Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Laboratory Experiment 2
Electric Circuit Fundamental

Presented to the Faculty of College of Engineering

Batangas State University
The National Engineering University
Alangilan, Batangas

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Aerospace Engineering

Group No.1
Karl Radison Abrea
John Cedric Cacao
Apolonio Catipon Jr.
Allieyah Kristhina Binay
Ma. Neljoy Camo

November 11, 2022

AeE – 2103

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

I. INTRODUCTION

Electricity is one of the most significant gifts that science has bestowed upon humanity. It
has also become an integral element of modern life, and it is difficult to imagine a world without
it. Electricity has several applications in our daily lives. It is used to light rooms, run fans, and
power home equipment such as electric stoves and air conditioners. All of these things fill people
with comfort. Electricity is used to power massive machinery in manufacturing. Electricity
produces essential products such as food, fabric, paper, and many other things.

Every day, we are surrounded by electricity, one of the most essential inventions of all
time. While it is a force of energy utilized all over the world, humans lived for millennia without
it before discovering it, which you might imagine led to a gloomy world at night with the
exception of a candle here and there. Nonetheless, while people have survived without it, the
odds of the human species prospering without it are extremely doubtful. This is due to the
progress and expansion made possible by the generation of electricity. Everything changed the
minute the notion of creating electricity and bringing the globe to life was offered to the world.

The influence of this invention has such an impact on us that even a single second
without it causes everyone on the planet to go insane. The others would perish if there was no
electricity or technology. Why? since the advantages of electronics in our life have saved
individuals a lot of time, effort, and money because they mostly employ savings systems With
the usage of mobile phones and personal computers, it made people's lives simpler, smoother,
and more lively, and it decreased distances between nations. It improved contact between people,
groups, and nations, deepened discourse, and approached languages, many of which rely on
translation characteristics. You've offered individuals a means to have pleasure and amusement
by providing online gaming apps that they may use on their electronic devices whenever they
want. It made it simple to educate people and facilitate communication between instructor and
student. Developed as a result of the medical process and facilitated patient care, as well as
contributing to the success of medical procedures and executed with ease, speed, and skill.
Contributed to maintaining security and identifying crime via surveillance cameras. Light
signals, speed restrictions, and radars all helped to reduce traffic accidents. Early warning
systems aided in the detection of fires, thefts, security breaches, and smuggling. These are only a
few of how electricity and electronics have helped us, aside from telling all how we benefit from
them. It is also important to know how these things work, in this laboratory work, it will give us
a fraction of information on how changes affect small electrical components.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

II. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE

A. Voltage and Current in DC Circuit
Circuit Diagram:

Figure 1: Measuring current and voltage: a lamp connected across a battery

Simulation:
a. Construct the circuit shown in figure 1 on the Multisim software. Use 5 V, 1 W lamp for
simulation. (In the Components Toolbar, select the Indicator icon; now find Voltmeter,
Ammeter, and Lamp in this window.)
b. Set the dc supply voltage to 3 V and click the Simulate Switch and verify that the battery
voltage is 3 V as measured by the voltmeter. Record the voltage across the lamp
terminals “V” and the current “I” flowing through it in Table 1. Calculate the power
dissipation in the lamp using the relationship P = VI and note it down.
c. Change the dc supply voltage to 5 V. Run the analysis again. Record voltage and current
in Table 1 and calculate the power dissipation in the lamp.
d. Change the dc supply voltage to 7 V. Run the analysis and see the effect on the intensity
of light. Record voltage and current in Table 1 and calculate the power dissipation.
e. Change the dc supply voltage to 8 V. Run the analysis and observe the value of current,
also observe the glow of the lamp. What happened? Explain.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

B. Ohms Law – Resistance

Circuit Diagram:

Figure 2: Resistance measurement

Figure 3: Verifying Ohm’s Law

Simulation:

a. Build the circuit of figure 2 using Multisim. Connect a multimeter between the terminals
of resistor and set it to read resistance. Select R1 = 100 Ω. Click the Simulation Switch to
run analysis. Record the value of resistance R1 in Table 3.
b. Build the circuit given in figure 3. Set VS = 10 V and R1 = 100 Ω. Click Simulation
Switch to run analysis. Record voltage “V1” across resistor R1 by connecting a
multimeter in parallel to it. Record the value of current “I” flowing through R 1 by
connecting another multimeter in series to R1. Note down the values in Table 3. From the
voltage current readings, verify Ohm’s law V1 = R1 I. Considering multimeter reading as
the reference, calculate the % error.
c. Vary the dc supply voltage VS in steps of 2 V and record current in each case. Enter your
result in Table 4.
d. Plot “I” vs. “V” in the graph of Table 5.
e. Calculate the value of resistor based on the slope of the V-I characteristic curve plotted in
step 4.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

