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Coa Notes PDF

Computer architecture describes how a computer is organized and how its components work together. It involves specifying the basic functional units of a computer like the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and memory, and how they are connected and controlled. The central processing unit (CPU) coordinates the flow of data between these components by executing instructions stored in memory to perform computations and transfer data as needed by programs.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
143 views25 pages

Coa Notes PDF

Computer architecture describes how a computer is organized and how its components work together. It involves specifying the basic functional units of a computer like the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and memory, and how they are connected and controlled. The central processing unit (CPU) coordinates the flow of data between these components by executing instructions stored in memory to perform computations and transfer data as needed by programs.

Uploaded by

PRAKHAR KUMAR
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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UNIT71, TtYoducio h

Gomp uten Avchitectwu -T +Rs undinval


dihcription
aaquYemiatS and dign implenirtdtion
tor th
tR Varuoul pan t R Compit.T
to
deal to i-tR Compu-ten functionali teb or
tunctiona beKaviow. T Come beore
Compuul Or nization wnile wigni n
Combuten

J ho
onputen Organizadion C0
openationa

ottr ibuter avu linkid to getRn nd Contri butr


tYealizo tk anchite ctwial pe cification,
T4 daa di- tYuctuwial relattonip.
ArcRitectuwu
ds,cribes o h a Computub
doe, Orpanizadi on doscri be) hot it
do t .
+Basic functona uit Compuien
AsitRmaHc
Trput L Loic
MemoY
Outpu Cotrol

Procebor
A A digidal computen u o fa t ,olseYo ric
calcuwai aRins at occeb+
digidizad indorwation, proce
tore in-Brucdion
Accordvg
anc Yeut inonation Th
17h+ nyuc dioh cals d compul
and lenna o r a qR call1ol
YYa
Compute ru morY
In
i m ples+
oY
Conpuen Cohli five
functioral Uhf.

3 ALU

4) MamoYH
5 Con4Yeol UiE

T /0 J CocscYomatio
trom una open ador fro m elecyo

nscanical dsvicel i k kboard.


T infoY r ation YeCei vecd
HoYed Y moY cden
ernce ron diately
ALU o penfoy wm di recd
open ot on.
TR proceAng teph Hen minic b
a ted
m n m ina
U d baclc
A veul+
+o A outsic uorlc Youg h
RU ion JU
otd hut+ ui Atl Contya Unt. ALU
Cooroncded by

CU J kro n Contyeu procOw d


unt oY Pyo ceNo.
intucHon 1 pe-form C
A t URualy
Calld
cal d Pyo gyclm
trus
d Tn 4h mal h nmo
mimor
i to re

Program n
intruotin
tructt
4+ALn fe+ cRus -JA
Th proceMo fram4R
k up 4h YoqrCA
hat ma pentorm.

at a Hmu
mmo ry OnL

doi re d openaian. cRana ctuJu


e n t odsd
aru
num ess
ata a oben andh
wd
OUU
n t Y u c H onk

benform
baic openationa Conceb +

apropreat
Yog ra m Contitiv
nrucdion J lved n h main
avnoT y Trdividual I Y u cdto n) Y t t o h
inlo-Ihe bYoCehoY
mmo1,Y pecitied opeatioh.
executu 4 R
w
thii c
c A

openands e-lion
ata o be ie may
ma
ntmoyYie.
love d 9n tha
albo Thi nstrucin
ADD LOCA RO
R guw o þeaatio
T

:
6
O

Q
Main Mm

MAR MD Co ntrol

Pc ALU

aannal pnpo
egib te.
Tmadditjon to 4rs ALU and
Control
CiYCutay t pYO CCNOY contaln) a mumbe
btoa
Tegike
Th intrucdton egisfen TA)
data
hold
intruc&ion hod cuuUnt ly
executed.

T
beind
pYog fan Counten (control) (PC). egibtey kaps
h e

K umo oddret 9 t h
T Contu ny
b exec4Ed. Duu
insrucon curu d
inrucdion A cohtent
R xecutjon
CUU ubdat coyYespord o
PC to
addret t h a rux+ 1 }yuCtjon
exetued T i hatual to u
PC poind A nex
o fetcRfron
Ayucfio
m
teida TA and PC Piguu ho s Th
npo Yeiten Ro, Rt m-1
wclto
too egistois CUU
finaly
Comu ni cat to mai mumoY
A) Mumsy Addrehregten MAR
Data regibte. MDR2)
Mumo
Locatto n
Th MAR hold he addrexh
aJ to
OY from hcA elat
rantocmcl.Th M R Contunh

