OL MAGNETISM

MAGNET IS NI

*
Magnetism is due to the
spin of charges or movement
of charges .

← T l
magnetic ex e-
-

field I t

Poles
*
of Magnet
North Pole Unlike
poles attract
-
1.

South Pole
2. like
poles repel
-

S N ← → N S S N → ← S N N s ← →
S N
F F F F F F

the
force between
magnets depend upon
The combined strength both magnets and both magnets will
of
1 .

experience same
force .

The
2 .
The distance btw magnets .
distance is less ,
force is
strong .

If the distance is
large the
force gets weak
-

.
,
Types of material (
magnetically)
Non material Non metals Aluminium , Silver
1 . -

magnetic : -

,
copper .

" ' →

domain . iii. ⇐i' i

"
÷±±¥÷¥¥÷÷ .

NOT A MAGNET A MAGNET

( Randomized (
magnetic domains ) Domains
aligned )

2 .

Magnetic material : Iron , Steel , Nickel ,

Cobalt ,
Mu metal
-

(Alloy of Iron +
Nickel )

soft magnetic Material Hard

Magnetic material

Is to
demagnetize
Easy magnetize and
demagnetize I. Difficult to
magnetize and
Permanent l retain
ii. Tempering magnets close
magnetism ) Ii .
magnet magnetism )
Ili ,
Iron and Mu -
metal Iii , Steel
Iv ,
Uses :
electromagnets in
Used as .in Uses : Used fixed magnet in
as DC

loudspeakers relays bell etc

, , .
motor, AC
generator loudspeakers , .
 Magnetic Field

A
region in space around a magnet where magnet magnetic
another ,

material current
or
carrying conductor
experiences a magnetic force .

<

<
€7 N s a
L
"
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Field lines are shown coming
-

< r out
of North and entering

gifted
"
Direction
"'
:L Hehe: the
direction
of force
>
on NORTH POLE

•
Gap b/w
field lines must increase L
d

fore
this is to represent
-

the decrease N s

in
,
strength of field as we move
L
a

away from the

magnet . Force .

Normally emerging and

entering
into the
poles .

.
Correct Shape field lines must make an

with
sketching Only surface
'

smooth line 90
curves
,
no .
. an
angle of
.
 f
n
r
s na
o

'

N S N N
; •

>
1- .
-
-
ut
p
weak
magnetic •
Null
point : no

exists
magnetic field
field .
.

Magnetic field drawing

i¥€← !
1 North
Pole
Eis EI EI a
South Pole
 Methods the steel bar in
of magnetization 3 .

Placing a DC

solenoid .

1 Single Stroke Method

77
)
.

s
.
&

North Pole South Pole

produced -11/1 -

Strike the with

steel permanent
-

→
bar a

several Place the steel bar in DC solenoid

magnet times a
→
.

The it
end
from where the
magnet and leave
for sometime
-

→ .

the
leaves attains the
opp pole used for magnetic field produced in the
-

.
→

to
striking . coil
of
wine due current
the domains in
aligns one

I .
Double Stroke method direction and steel bar becomes
s
N a
magnet .

I s e Remove the steel bar

gradually
-

n →

South North
from the coil .

komparativly faster
→

→
opposite poles of magnets to be
used .
 Methods
of Demagnetization
→
Heating →
Hammering →
Breaking
the
placing magnet AC solenoid
-

→
.

"'

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→ in an AC solenoid and leave it

The
fluctuating magnetic field of the coil will mis
align
-

the
all magnetic
domains
of
the magnet .

The coil
Gradually pull the the steel out
-

bar
of
→ .

Earth's Magnetic field Geographic

North
•→ South pole
the
geographic North is
°

s
South
magnetically and geographic
is
magnetically North .

South Pole
Geographic
 Electromagnetism
around it
→ A current
to
carrying
the
conductor
produces a
magnetic
electrons
field
inside it
movement
of charges i
-

e
due -
. .

the around
pI →
magnetic field
TI a
straight conductor is
circular in
<
7
← ←
shape .

