. The file
Saved in MS Word has .docx extension. It is a component of the Microsoft Office suit,
but you can buy it separately and is available for both Windows and macOS. The
latest version of MS word is 2019.
Function of Word Processing concept: -
Word Processing have evolved from basic programs that emulated typewriters to
software program that would have boggled the minds of the invention of the Election
Numerical Integrator and Computer, the first general-purpose electronic computer. In
addition to providing document creation and storage tools, the editing and sharing
option becomes more powerful each year.

Create Documents
Word Processing create documents in digital format. Instead of typing into a page, the
information is stored in computer memory. Once text has been entered, formatting
changes can be applied universally using a few simple steps, giving the user
maximum flexibility.

Editing
Similarly, to document creation, word processors speed up the editing process and
give greater editing options. Changes are made on the computer, and when finished,
the output is a clean, clear page. Changes to the document can be tracked, so
multiple users can mark up a document, and those changes can be evaluated easily
later, before the document is complete.

Sharing
Since the word processor stores the document electronically, it can be output into a
variety of formats. In addition to simply printing finished documents, the electronic
version can be shared by email or other electronic transfer mechanisms. Most word
processing now give the option of outputting a document to a PDF format, which
allows nearly anyone to open it, and can prevent recipients from altering the finished
document.

Comparing
Many word processors give the option of making comparisons of document. For
instance, in the case where several users may be working on nearly identical
documents, comparison features allow the difference in the documents to be easily
viewed. This makes complex editing procedures much more streamlined.

Webpages
In addition to conventional output options, word processors can take your document
and turn it into a webpage. In essence, the software in the word processor writes the
HTML code necessary to translate your text and formatting into a file that can be
uploaded and viewed as a conventional webpage.

Use of Template: -
We will now understand how to use an already existing template for your newly
created word document. A template is selected at the time when you create a new
blank document.
Step 1 – To start a new document, click the File tab and then click the new options,
this will display the Available Templates.

Step 2 – Microsoft word provides a list of Templates arranged under Sample

Templates or you can download hundreds of templates form Office.com which are
arranged in different categories. We will us e Sample Templates for our document. For
this, we need to click over Sample Templates; this will display a gallery of templates.
You can try using the Office.com option to select a template based on your
requirement.
Step 3 – You can browse a list of available templates and finally select one of them for
your document by double-clicking over the template. We will select Equity report
template for our report requirement. While selecting a template for your document,
you should select the Document Option available in the third column. This opens your
document with predefined setting with which you can modify document title, author
name, heading, etc. based on your document requirement.

Create new Template

You can create a fresh new template based on your requirement or you can modify an
existing template and save it for later use as a template. A Microsoft word template
file has an extension of .dotx. The following steps will help you create a new template.
Step 1 – To create a new template using an exiting template. Click the File tab and
then click the new option; this will display the Available Templates to be selected.
Select any of the available template and open it with the Template Option turned on.
Step 2 – You can now modify an option template as per your requirements and once
you are done, you can save the template with a .dotx extension which is a standard
extension for Microsoft Word Template.
You can create a template from a new document as well. Click the File button, and
click new option to open a new document. Under Available Template, double click
Blank Document to create a new document template. Save the template with a unique
name and .dotx extension.
Edit text, Find and Replace text: -

Edit text
Edit text A. Click the Edit tab.
B. Select the text that you want to edit.
C. Using the tools in the edit toolbar, change the required
formatting including front style, paragraph alignment,
list formatting, and indentation options.
Insert image A. Click the
Insert
Tab,
B. Place your cursor where you want to add an image.
C. To add an image from your computer, click
Image.
D. Choose the image to add.

Mark up the document If you are viewing a .docx file, you can use the following
review features; document.
A. Click the Review tab.

Find and Replace Text: -

1. Go to HOME > Replace.

2. Enter the word or phrase you want to replace in Find what.
3. Enter your new text in Replace with.
4. Choose Replace All to change all occurrence of the word or phrase. Or, select
Find Next until you find the one you want to update, and then choose Replace.
5. To specify only upper or lowercase in your search, select More > Match case.
There are several other ways to search in this menu.

Tables: Inserting, filling and Formatting a Table: -

Insert a table

For a basic table, click Insert > Table and move the cursor over the grid until
you highlight the number if columns and rows you want.