- datato LOri tfe n into 'or


Yead out +A add YeNMd Locattoh,

Let mo Coniol Hep


moln mA mor and
yogam duyan
Rreugh
tant hin PC
xe cution Preg
proYaVm
baid t fir
rhucsn +a Pro yam,
tranterLol to
Thcnttd PC
R MAR n a read conyol
ga t +R num oY A fO
R m eauye d e acce R munory
addred Dodin R fir
ntrucdon pYogram read
R mu moy Loca od
MDR
Th Co nlen DR t Yanyeud oJ
a - f R pojnt As nytue on JN Yeadu

to b decodad anc execu ed


ih Vol v e penohbu
intrucdion JUy
e b enfymid AALU
obtalv qwred
niceaY
pendn , if an operiand tei zid f
A munsYy. T Couwd also be in genna

bpo yegHen. T AaU to fetcA ba


addre to MAR cnd
Mnding
ruti n g cl. whi, +h
e ad
operia nd Ra bunregd trom tR
mi moY MD2 Itm a
Sansfervud fYo m mD +s ALU e
on OT. moTC openaho ou fetcRid,
In A tho ALV Ca petorm
+R uuved opet atHon
reut oencio
in t h munory tRLh R
t be btoved

Mnd MDR Th addre


eult
huu -R
th locatoh R MA Ond
be Ho Ye J Mnd
) intia-ted hile dn
Ccle
+k caeht
ntYuCjon be
et exe(ted
ho tAat
re e mmincu d
PC u
ntucHO
exe cutho
Tn CU sooh
ekec wted Qomple-ed

inruCH oh
tecA may b
C Y ucH oh
.

E
ead bette penfermirCebu
Th
inCrea o obt

lo LR u
T UICe Cohnucte c
A et pen e n
Jey idsly
Oe S6D
Somu
þrinde7,

qnd bomu UU fastet k naun mu mor


poocedoY Le ca u
Communicat e a c oh
dAviceb mu t
and e cret rafe
Oven a bu d o rrooA
mecho nibm can

A di feun ce n im ng amo
amor
ertenn oluvice)
proce6or mu morie)
hLc e a
incud a
approucR J o
com mon

bu Yeghe
toi+A +R devi'ceb
R Ormatton aduu ante
nolc
Th oUTbitrodho eyo Ce
ce duT
ndut
bus Arbition Comu into picdwt hheven

+Ru CUU moTe JRan n pTo CeMOY


bus oec aul hl ont u
Vice
Tand w uCeefully OVer
nay able
Lcion midanuhn
J oma
bU).
Thu
ma rdalh I c trany ern
fo
J Y e a re
J
ms c a n i ) m J cd bty Ho
Compo nlnt
dsciol shic
B an bihych'on avn on VJuoD
C
C
P
dsVtce id1Rs 1A
k nuvnben m
lddreh mat cR d
dire ardival
Cou ht Iin and R
bu bu
h bus contyo llen ehpoh A Hennnadira
A pelli proce CIu A anre
Connic +A bw.

3) Tndupen di wrequst..

Dub VA
Controllen6us GRAN TL
Arbites Us REGUEST 1
US RANT 2
nys Re qwt 2
Dus Crcnd 'n

9ub bu

bu yequut ard
UU ati
in for ever dsvice
bws
A au khaug bus
+RCapabrlty
Im Ris ContYo |le) a
bu)
nidiateidntifgivall
requDig de viceb)

bub controlle reponc tapd1y o


da-tenmininq to
equt by
ghut priort dLvice act
R
Ka d au Yequt.
pYogyamha b l e h
Th priority
pYe oleten min d
Addcessing
oh add vewe) e enCodu hu
Memory Locc
infomaion
mah

m llie loydge cel eaR s w Y eb biva


Volur rd T
digit bit Ravira
a aroub
maln u mo danto

Ye ve in ad'-2 bac
- bit Oah btove Y
Vord
mbit kms oh
openation eack aro ub
yowm m ation and m
Callhcl R o vo Lengt
avg frn
Modsnn omputen Rave
a ve o rd fength
moYY o btore
6o G4 btsAccei R ra

Yeqi r e
Yeiervese orod inormto yequ reb
OY a
M
or ead x

dingu nams nd
addreNS
numbeA
Locatton. T Motuially
Lfor bom htutble alu
rom
uccee oCat16h i
ay pe ddre e
Con)titute
m me Y
h A Add reb
Compul d . 4A
R Cddreh pace -tR
A CombtenHel
nai
A 24 bit ddreh +pace-
upHo aoord. 1e
?