T
> t a

→ RIGHT HAND GRIP RULE

"
determine the direction
I
I Used to

of magnetic field around a

current conductor
carrying
.

South North •

straight wire .
Solenoid
Pole Pole thumb current current
curving
: :
i

9
y Curloffingersi thumb North Pole
:

Ill -
Magnetic field
•
Dot and Cross

Dot represents out

of page
cross
represents into the
page .

It current
can be used to
represent ,

magnetic field and even electric

field .
current into the
>
pagel planet Current out
< of the
page
l
planet
7 I

7 C

n
^ ^ X v
v v • n n n
v v v

I 7

4 >

< >

• concentric circles
•

increasing gap b/w circles to show

strength
decrease
of field
•

in

✗ direction
of
• arrows
 between currents
Magnetic field lives like and unlike

✓
Like current attract IT 4 I I 4

currents
unlike
repel
✓ → ←

F F E ¥
II

like currents unlike currents

> s
y
-
.
-
- -
- -
- -
-
- -

7
- -

{ d
'

ITE
7 > 7

q
n n -

q
n un - -
n r
n

( s
<
a
- -
-
- -
- -
- -

< .
.
s
( s

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 > c r v
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L
> L
> C
> L
← x v r o
→
~ n r X v v var v t
• n n n

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F
< s p
l '
L l
u v v

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Force current
carrying conductor in magnetic
• on a a
field
pI tone
-
• current
When the
magnetic fields of
I
>
the
permanent magnet
-

and ku current
N
Magnetic carrying
-

-
s >
> conductor interact a
field is
,

-
force experienced by
|
the conductor that is
to both
perpendicular ,

and current
field .
 ^ Force

^F

<

✓ F

To magnitude the
increase The
of force conductor
on

i. Use a
stronger magnet
ii. increase the current in the conductor
-

iii. Increase the length of wire in the

magnetic field ( make loops )
-

is Make the is normal to the

conductor magnetic field
-

sure

qt
.

µ
7
>
s Maxtone µ -3g No
force
 Force on
charged particles in magnetic field .

Force
experienced moving charged particle whether it is inside
is
by
→ a
,

a metal wire or moving independently .

if I

& flow
e
→
positive " ( protons ) current is like the flow of tire
charge
←

→
negative : ( electrons ) current
flows opp to electrons
} ←
e

*
.

current
a
* →
proton →

* current → electron ←

starts
in
•

deflection as

enters the
particle
field it
deflection
° ends as
sp
leaves the
field .

than due to its

o electron
less
deflects more

proton mass .
 DC MOTOR
A machine that converts electrical to kinetic
energy energy .

It current Armature @oil wire ) Permanent magnets

• carries , of ,

experiences force and . To

provide a

rotates the
hence strong magnetic field
-

btw
about its axis that would exert
poles .
a

force on the coil .

split Ring
→
It flips the
direction current
in the
of
coil when

it the
crosses
split Ring
vertical position .

Working Principle :
Force on a current
carrying
conductor
placed
in a
magnetic
field .

Carlson Brushes :
It reduces
friction and creates a
sliding contact between
circuit
the split rings and the external
-

.
 ¥
.
: ÷÷¥÷
-

¥±÷¥÷÷÷¥÷¥÷÷
-

"
To increase the
force output of
motor
-

a DC

Use
1 . a
stronger magnet
Use current The coil ( this be
2 . more in can done
by using a more

powerful battery )
increase the turns oil
of of
s no

jpg
.
.

Wind the coil

soft
-

4 . on a iron

core .

NF
F n u
FIN coil
, gets • • • •
. • •

K
vertical w AB up.

¥
u
•

O° 45 900 135
F 2700
1800

"
do
'
°
too no too .
0/0 → When the coil crosses vertical
position ,

current
changes direction and so

the
force
-

does
✓ ..