Egyptian Military Standards

Author(s): R. O. Faulkner
Source: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 27 (Dec., 1941), pp. 12-18
Published by: Sage Publications, Ltd.
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 (12)

EGYPTIAN MILITARY STANDARDS

By R . O. FAULKNER

THE custom of carrying military insignia is almost as old as the art of

warfare emerged from the indiscriminate tribal scrimmage into the st
ized pursuit, and armies became large enough to be subdivided int
became customary for each component body of the host to have its
ensign, raised high on a pole so that it could readily be seen in the con
These standards, borne at the head of the regiments, served two purpo
the commander-in-chief, even in the thickest of the fight, to see at a
regiments stood and how they fared, and, what was perhaps even mor
served as a focus for the esprit de corps of the unit itself. To lose you
the eagle of a Roman legion or the colours of an English regiment, was
many a commander has owed his victory to a desperate struggle to sav
capture at a crucial moment of the battle. Only within the last hun
the increasing range and accuracy of modern weapons have rendere
concealment and disguise of combatants, have military standards d
the field of battle and become relegated to ceremonial parades, though
regimental colours of an army are the objects of strong sentimental at
embodiments of tradition and the memorials of valorous deeds in past
We find this custom of bearing standards or ensigns into battle alrea
Ancient Egypt as early as the Wars of Unification in the proto-dy
votive palettes of slate deposited in the national fane at Hierakon
ensigns of the levies composing the army of the South symbolically br
of the Northern fortresses-themselves enclosing the ensigns of th
grasping a rope to which are bound prisoners taken in battle.2 On
depicting a lion-hunt-to a weakly armed people no sport, but a dan
akin to warfare-we actually see standards being borne by participan
Thereafter, however, the use of the standard seems to have lapsed for
Neither in the rare battle scenes of the Old Kingdom4 nor in tho
Kingdom5 are military standards depicted, while the well-known mode
infantry from Asyut have no ensigns at the head of their colum
Proc. Soc. Bibl. Arch., XXII, pl. 5, following p. 138.
2 loc. cit., pi. 4. The figures of the prisoners are lost, but there can be no doubt as to th
rope, compare the figure of the falcon leading the Delta captive on the famous Narmer pal
3 Capart, Primitive Art in Egypt, 231.
4 Petrie, Deshasheh, pi. 4; Quibell and Hayter, Excavations at Saqqara: Teti Pyramid, N
piece.
5 Newberry, Beni Hasan, I, pls. 14, I6; II, pls. 5, 15.
6 Erman and Ranke, Aegypten, pi. 41. 2; cf. also the carving of marching soldiers at Asyut, Wreszinski,
Atlas, ii, pl. 15.

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 EGYPTIAN MILITARY STANDARDS I3

