PLANETARY GEAR MODEL

Chapter-1
1. INTRODUCTION

Gears are rotating mechanical devices with teeth that enable torque and speed transmission.
Often, mechanical gears are cylindrical with sets of teeth around the body.   When two or more
gears work in sync, they are in transmission. The power transmission is what leads to a change in
speed or torque.
The different types of gears:

1. Spur gear.
2. Helical gear
3. Bevel gear.
4. Worm gear.

 Spur Gear
Spurs gears transmit power in the same plane when the two shafts (the driving and the
driven) are parallel. The teeth of spur gears are parallel to the shaft axis. Therefore, when
it meshes with another spur gear, it transmits the power in a parallel shaft. They are the
commonest forms of gears that have applications in automotive, conveyor systems, gear
pumps and motors, speed reducers, etc.

Figure: 1.1 Spur gear

 Helical Gear
Helical gears have their teeth positioned at an angle to the shaft in contrast to spur gears
which are parallel. They have multiple teeth in contact during transmission. As a
result, helical mechanical gears can carry larger loads. Also, they work with less noise and
vibrations as loads are better distributed. In addition, they experience less wear and tear
conditions since there is less friction. Different helical gear types will be shown below.

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Figure: 1.2 Helical gear

 Bevel Gear
Bevel gears are cone-shaped, with teeth around the cone. They transmit force between
perpendicular shafts. That is shafts that intersect at a right angle (90 degrees). However,
bevel gears are expensive and do not transmit large torque per size like parallel shaft
configuration.

Figure: 1.3 Bevel gear

 Worm gear
Worm gear consists of a screw-shaped cut on the shaft (worm) and the mating gear (worm
wheel). This gear type transmits the power in non-intersecting shafts that make right
angles. 

Figure: 1.4 Worm gear

PLANETARY GEAR
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 Nearly all automatic transmissions rely on planetary gear sets to transfer power and
multiply engine torque to the drive axle. A simple planetary gear set consists of three
parts:

a) Sun gear,
b) Planet carrier
c) Ring gear

 All gears in a planetary gear set are in constant mesh. The torque flow .24through a
planetary gear set, both input and output, occurs along a single axis.

 Planetary gear configuration is similar to the solar system, with the sun gear surrounded
by the planetary pinion gears. The ring gear surrounds the complete gear set.

Figure: 1.5 Planetary gear

CHAPTER-2
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2. OBJECTIVE

 Design 3d drawings of sun gear, planetary gear, ring gear and the shaft using Solidworks.
 Do the necessary calculations required for designing the gears.
 Fabricate the gears using cardboard.
 Assemble the gears and shafts to make planetary gear model.
 Test the assembled planetary gear model to see if its functioning properly.

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CHAPTER-3
3.METHODOLOGY

Literature Survey

Problem Identification

3d drawings of gears

Calculations

Fabrication of gears

Assembling gears to form planetary gear model

Testing the functionality of assembled model

Resource and Discussion

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CHAPTER-4
4. Literature Survey:

Sl. Paper Title, Authors and Description

No. Publication year.
1. Dynamic modeling and A rotational-translational-axial dynamic model of the
analysis of the planetary gear planetary gear under pitching base motion is proposed and
under pitching base motion. validated. Dynamic responses of the planetary gear are
Xinghui Qiu, Qinkai Han, obtained.
Fulei Chu* (2018). A rotational-translational-axial dynamic model of the
planetary gear under pitching base motion is proposed and
validated. Dynamic responses of the planetary gear are
obtained.
2. The Design and Prototype According to the kinematic design, a planetary gear reducer
Manufacture of a Planetary with is synthesized. According to the latent power theorem,
Gear Reducer. Tzu-Hsia the corresponding meshing efficiency is calculated .Finally,
Chen1,* , Long-Chang Hsieh2 the engineering design of the planetary gear reducer is
(2018). accomplished and its corresponding prototype is
manufactured.
According to the kinematic design, a planetary gear reducer
with is synthesized. According to the latent power theorem,
the corresponding meshing efficiency is calculated .Finally,
the engineering design of the planetary gear reducer is
accomplished and its corresponding prototype is
manufactured.
3. Zanak Patel, Prof. Mihir Patel The main purpose of the project is to design a gearbox with
(2016). Design, Analysis and epicyclic gear train. In this work, planetary gearbox is
Optimization of a Planetary designed that the power is to be transmitted from gearbox,
Gearbox which will increase the efficiency and life of gears.
In the design of the gears, conditions should satisfy that
Static Tooth Load (Ws ) should always be greater than the
Dynamic Tooth Load ( Wd ) also the Wear tooth load
( Ww ) should not be less than the Dynamic tooth load ( Wd
).
4. S.B.Nandeppagoudar , In this paper 3stage planetary gear box is redesigned by
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S.N.Shaikh, S. R. Gote , S. P. reducing one stage which will be suitable for machine tool
More, A. S. Chaudhari , N. R. application where the space and load constrains is the prime
Borse, S.H.Gawande (2017). objectives.
Design and Numerical The results obtained by analytical and numerical methods
Analysis of Optimized are one and the same therefore the new designed gear box is
Planetary Gear Box the equivalent of existing three stage planetary gear box.
5. J. Lin, r. G. Parker (1999). The natural frequency and vibration mode sensitivities to
Sensitivity of planetary gear system parameters are rigorously investigated for both tuned
natural frequencies and (cyclically symmetric) and mistuned planetary gears.
vibration modes to model Rotational modes are independent of the transverse support
parameters. stifness and masses of the carrier, ring, and sun. . Rotational
and planet mode natural frequencies are insensitive to the
operating speed.