For a larger table, or to customize a table, select Insert >Table >Insert Table.
Tips:
 If you already have text separated by tabs, you can quickly convert it to a table.
Select Insert > Table, and then select Convert Text to table.
 To draw your own table, select Insert >Table > Draw Table.

Filling a Table: -
1. Select the cell or cells that you want to format.
2. Make sure the layout tab of the ribbon is displayed. (This tab is only visible if
you first do step 1.)
3. Click the Properties tool in the table group. Word displayed the table properties
dialog box.
4. Select the cell tab.
Figure 1 – the cell tab of the table Properties dialog box.
5.Click on the Options button, Word displays the cell Options dialog box.
Figure 2 – the cell Options dialog box.
6.Make sure the Fit text check box is selected.
7.Click on OK to close the cell options dialog box.
8.Click on OK to close the Table Properties dialog box.
Formatting a table: -
1. Click in the table that you want to format.
2. Under table Tools, click the design tab.
3. In the table styles group, rest the pointer over each table style until you find a
style that you want to use.
4. Click the style to apply it to the table.
5. In the table style options group, select or clear the check box next to each the
table element to apply or remove the selected style.

Uses of word processing in our Modern ERA: -

The operations of modern word processing can be classified into four broad
categories: -
 Entering and strong contents.
 Formatting document.
 Editing document.
 Printing document.

1. Entering and strong text: -

Word processors offer many facilities for enhancing the speed of text entry. Some of
these features are as follows: -
 Word wrap.
Shorthand facility
Importing content from other files.
Automatic saving and back-up.

2. Formatting document: - Perhaps the most fascinating feature available in word

processors relate to the formatting of text. Word processor ensure that the text
once entered in a file (in whatever format). Can be transformed into any desired
format without much extra effort.
Some of such facilities include: -
Alignment.
Line and character spacing.
Page break.
Bullets and numbering.
Typefaces.
Table, object and pictures.
3.Editing document: - Word processors are unique in their editing facilities. As the
contents of document are stored before printing on paper, any desired changes in the
contents can be made by a few keystrokes. Such a change, otherwise (in the case of
manual typewriters) may require retyping the entire text.
The editing features commonly available in word processors are: -
Insert, cut, copy, past and overwrite.
Block editing.
Undo edit.
Global search and editing.
Spelling check.
Auto-correct.
On-line thesaurus.
4. Printing document: - Word processor offer printing features that could not be
imagined with manual typewriters. Beautiful print effects can be obtained by giving
suitable print control commands in the text.
To enlist a few following print effects are commonly available inn most word
processors: -
Bold, italics, underline printing.
Superscript and subscript.
Mail merge.
Sending fax.
Preview.
 SQL

Introduction: -
SQL (pronounced “ess-que-cl”) stands for Structured Query Language SQL is used to
communicate with a database SQL is a database computer language the retrieval and
management of data in a relational database. SQL stands for Structure Query
Language. According to ANSI (American National Standard Institute), it is the
standard language for relational database management systems.
Definition: -
SQL is stands for structured Query Language, which is a computer language for
storing, manipulating and retrieving data stored in a relational database. SQL is the
standard language for Relational Database System, SQL is based upon relational
algebra and tuple relational calculus. The scope of SQL includes data insert, query,
update and delete. Schema creation and modification and data access control SQL
was initially developed at IBM by Donald D. Chamberlin and Raymond F Boyce in the
early 1970s. The Relational Database Management Systems (RDMS) like MySQL, MS
Access, Oracle, Sybase, Informix, Postgres and SQL server use SQL as their standard
database language.