III. RESULTS: DATA, FIGURE, TABLE AND ETC.

A. Voltage and Current in DC Circuit

Construct the circuit shown in figure 1 on the Multisim software. Use 5 V, 1 W lamp for
simulation. (In the Components Toolbar, select the Indicator icon; now find Voltmeter, Ammeter,
and Lamp in this window.)

Set the dc supply voltage to 3 V and click the Simulate Switch and verify that the battery
voltage is 3 V as measured by the voltmeter. Record the voltage across the lamp terminals “V”
and the current “I” flowing through it in Table 1. Calculate the power dissipation in the lamp
using the relationship P = VI and note it down.

Computation using equation

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Change the dc supply voltage to 5 V. Run the analysis again. Record voltage and current
in Table 1 and calculate the power dissipation in the lamp.

Computation using equation

Change the dc supply voltage to 7 V. Run the analysis and see the effect on the intensity
of light. Record voltage and current in Table 1 and calculate the power dissipation.

Computation using equation

The intensity of the light of the bulb when we increased the DC Supply Voltage to 7 V
become brighter compare to when we raised it to 3 V and 5 V. As is the lamp itself reaches its
maximum potential capability to do its intended purpose. As you can see in the above figure, the
coil or the wire filament of the bulb in the lamp is bright red which indicates that the bulb is in
utmost potential.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Change the dc supply voltage to 8 V. Run the analysis and observe the value of current,
also observe the glow of the lamp. What happened? Explain.

When we increase the dc supply voltage to 8 V, there are noticeable changes that occur,
the value of the current and the lamp itself. The value of the current seems to drop drastically
compared to the ones we previously acquired, which has a value of 0.888μ. The other computed
currents aren't low as this one because the previous three computed currents have barely become
negative values. And as for the lamp, it doesn't light up as if the lamp is been destroyed due to
voltage overload or overvoltage (When the voltage in a circuit or part of it is raised above its
upper design limit, this is known as overvoltage.)

Table 1: Simulation results using Multisim Electronics Workbench

Source Voltage (V) Lamp Voltage (V) Current (A) Power, VI (W)
3 3 0.12 0.36
5 5 0.2 1
7 7 0.28 1.96

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

B. Ohms Law – Resistance

Build the circuit of figure 2 using Multisim. Connect a multimeter between the terminals
of resistor and set it to read resistance. Select R1 = 100 Ω. Click the Simulation Switch to run
analysis. Record the value of resistance R1 in Table 3.

Build the circuit given in figure 3. Set VS = 10 V and R1 = 100 Ω. Click Simulation
Switch to run analysis. Record voltage “V1” across resistor R1 by connecting a multimeter in
parallel to it. Record the value of current “I” flowing through R1 by connecting another
multimeter in series to R1. Note down the values in Table 3. From the voltage current readings,
verify Ohm’s law V1 = R1 I. Considering multimeter reading as the reference, calculate the
% error.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Computation using equation

where:
I = 100 mA
R1 = 100 Ω

Vary the dc supply voltage VS in steps of 2 V and record current in each case. Enter your
result in Table 4.

when VS = 0 V

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

when VS = 2 V

when VS = 4 V

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

when VS = 6 V

when VS = 8 V

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

when VS = 10 V

Table 4: V-I Measurement

Workbench
V (Volt) I (mA)
0 0
2 20
4 40
5 50
6 60
8 80
10 100

The multimeter's readings from 0V to 10V are displayed in this table. This information
will be utilized to plot the "V" vs. "I" in Table 5's graph.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Plot “I” vs. “V” in the graph of Table 5.

Table 5: V-I plot

This image depicts the V-I plot based on the measurements in Table 4. As the value of
the voltage source was increased, the plot generated an angled line. This indicates that the
current is proportional to the voltage. As we increase the voltage, the current increases as well.

Calculate the value of resistor based on the slope of the V-I characteristic curve plotted in
step 4.