procession accompanying the transport of the colossal statue of D

Bershah, the military escort appear to bear no insignia, although on s
occasions in the New Kingdom the ranks of the troops were gay with
The invasion of the Hyksos and their subsequent expulsion seems, ho
brought about a complete revolution in Egyptian military methods
Egyptians acquire a new weapon of warfare, the horse and chariot, bu
was put on a more fully organized footing. Once again the standard ca
as a regimental, and not as a tribal, distinction, and the rank of stand
a regular grade in the Egyptian military hierarchy. The standards
into use show great variety, ranging from the simplest to the most e
and in this paper an attempt has been made to collect a number of
though in present conditions of research it can hardly be hoped th
overlooked. In this connexion I would like to express my deep gratitud
G. Davies, who not only generously put at my disposal a large number
standards made by herself in Egypt, but also consented to ink in the fig
I am further indebted to Dr. A. H. Gardiner, who kindly lent me
standard-bearers.
The Egyptian word for 'standard' was sryt, surviving only in the title ty sryt
'standard-bearer'. The word exists in such a variety of spellings as to suggest that it
was of foreign origin, and it is possible that we have here a stray survivor of the Hyksos
language. Apart from ideographic writings3 we meet such spellings as '0 ,4 < l, 3,5
j! i( i, 6 a,7 -,8 1P-,9 and l,i10 while the determinatives may be I," TI 2 ,13 or
even 4 The most extreme hiratic writings of the t tat title ty sryt are 5d, and
e\\ h v D in the unpublished Wilbour papyrus now being edited by Dr. Gardiner.
The first appearance of military standards in the Eighteenth Dynasty is in the proces-
sions depicted in Queen Hatshepsut's temple at Der el-Bahri. The commonest form of
standard is probably the semicircular fan on a long pole shown by the hieroglyph 2;
a typical standard of this description is shown in fig. i. This ensign called sryt, which
is confined to military and naval use, is identical in appearance, at least so far as its
shape is concerned, with the flabellum bht borne about the person of the Sovereign,
whose bearers were called citJJ.; p 15 The fct that two apparently identical
objects have not only distinct names, but also are never confused the one with the
other, hints at a fundamental distinction between them which is not obvious to the eye,
and I would suggest that while the flabellum bht which fanned the king was really made
of ostrich feathers, the standard sryt was an imitation of it in painted wood (cf. the
Newberry, El Bersheh, I, pl. 15. 2 e.g. Naville, Deir el Bahari, pls. 88, 89, 91.
3 e.g. Davies, Two Officials, pls. 20, 26, in the latter case with the ideogram of a ship-standard; de Rou
Inscr. Hierogl. 264.
4 Davies, op. cit., pI. 21. YEA xx, 155. 6 Spiegelberg, Rechnungen, 13, a, 3.
7 Louvre, C6o. 8 Davies, Amarna, II1, pl. 12.
9 Two Officials, pi. 2 I, top right; the restoration ( can hardly b
10 JEA XX, 154. " Two Officials, pl. 2I. I2 Op. cit., pl. 26.
13 Spiegelberg, loc. cit.; perhaps only in hieratic.
I4 JEA xx, 154. It is possibly only a blunder for P.
15 Amarna, vi, pl. 20; see Gardiner, Egn. Hierat. Texts, I, 42*, n. 2.

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 I4 R. O. FAULKNER

determinative Y-) or sometimes, in view of the determinative D, in metal; such an

ensign would stand the wear and tear of military usage far better than one of real feathers,
which would speedily become hopelessly ragged and disreputable. Usually the fan is
painted to imitate coloured feathering, but sometimes it is of a solid red colour.I Good
examples of this standard will be found in Naville, Deir el Bahari, pls. 88-91, where a
procession of ships on the river is accompanied by a military escort on the river-bank.
Thus in pl. 91, which shows the head of the procession, we see detachments of marines
and of infantry, each with the f-standard borne at its head and its own special standard
carried further along the ranks. From notes made by Mrs. Davies it appears that the
marines are wearing over their loin-cloths the leather net with a square patch of leather
on the seat-not shown in the plate-which was apparently peculiar to the navy.2
The purpose of this leather garment was presumably to protect the loin-cloth from
being speedily worn out by the friction of the rowing-bench, and lacking conclusive
evidence to the contrary I would regard its presence in the costume of a fighting man as
a clear indication of service on ship-board.3 In the water procession the royal barges,
each with a flabellum leaning against the empty throne to typify the spiritual presence
of the Sovereign, are accompanied by other vessels of state.4 In the bows stand men
armed with battle-axe or club, one of whom has also a spear and shield, another bearing
the t-standard, while on three of the ships a third man carries a curious object, pendent
from a long staff, to which we will return later. These armed men are presumably
officers of the royal bodyguard accompanying the rich offerings in the state barges. The
same standard is seen borne by the troops in the other military processions at Der el-
Bahri ;5 by the guards escorting King Akhenaton on his drives abroad, sometimes with
coloured streamers (red, red and green) attached to the shaft (fig. 2) ;6 by the escort in
the great procession of the Feast of Ope under King Tutcankhamun;7 and in other
military ceremonies.8 It appears in the triumph celebrated by Ramesses III after his
victory over the peoples of the sea,9 while on the field of battle it is seen in the hands of
charioteers in the fighting before Kadesh under Ramesses II10 and in Ramesses III's
victory over the Libyans."I It should not be confused with the flabellum borne (or
supposed to be borne) as an appurtenance of state behind the charging king.12
Another type of standard in common use was a rectangle mounted on a long shaft,
which occurs in a number of different forms. In the simplest (fig. 3) the rectangle is
entirely unadorned, and the shaft may or may not be decorated with streamers.13 Then

I Op. cit., I, PI. 9.