gcnat add anreN pace 4C 16 ?7216)


bit addreh Cealt
ocation). Sini lanty c32
32 LG 9c9atY.
an add re pa Ce
hou mot
1 Numbens.'
tguu belo A
Hrasg hd oraonc y th at
32bit+ a ddves Can b UMd ebrext

i g nud itegen T 4 mot bitb51


eab d A and bi
ve u m ben,
nU mes Ona
1LOSV
9
hyonm h
a p MRO da
uopont unq
L YLDg° 4
YH
u
OtuotYPP LoouDg
-a
wnu d o F *
T
pnnu biou Pu
A Ao banoa T
WaAPP m nu
ore d 2

8 8 bits bits 8 bitb8bit4


AsCT I ASCTT ACCT TT ASCTT
cAanacEU7 cRmqcdUn CRoncCU c PeneaC U

FoOP CPMARACTEN
dord Cah
UI1) TntrutHon A nadr me
mo y
also
erex t
part tA pecify Ki opencchHo
coY
be d
be be-forme c tRLn pa)f mu
A poti ble
to pe ctty open clno cclrem. 1.e
cRin tntructton
frmat a 3 ma
Hwu belo
R

24- bit

J
o penati6n addreh iormatfon
field A main inbtrucejon

T 8 oi openaton tield cqn mpo r 2 256


=256

diinct frucHonh add YeMt ny inor mati'oh


Jiveh In a VUuety U inuo/via

Teonce o CPO regibU T ffeun


ngmid
wol nin h
wcc emaynddh Can b
macin Hu cHOn aU Callud addretai.ng
ody
RUIau it nof boM b / e t o
cuten n
tR a man m m o y lo cadi dh
Conta ns inbtucHsn OY an openndd
htayby inApei ng

A ve h br'nay btenn may bentebreftcl


o
f19 b o Ve
ad Onal
inar maton Cval la ble

a C roq ram Cesntro Yegi ten


m mo YC Acct P o e
n h r U CGi6h . mamoTy
s Yd who reNKS UU

d en pre fed
9herands
I ruchans_and inNuCion&quAhC1ng

A ypica Þrgram involve d pen formin a

funcanally dfterut adoln


numbe
p a i c al
mo.,+einfor a
Corcut Oh, Yeodi ny o chanacten trsin
Kayboard mdiny C c hotac) to b
Viduo sCYe e h . A COmplu)
ous playao
mu a ve inkYUCdio m Copable Perfor t ,
t pes Openatons

Data iranfen w mau n mm or Ctnd


c O YegnUI.
lo'C openho
ns
) Ari thmati c dnd
progra mb qudn rg ln d CnYo.

anF.
W e btan wA intrucdion
n 1 ad ma nvolve
d in
ocati o

pob e locccdions, CPu


ucKranten aru n

Yebte or pon e ub
A expreM on R CLOC ocao
a LoC
mmo

ran fetud irdo vegi en Pt


le ve
taumm t C= A-+ i n a high
Th t
insrucdHo h o
n
ang uag Vavua ble
clllc)
o dd w
Combil R u m
nd
hd aN'n
C k a broa ra
4Ardvaual e JCompi le d
Co n t u n j n +a Vasua ble aMzUd

eac A+Rru
loCatto n n mu mo
Vauable n am re
uMd
N
W e
e
Correpondirq
mimou o CccHobn Hunte
+R
Oc sn
above alumu e equ re)
place
C [A +CB] t o t aKL
COmbtu.

Octon pecrfred by
Tf above nstrucbh RLn ucH
mac&n
aMr
hr addre freld
on conty
nstrucdh
addrexs a
Eocpro vids y Thu
TP
A, nd C
re dpoftand d odHoy
ield Pecifre d
bpenfoYmu d h u Rree
hAYepreknted
Can
addrets yutdto
m bolica a
TeyHnadibu
Openoction oee 1, bounce 2,
ADD A, D, c
foU Mglne
Anohn abproaCA
intrucdton to be-torm K Aam
fnntrucJJon Kavi rg or
Jank wh eacA
hch,
tu o open a addrb

Ynrucon form
or m.
openation sounce, DeH nadi'on
2 ad d reM intrucdsn

adcl A, L CAJ +Ce


mo v

We iave nltio nscl y


po bi lit +oRave macki
intrucalon

Ra pecifx tnb en spenanos ho Cond


o Yd J uSe d a n a

ADD uruchtoh lo catton i un duiAtood

implicid MCOnd opnane


focacion wichA md
alDayp kno n
ot l explicitu mandtonoin
inAs inuiucO
A CPO Yegio caJcd OccUmulato
punpok Th On

add reh inru c don ADD A


+Ra ontnd
otnd
a c ca
U mmo
ccum r g c oocatioh
ilaa cib +A
A -
Aum

Conl
n R acc mulctov.
T on E e cldeN
Store a ccumilato
SToREA

LoAp A

nA-truCHons Load A qnc STORE A

Conted
hload i-}rucdjon Copie d 4
aCcumuloov
mimo Y ocaion A indo N
Conlend
and fore coP
accumulator to Mum ory
R
A
intruedton t openat16
UN 1add re
trncby
C A1t LJ can

gulnce i n t e h oh
.