Also, they are using different dialects, such as: -

 MS SQL Server using T-SQL
 Oracle using PL/SQL
 MS Access version od SQL is called JET SQL (native format) etc.
Advantages of SQL: -
The advantages of SQL are:
 SQL can be used for casual users as well as skilled programmers.
 SQL provide commands for defining relation schemas, deleting relations,
creating indexes and modifying relation schemas.
 SQL provides forms of integrity checking.
 SQL includes commands for defining views.
 SQL (DML) allows query commands to insert, delete and modify tuples a
database.
 SQL is designed for use within general-purpose programming languages such
as PL/I, Cobol, Fortran, Pascal, and c.
Uses of SQL: -
SQL commands are instruction coded into SQL statements, which are used to
communicate with the database to perform specific tasks, work, functions and
queries with data.
SQL commands can be used not only for searching the database but also to perform
various other function like, for example, you can create tables, add data to tables, or
modify data, drop the table, set permission for users.
SQL consists of a data definition language and a data manipulation language. SQL
commands are grouped into four major categories depending on their functionality.
 Data Definition Language (DDL) – These SQL commands are used for crateing,
modifying, and dropping the structure of database object. The commands are
CREATE, ALTER, DROP, RENAME and TRUNCATE.
 Data Manipulation Language (DML) – These SQL commands are used for
storing, retrieving, modifying and deleting data.
These Data manipulation Language commands are: SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and
DELETE.
 Transaction Control Language (TCL) – These SQL commands are used for
managing changes affecting the data. These commands are: COMMIT,
ROLLBACK and SAVEPOINT.
 Data Control Language (DCL) – These SQL commands are used for providing
security to database objects. These commands are GRANT and REVOKE.

Data Types: -
DATA TYPES represents the type of data an object is holding. Data types are defined
for columns of a table, local/global variables, input/output arguments of procedures
etc.
The SQL standard recognizes only text and number types. The exact data types are
being listed below:
 Class Data Type Description
NUMBERS INT IT represents a number without decimal point
FLOAT for example: 3, it represents a floating point.
REAL it is same with FLOAT, excepted that no size
Argument is used.

TEXT CHAR Value are enclosed single quotes, for example:

Or
VARCHAR ‘Hari’

Data Time Data type: -

Datetime: - This data type is used to store complete data and time information. The
date to be stored has range from 01/01/1753 to 12/31/1999.This data type takes 8 bit
for storage purpose. This data type is also termed as timestamp in few databases
system.
Date: - This type is used to store only date information.
Time: - This data type is used to store only time specific information. Few numeric
data type has syntax of data type (x) here ‘x’ is meant for precision value.

SQL support DATE and TIME types: -

DATE EXAMPLE
yyyy-mm-dd 2015-08-27
yyyy-mm-dd 2016-02-24
dd.mm. yyyy 26.03.2015
mm/dd/yyyy 03/05/2015
Time EXAMPLE
hh-mm-ss 25-13- 47
hh-mm-ss 13-12-52
hh.mm. ss 23.12.23
hh.mm AM/PM 10.13.AM/PM
SQL provides several functions for generating a date/time variable out of a date/time
string (TO_DATE, TO_TIME, TO_TIMESTAMP)
String Data type: -
Char(X): This data type is space padded to fill the number of characters specified.
Here X is the number of characters to store. Text: this type is used to store long
Textual information.
Other Data type: -
 BLOD (Binary Large Object).
 Money.
 Binary.
SQL Commands: - The SQL provides a predefined set of commands that helps us
work on relational hases Keywords are words that have a special meaning in SQL.
Basic queries of SQL are: -
SELECT: To extract data from a database.
UPDATE: To update data in database.
DELETE: To deletes data from a database.
CREATE DATABASE: To create a new database.
DROP INDEX: To deletes an index.
ALTER DATABASE: TO modify a database.
CREATE TABLE: To create a new table.
ALTER TABLE: TO modifies a table.
CREATE INDEX: To create an index (Search Key).

Conclusion: User as SQL related with present ERA: -

 To create database.
 To maintain database.
 To analyse the data through SQL Server Analysis Services. (SSAS).
 To generate reports through SQL Server Reporting Services. (SSRS)
 To carry out ETL operations through SQL Server Integration Services. (SSIS)

Conclusion:
The breadth and scope of the SQL commands provides the capability to create and
manipulate a wide variety of database objects using the various CREATE, ALTER, and
DROP commands. Those database objects then can be loaded with data using
commands, such as SELECT, DELETE, and TRUNCATE, as well as the cursor
commands, DECLARE, OPEN, FETECH, and CLOSE. Transactions to manipulate the
data are controlled through the SET commands, plus the COMMIT and ROLLBACK
commands. And finally, other commands covered in this chapter include those that
control a user’s access to database resources through commands such as GRANT
and REVOKE.