2 Naville, op. cit., pl. I 26, bottom left, shown by the accompanying inscription to be naval men; Davies, Two
Officials, pi. 31, worn by the crew of the king's ship Beloved-of-Amfin; Davies & Gardiner, Tomb of Hfuy, pi. 5.
3 Good examples of this garment in N. M. Davies, Ancient Egyptian Paintings, pi. 45; presumably its
Nubian wearers served as marines. 4 Naville, op. cit., pls. 88-91.
5 Op. cit., pls. 126, 155. Similar groups of three armed men with standards on board state b
6 Amarna, I, pIs. 9, 15; III, p. 3I; in II, pl. 17, bottom, it is borne by a charioteer.
7 Wreszinski, Atlas, pl. 192, left. 8 Two Officials, pi. 27. 9 Nelson, Medinet Habu
IO Wreszinski, Atlas, pl. 92 a, top right. " Nelson, op. cit., (II), pi. 72.
12 e.g. Ancient Egyptian Paintings, pi. 78.
13 Without streamers, Two Officials, pl. 27; Amarna, II, pl. I3; with streamers, op. cit., vi, pi. 20; Theban
Tomb 78 (unpublished). In the last instance the streamers are white with red outlines.

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PLATE IV

FIG. I FIG. 3 FIG. 2.

FIG. 4 FIG. 6 FIG. 5

0 olpi K z/1J

FIG. 8 FIG. 7 FIG. 9

EGYPTIAN MILITARY STANDARDS

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 EGYPTIAN MILITARY STANDARDS 15

we find the rectangle still empty, but with an ostrich feather (pr
attached to one corner. This also may be found with or withou
specimen shown in fig. 4 occurs in a scene where Ramesses III is iss
his troops before a campaign.2 Rarely the plume appears in the middl
(fig. 5).3 A blank space, however, is not very ornamental, and sometim
standard embellished with symbolic devices of various kinds, ofte
reference to the names of the corps to which they belonged. An excelle
standard of 'The Wrestlers', borne by Nubian marines (fig. 6);4 ano
more general nature is a design from El-(Amarnah which, though dam
represents the king smiting a foe.5 Sometimes the decoration consists o
or the like; an example from El-CAmarnah shows a rectangle bearing
the Aton mounted beside an object somewhat resembling the hier
Another standard, copied by Mrs. Davies in Theban Tomb No. 74,
entirely destroyed, shows in the top left-hand corner the sign w and to
line which may be part of the frame of a cartouche. The colour of th
whether decorated or undecorated, is usually yellow,7 but white8 and
These standards are sometimes provided with a pointed butt for stick
in the ground,°1 but in one instance a wooden stand is used.," At
palace guards, when off duty, stood their standards in pedestals.12
The two types of standard already discussed, however, are not t
each ship of the Egyptian navy apparently had its own boat-standa
kind is a cabined craft surmounted by a small fan-standard, thus betr
from the basic f-type. A good example is the standard of the king'
Aman, of which Nebamiin of Tomb 90 was standard-bearer (fig. 8),
exactly alike, see for instance figs. 914 and Io.15 Such standards ar
depicted in El-Amarnah and elsewhere ;6 in the battle of Kadesh
indicates the presence of a contingent of marines in the division of P
they are acting as ordinary infantry.I7 A less elaborate type of boat-st
fig. I I ;18 here we seem to have a religious allusion to the boat of the su
that this may not be a naval ensign at all, but may belong to a contin
cruited from Heliopolis or some other centre of sun-worship."9
So far we have discussed standards which were not only used on the
but also went to war. There are others whose elaborately ornament
I Without streamers, Amarna, I, pi. 15; III, pi. 12; VI, pls. 20, 30; with streamers,
III, pl. 31. Carried on active service, Wreszinski, Atlas, II, pl. 84, top left.
2 Nelson, op. cit. (I), pi. 29; cf. also pl. 42. 3 Tomb 74 (unpublished).
4 Ancient Egyptian Paintings, pl. 45, see above, p. 14, n. 3.
5 Amarna, Iv, pl. 17. 6 Op. cit., I, pl. 26.
7 Two yellow standards in Tomb 74 and six in Tomb 78; of
8 Ancient Egyptian Paintings, pl. 45. 9 Amarna, I, pl. 15. 1o See fig. 6.
, Quibell and Hayter, op. cit., pl. 12. I2 Amarna, vi, pls. 20, 30.
13 Two Officials, pl. 26, with bow restored. A more generalized version in pl. 28.
I4 Der el-Bahri (unpublished fragment). I5 Tomb 78.
I6 Amarna, I, pls. I5, 26; ii, pls. I , I3; In, pl. 3 ; Wreszinski, Atlas, II, pls. 84, 192, 194.
17 Op. cit., II, pl. 84. I8 Op. cit., II, pl. 200; a slightly variant form Nelson, Medine
'9 For other standards of a religious nature see below, p. I6.