execui A
add re intrucd'o n
LOAD
ADD A
STORE C
+em ocdrerg mocd Tale
Addrew g vnods:-T

eciAed
opnand dh nuruc b h
Cahtent

regten .Tho
th cpU

amt tA regise ven


ADD RL
thAa mimorty
eah d
Abholz Meda f oc a t i o n tRaddre

n
oCodo J Hven explicity
n rucHon, (ADD, A
n
(aCodyneAte)ut krai,ma
ekctive

T
4
HLPALL411LP111411
To ere uti 4 i n pant A n 40
APD inrtucdhon
R Cotend
tigw CPU tn-t by tetcAirg
mair mi moT becau irdivec
lecatfon A in A
d. T Valu tove d
cddyemrg beifie bud
at Rdt locatlo i no R operano
CPU
fective addy 4 R apenancl Hance
tR
fron A
anotAn eacl opeiafon from
eaubt ths cote s
Ye ad
mA moY ThU m
Valu Y e a d 1A utre
locatton T Conteut
penand whic +A CPU add o +R
Yegiben Ro.

Acldret Cortent
MOVE N, P
MOVE.+NU M2 nializudie
Cien Ro
>Loop
Ad dP2), Po
Incremd nt k2
DecremsntPa
Esan R >o Loop
MoVE Ro, suM

VIndx nodo T tve oxcldre) +R eporer


haded hle
by qdding a cotat
otes e'bte.
T re9 ftn wnd ruHb e jthu a peca

pro vidsd foY


+ra b y ge nna þunpo egib+
in CPU index e de
to
We indicatu
nd modl
mbo licJ a X[R).
danote A Cohh1
Whert X

| Yequten nelve) .
A mamt

Tetctive add ren -1 pencind


iven

A!X+ TA]
Tm R proce Rai eJi've Addre.
Th cO nte nt ar mot
incla x Ye
CAangd. T Confen X meub gieh
exthn h explict mumbUT a hamn
numuuccul Vltu fig wu
sebremntinq
UMr-K indux
ods.

ApD(R),Ra APD 1o5),P2

o5o L5oR 1e5o


26
2
oto Oben and
Loto opena no

b) i> in 4A
Conlat nclux
N
LTST

Toi Studint 1
Teat2
Tent 3
Sudant ID
tudunt 2

Te 3
ttgu 2.1

Rgid ten R
Contdhk
Th bat(a) R indax
locaton ncd
AA add reb +R mmoYy

X dn
tronR add re
al w dlinol
whwu - enqno fou he.
to locatHon
Heru Const t
Anothur nuthod Mo th bort
addre ano
Correspond movfo a mu

dire th P
Canet inclux vegite
K openane, Tom betR R C Achve
to
n
too Valus.
J R
Addvex
i fntructHo Ch
giveh explicidy
f +h ehteT,
othu ts ved
bsre
blare h
word Hem us n d - t
eaA

aA btudu nt. T h u
eiove t idor motton foll o ed
Cohbt hdint Tel
woYc

CoYe
udint e cund i
CUu
on udnt 9n
Yeee ThU
valu m
V
Atoinremind Mocdo h
ftcHve addveh
4A opena nd
YetDte pecifie d ir
1 irdrucJis alfen accer -hL perardu
A con-tent Ye qú +¬n u Cremi fed
, fo boi
ihCYC nt o d by pulllrg
We dhote auto

pacitie d Yeqibte in p/lanhw o khoto 4R


Contt Aregihe an Utd a
Larldo fo ll6 c d
ctive
DMdA indical R Oconded oru
J b incremted / o penad
Ye gib e r
Accenkod. Thus ura
R auto thCYem d mn dd
mo rtieh
+
ato increm modi maku

po ble to elomu'rall CYe nI


intucdjDh
Move N, L
Move+NrM 1, ka
Ceanko
Lop. ()t, Ro
Add
Decremd f
Byan 20, Loop
Mo ve Ko ,sum

dscre
' wT , acce

Audodicremd Mods Th condeud 9a Yegi'bttn ecife


Yucdan u
Contet vu A1n wd
olecve mnded.Thux

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