Numpy in python:
NumPy is a general-purpose array-processing package. It provides a high-
performance multidimensional array object, and tools for working with these
arrays. It is the fundamental package for scientific computing with Python. It
is open-source software. It contains various features including these
important ones:
A powerful N-dimensional array object
Sophisticated (broadcasting) functions
Tools for integrating C/C++ and Fortran code
Useful linear algebra, Fourier transform, and random number capabilities
Besides its obvious scientific uses, NumPy can also be used as an efficient
multi-dimensional container of generic data. Arbitrary data-types can be
defined using Numpy which allows NumPy to seamlessly and speedily
integrate with a wide variety of databases.
import numpy as np
# Creating array object
arr = np.array( [[ 1, 2, 3],
[ 4, 2, 5]] )
# Printing type of arr object
print("Array is of type: ", type(arr))
# Printing array dimensions (axes)
print("No. of dimensions: ", arr.ndim)
# Printing shape of array
print("Shape of array: ", arr.shape)
# Printing size (total number of elements) of array
print("Size of array: ", arr.size)
# Printing type of elements in array
print("Array stores elements of type: ", arr.dtype)
Output :
Array is of type:
No. of dimensions: 2
Shape of array: (2, 3)
Size of array: 6
Array stores elements of type: int64
Statistics:
Python statistics module
Python statistics module provides the functions to mathematical statistics of numeric
data. There are some popular statistical functions defined in this module.
mean() function
The mean() function is used to calculate the arithmetic mean of the numbers in the
list.
Example
import statistics
# list of positive integer numbers
datasets = [5, 2, 7, 4, 2, 6, 8]
x = statistics.mean(datasets)
# Printing the mean
print("Mean is :", x)
Output:
Mean is : 4.857142857142857
median() function
The median() function is used to return the middle value of the numeric data in the
list.
Example
import statistics
datasets = [4, -5, 6, 6, 9, 4, 5, -2]
# Printing median of the
# random data-set
print("Median of data-set is : % s "
% (statistics.median(datasets)))
Output:
Median of data-set is : 4.5
mode() function
The mode() function returns the most common data that occurs in the list.
Example
import statistics
# declaring a simple data-set consisting of real valued positive integers.
dataset =[2, 4, 7, 7, 2, 2, 3, 6, 6, 8]
# Printing out the mode of given data-set
print("Calculated Mode % s" % (statistics.mode(dataset)))
Output:
Calculated Mode 2
stdev() function
The stdev() function is used to calculate the standard deviation on a given sample
which is available in the form of the list.
Example
1. import statistics
2. # creating a simple data - set
3. sample = [7, 8, 9, 10, 11]
4. # Prints standard deviation
5. print("Standard Deviation of sample is % s "
6. % (statistics.stdev(sample)))
Output:
Standard Deviation of sample is 1.5811388300841898
median_low()
The median_low function is used to return the low median of numeric data in the list.
Example
1. import statistics
2. # simple list of a set of integers
3. set1 = [4, 6, 2, 5, 7, 7]
4. # Note: low median will always be a member of the data-set.
5. # Print low median of the data-set
6. print("Low median of data-set is % s "
7. % (statistics.median_low(set1)))
Output:
Low median of the data-set is 5
median_high()
The median_high function is used to return the high median of numeric data in the
list.
Example
1. import statistics
2. # list of set of the integers
3. dataset = [2, 1, 7, 6, 1, 9]
4. print("High median of data-set is %s "
5. % (statistics.median_high(dataset)))
Output:
High median of the data-set is 6
Python math Module
Python has a built-in module that you can use for mathematical tasks.
The math module has a set of methods and constants.
Math Methods
Method Description
math.acos() Returns the arc cosine of a number
math.acosh() Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of a number
math.asin() Returns the arc sine of a number
math.asinh() Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of a number
math.atan() Returns the arc tangent of a number in radians
math.atan2() Returns the arc tangent of y/x in radians
math.atanh() Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of a number
math.ceil() Rounds a number up to the nearest integer
math.comb() Returns the number of ways to choose k items from
n items without repetition and order
math.copysign() Returns a float consisting of the value of the first
parameter and the sign of the second parameter
math.cos() Returns the cosine of a number
math.cosh() Returns the hyperbolic cosine of a number
math.degrees() Converts an angle from radians to degrees
math.dist() Returns the Euclidean distance between two points
(p and q), where p and q are the coordinates of that
point
math.erf() Returns the error function of a number
math.erfc() Returns the complementary error function of a
number
math.exp() Returns E raised to the power of x
math.expm1() Returns Ex - 1
math.fabs() Returns the absolute value of a number
math.factorial() Returns the factorial of a number
math.floor() Rounds a number down to the nearest integer
math.fmod() Returns the remainder of x/y
math.frexp() Returns the mantissa and the exponent, of a
specified number
math.fsum() Returns the sum of all items in any iterable (tuples,
arrays, lists, etc.)
math.gamma() Returns the gamma function at x
math.gcd() Returns the greatest common divisor of two integers
math.hypot() Returns the Euclidean norm
math.isclose() Checks whether two values are close to each other,
or not
math.isfinite() Checks whether a number is finite or not
math.isinf() Checks whether a number is infinite or not
math.isnan() Checks whether a value is NaN (not a number) or
not
math.isqrt() Rounds a square root number downwards to the
nearest integer
math.ldexp() Returns the inverse of math.frexp() which is x *
(2**i) of the given numbers x and i
math.lgamma() Returns the log gamma value of x
math.log() Returns the natural
logarithm of a number, or
the logarithm of number to
base
math.log10() Returns the base-10 logarithm of x
math.log1p() Returns the natural logarithm of 1+x
math.log2() Returns the base-2 logarithm of x
math.perm() Returns the number of ways to choose k items from
n items with order and without repetition
math.pow() Returns the value of x to the power of y
math.prod() Returns the product of all the elements in an iterable
math.radians() Converts a degree value into radians
math.remainder() Returns the closest value that can make numerator
completely divisible by the denominator
math.sin() Returns the sine of a number
math.sinh() Returns the hyperbolic sine of a number
math.sqrt() Returns the square root of a number
math.tan() Returns the tangent of a number
math.tanh() Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number
math.trunc() Returns the truncated integer parts of a number
Math Constants
Constant Description
math.e Returns Euler's number (2.7182...)
math.inf Returns a floating-point positive infinity
math.nan Returns a floating-point NaN (Not a Number)
value
math.pi Returns PI (3.1415...)
math.tau Returns tau (6.2831...)