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i6 R. O. FAULKNER

clear that their use was confined to ceremonial occasions, and good exam
in the distinctively 'regimental' standards at Der el-Bahri. One of the m
of these parade-standards is that of 'The Plumed Horse' (fig. I2).' T
enough, is not borne by chariotry, but by the A J}j© (sic, read
{filr ,' 'troops of Thebes and recruits of the soldiery of the en
march on foot. The horse is represented as white with a red outline
standard depicted in a private tomb, though unfortunately damaged (fi
did belong to the chariotry, since it is carried by a man with two hors
him follow two more horses. Another parade-standard from Der el-B
the prenomen of.Queen Hatshepsut surmounted by horns, plumes, and
while another in the same group of men consists of upraised ka-arms w
glyph ; between them; on the upraised hands are still visible the lio
was probably a crowned sphinx in standing posture (fig. I5). These t
borne by the 'A l l l ^it Os fol[ll fT;'[lil]0 i 'troops of
Lower Egypt, young men of Thebes, and recruits of Khonthonnifer
register of the same scene two squads of t'h ! 'trained soldiers (?)'
consisting respectively of a falcon-head with disk and plumes and a
head, possibly with reference to the gods of the localities whence they
(figs. i6 and 17). In the tomb of Nebamin (No. 90) there is a simila
sisting of disk and plumes on the dad-sign (fig. i8).4 The naval detac
their special parade-standards. The a n0°___ 'crews of the kin
a most elaborate standard consisting of a seated crowned figure (probab
Queen Hatshepsut, though in its present state the face is more like
in a bark of state, the whole surmounted by a fan (fig. I9),5 while
marines has a 'Lion and Fan' standard (fig. 20).6 Another naval
'Falcon and Ostrich-Plume' (fig. 21).7 A standard belonging to the armed
capital is the 'Gazelle and Ostrich-plume' (fig. 22).8
Closely associated with the military standards already described ar
objects pendent from long staves, which assume the most varied forms,
They are borne by the soldiers exactly as if they were standards, but n
they appear alongside t-standards as if supplementing them in some wa
of fig. 30 the colours are preserved; the long pendant like a pointed bag
from a lotus-flower, is red, while the band across the upper part is