Resistance Measurement from V-I Slope, R = 100 Ω

Computation using equation

Table 3: Resistance Measurement

Ohmmeter Reading Ohms’s Law (V1/I)
Workbench 100 Ω 100 Ω

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

IV. DOCUMENTATION

Documentation is always a record of a story that discusses the process and how you
arrived at the final report. Let we tell you a story. To be honest, sometimes it is scary to go alone
because things are much better when done in groups. Some people do say, "Teamwork makes the
dream work." But we’ll like to create a little difference because group one does believe in saying
that no one must be left behind. That is the reason why every part of our answers is being
learned, selected, and debated in order to make sure that we come up with something honest and
accurate.

At first, we start by chilling mode as usual it is always down to planning; tackling about
how many days we were going to spent on this laboratory; tackling about our first move,
divisions of topics or the collaborative part of every one of us including the multisim
simulations, revision and editing etc. (Documentation picture 1)

Documentation picture part 1

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Second after we have done the planning I Jc cacao personally ask our google workspace
if we can be dismissed already due to personal task but unfortunately rejected. I still remembered
ma’am Cabatay chatted ‘nope. you should do this experiment now’ In we were like in complete
shock. I started to call everyone again and do the laboratory once and for all. But it doesn’t end
there because when ma’am Cabatay entered in our breakout room we all feel the heavy pressure
to the point that we’ve been in the state of silence. Nonetheless, we still achieve something. In
behalf of group one I Jc would proudly state that we did finish the first part A. Voltage and
Current in DC Circuit and as a proof to make sure that group one will met ma’am Cabatay
requirements experiment screenshot with date stamp on the right bottom part. For ma’am
Cabatay to know that we did conduct the experiment in time-accordingly manner.
(Documentation picture 2)

Documentation picture part 2

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

For the latter part of this documentation the time will become un-noticeable when you
where in the best people. In the middle of the night around nine-thirty we then realize that we are
done with this laboratory report. A part which consist of everything we did as a group to come
up with the results and documentation was a success

Documentation picture part 3

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Documentation picture part 4

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

V. DISCUSSION

Why is the lamp damaged when the voltage across it goes to 7 V? Explain but comparing
the power dissipation with the rated value.

Based on the results we acquired throughout the experiment, when we increased the
voltage source to 3 V, there was a current of 0.12 A and a power of 0.36 W, resulting in a low
brightness of the light. When we increased the voltage source to 5 V, the current was 0.2 A and
the power was 1 W, resulting in a medium-state brightness of the light. And when we increased
the voltage source to 7 V, the current was 0.28 A and the power was 1.96 W, resulting in
overheating of the coil and excessive brightness of the light. This is because it exceeded the
lamp's limit, causing the bulb to be damaged. Finally, when we increased the voltage source to
8V, the lamp's light went out due to the extra power given. I mean, applying a voltage that
exceeds a component's maximum operating voltage is a simple way to damage any component.

Compare the values of resistance obtained with ohmmeter, Ohm’s law, and slope of the
V-I plot. Comment on your results.

Resistance values acquired from an ohmmeter, Ohm's law, and the slope of the V-I plot
are all the same. This is due to the fact that voltage and current are proportionate. This indicates
that when the voltage in the circuit increases, so will the current.

How could you tell if the resistance are linear or not? Any other observations or
comments:

Every electrical component may be classed as either linear or nonlinear based on whether
it exhibits linear or nonlinear resistance. A component having linear resistance, in the most basic
sense, will always give the same resistance regardless of the input voltage level. In contrast, the
current in a nonlinear resistance component will be a function of the voltage drop across the
component.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

VI. CONCLUSION

This experiment has two parts. Each part will have to be carried out using the Multisim
software. The experiments involve the measurement of voltage and current in a dc circuit and the
verification of Ohm’s law. In this experiment, I've learned, how to use a voltmeter to measure the
voltage across a circuit component, and how to use an ammeter to measure the current flow in a
circuit component. Also, I've learned to investigate what happens if the rated value of a
component is exceeded and what the relationship is between voltage and current for constant
resistance. But the most significant thing I've learned or picked up from this activity is that
everything in this world works perfectly, and if you miscalculate even a little, the entire process
or function of that specific component will fail automatically or fail to accomplish its purpose.

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation

 Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
The National Engineering University
Alangilan Campus
Golden Country Homes, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
Tel Nos.: (+63 43) 425-0143 loc. 2121
E-mail Address: [email protected] | Website Address: http://www.batstate-u.edu.ph

Leading Innovations, Transforming Lives, Building the Nation