I Deir el Bahari, pl. 91. All the parade-standards from this source have been redrawn w
Mrs. Davies, and it is from her drawings that the figures have been prepared.
2 Tomb 85 (unpublished). 3 Deir el Bahari, pl. 155, lower register. 4 Two
5 Deir el Bahari, pl. 91; similar standards pi. I55 and on an unpublished fragment from
6 Op. cit., pi. 126.
7 Davies and Gardiner, Huy, pi. 5. A standard of the Hathor-cow on what is apparen
Ancient Egyptian Paintings, pi. 28, may possibly be the owner's private idol or ensign.
8 Two Officials, pl. 26. In pl. 27 it is borne by a 'lieutenant of police'.
9 Fig. 23, Deir el Bahari, pl. 91, on board a ship of state, cf. also pl. I53; fig. 24, op. ci
soldiers ashore; figs. 25 and 26, Davies, IKen-amun, pl. 22 A, among other military equipm
Amarna, i, pl. I6; fig. 29, op. cit., I, pI. 29; fig. 30, from Tomb 56, I owe to Mrs. Davies.
10 e.g. Deir el Bahari, pl. 91; Amarna, I, pl. 26.

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 PLATE V

FIG. 13 FIG. I FIG. 12

FG. 6

FIG, i6 FIG. 18 FIG. 14 FIG. 17

, f

r
I

FIG. 10 FIG. 19 FIG. 5

EGYPTIAN MILITARY STANDARDS

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PLATE VI

FIG. 21 FIG. 23 FIG. 25 FIG. 22

FIG. 24 FIG. 26

I-.

FIG. 27 FIG. 20 FIG. 28

FIG. 29 FIG. 30 FIG. 31

EGYPTIAN MILITARY STANDARDS

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 EGYPTIAN MILITARY STANDARDS I7

lines. To me the materials of which these objects were made and the p
they were intended are alike obscure; it is difficult to believe that they
standards in the ordinary sense of the word.
In addition to the 'regimental' standards already discussed, the Eg
have had 'divisional' standards, corresponding to the main division
army, which were named after the principal gods of the realm; at th
under Ramesses II the divisions mentioned are those of Amun, Rec
Of these 'divisional' or 'army' standards, however, only one has been r
a standard of Amin which preceded King Ramesses III on the mar
consisted of the ram's head of Amuin crowned with the solar disk and
pole mounted in a chariot driven by a single man; on the front of the
ram's head, appears a statuette of the king, who is thus placed und
of the god. That this standard actually represents the god leading the
to victory is made clear by the accompanying inscription, in which A
the Gods, promises to Ramesses III a triumph over his foes. This
noted by Schafer, who points out that an exactly similar custom existed
Assyria.2 Fig. I of his article shows the Assyrian chariot-standard
while fig. 3 depicts an Assyrian camp with offerings being made to the stan
which is conclusive proof of their divine nature. It seems safe to assume
army-divisions of Re(, Ptah, and Seth were likewise under the prot
symbols of their respective gods, even though no pictures of their ensi
Of the title of the men who bore the ensigns of the Egyptian army
made brief mention. Each regiment of the army or ship of the nav
had its own standard, and the standard-bearer ranked as an officer; ac
he commanded a X i s 'regiment' or 'company' of 200 men, but was him
to the hry-pdt 'troop-commander'. In its full form the title of 'sta
cludes the name of the unit in which this officer served; thus in t
mention of the standard-bearers of the following regiments:
sT n hmf 'His Majesty's Regiment' (The King's Own), Spiegelberg
86 (No. I9 e). The royal bodyguard?
so n Nht-hkl-'Iwnw 'the regiment Victorious-is-the-Ruler-of-On', Tu
si n Rr-n-hk;w 'the regiment Sun-of-Rulers', Golenischeff, Hammam
s4 n Nb-mrt-Rr Itn-thn 'the regiment of King Nebmare Aton-glitters
Apparently a corps d'elite, compare 'The King's Own' above.
s; n mgvw jHrr-n.f-'tn 'the regiment of skirmishers (?)4 Aton-appears-
Amarna, III, pi. 12.
In a number of instances the word s; is omitted, and in such cases it m
whether the following name refers to a regiment or a ship. The fo
may be quoted:
K;-m-T;-Sty 'Bull in Nubia', JEA xx, I55. Almost certainly a regim

l Nelson, iledinetHabu (i), pl. 17. A similar standard clearly referred tobyTuthmosis I
2 Klio, VI, 393 ff. 3 Der Einfliuss der Militdrfiihrer in der i8. dagptischen Dyn
4 On this rendering of mgmw see JEA v, 50, n. 6.
D

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 18 R. O. FAULKNER

Mn-hprw-Rr-sksk-Hr 'Tuthmosis
S;s-Hts 'Repeller of the Khetes-f
Hr-m-m;rt 'Manifest in Justice',
in this instance, though a ship of
Apart from named regiments we
troops. Thus there are standard-bear
Sherden mercenary troops;4 of T
of 'the West of the City', i.e. the
One officer entitled 'standard-bear
of one of the divisional standards discussed above.
On the naval side we have standard-bearers of named ships. Their titles assume
various forms, so that we have (i) py sryt n im nsw X 'standard-bearer of the king's
ship X' ;9 (2) n im X 'of the ship X' ;O (3) n X 'of the X', with the word im omitted, but
with the boat-determinative after the name;", and (4) nhntytnX 'of the sailors of the X'.I2
There is also a standard-bearer n p im n t; rh{t 'of the warship', the name of whose ship
is lost.13 The following list gives the names of ships of which standard-bearers are known:
rnh-wd&-snb-hpr-r-Kmt 'Prosperity has befallen Egypt', Spiegelberg, op. cit. 83 (iI).
Pth-r-h;tf 'Ptah is before him', op. cit. 85 (i8).
Mn-r;-bprw-Rr 'Amenophis II is firmly established', op. cit. 82 (7 a).
Mry-Imn 'Beloved of Amun', Davies, Two Officials, p. 26; Spiegelberg, op. cit. 82 (8),
83 (I2), 85 (I9).
Nfrw-Itn 'Beauty of the Aton', Louvre C207 = op. cit. 83 (io). The reading nfrw
is due to Gardiner, Spiegelberg having thn.
H;t-nfrw 'Foremost of Beauty', op. cit. 85 (21).
Hr-m-ipt 'Manifest in Ope', op. cit. 84 (13).
Hr-m-m;ct 'Manifest in Justice', op. cit. 83 (9).
Shtp-... 'Propitiating.. .', op. cit. 84 (I4).
Rrms-mi-Tmn-shtp-Itn 'Ramesses-miamun who propitiates the Aton', op cit. 84 (i6).
Thn-mi-'tn 'Glittering like the Aton', op. cit. 84 (15).
Whether the military standards of Egypt were considered to be the embodiment of
the honour of the regiment or ship to the same extent as, say, the eagle of a Roman
legion, may perhaps be doubted, but that some attachment was felt for them is suggested
by the fact that the bearer of the standard was an officer of some rank, about whom it
doubtless shed an aura of additional authority. Whether it was considered a disgrace
to lose your standard in battle we do not know, but it is safe to assume that the sight
of his standard swaying over the press on occasion inspired the Egyptian soldier to
feats of valour of which he would otherwise have been incapable.

I Classed by Spiegelberg as a ship-name, op. cit., 83 (8 b). 2 Op. cit., 9, b, 3, 5.

3 P. Jud. Turin, 2, 4; 6, 7; for the translation 'mercenaries' cf. Amarna, vI, pl. 17.
4 Several in P. Wilbour, e.g. 27, 43; 47, 13; 6i, 44. 5 P. Wilbour, 46, 28. 6 Two Officials, 29.
7 'Standard-bearer of the temple of Amfin', P. Br. Mus. I0054, rt. 2, 14 = Peet, Tomb-robberies, pl. 6.
8 De Rouge, Inscr. Hierogl. 264. The publication has ' cross-hatched, but the reading is hardly doubtful.
9 Two Officials, pl. 26; Spiegelberg, op. cit. 83 (9 a). o1 Spiegelberg, op. cit., 84 (I3).
I Op. cit., 82 (8). I2 Op. cit., 82 (7 a), 83 (12). I3 Op. cit., 82 (5).

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