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CHAPTER-5
5. COMPONENTS

Planetary gear system will have following components as mentioned below.

1. Sun gear: Central gear which is meshing with planet gears
2. Ring gear: Internal gear is the outermost gear, which is meshing with planet gears
3. Planet gears: There will be two or more than two planet gears between sun gear and ring gear
and these planet gears will mesh with internal gear i.e. ring gear and will also rotate around the
central gear i.e. the sun gear
4. Carrier: Carrier assembly hold planet gears together as well as equally spaced also in an orbit.

Figure: 1.6 Planetary gear

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CHAPTER-6
6. DESIGN
Sun gear = 42 teeth.
Ring gear = 109 teeth, 25cm.
Planetary gear = 39 teeth, 7cm.

1. Spur gear:
d 8
Module: m= = =¿0.1907.
z 42
Circular pitch = Pc = πm = π×0.1907 = 0.59.
Z 42
Diameter pitch = Pd = = = 5.25.
d 8
Dimensions:
 Addendum = 1m = 1×0.1907 = 0.1907
 Dedendum = 1.25m = 1.25 ×0.1907 = 0.238.
 Working depth = 2m = 2×0.1907 = 0.3814.
 Total depth = 2.25m = 2.25×0.1907 = 0.42907.

Figure:1.7 Spur gear

2. Planetary gear (3 gears):

d 7
Module: m= = =¿0.179.
z 39
Circular pitch = Pc = πm = π×0.179 = 0.5638.

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Z 39
Diameter pitch = Pd = = = 5.571.
d 7
Dimensions:
 Addendum = 1m = 1×0.179 = 0.179
 Dedendum = 1.25m = 1.25 ×0.179 = 0.2237.
 Working depth = 2m = 2×0.179 = 0.358.
 Total depth = 2.25m = 2.25×0.179 = 0.402.

Figure: 1.8 Planetary gear

3. Ring gear:
d 25
Module: m= = =¿0.229.
z 109
Circular pitch = Pc = πm = π×0.229 = 0.7205.
Z 109
Diameter pitch = Pd = = = 4.39.
d 25
Dimensions:
 Addendum = 1m = 1×0.229 = 0.229
 Dedendum = 1.25m = 1.25 ×0.229= 0.2862.
 Working depth = 2m = 2×0.229= 0.458.
 Total depth = 2.25m = 2.25×0.229 = 0.5152.

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Figure: 1.9 Ring gear

Driven gear = planetary gear
Driver gear = sun gear
Annular = ring gear
Ta=Ts + 3Tp = 42 + 3 x (39)
Ta = 159
Ts = 42
Tc = Ts + Ta = 45 + 159 = 204

Gear ratio:
Gear ratio = (driver gear teeth) / (driven gear teeth)
= Tc / Ts
= 204 / 42
= 4.857.

Figure: 2.0 Planetary gear assembly

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CHAPTER-7
7.FABRICATION

SUN GEAR:
The diameter of sun gear is 8cm, there are 42 teeth.

Figure: 2.1 Sun gear

PLANETARY GEAR:
The diameter of the planetary gear 7cm, there are 39 teeth. There are 3 no of planetary gear

Figure: 2.2 Planetary gear

RING GEAR:
The diameter of ring gear is 25cm, there are 109 teeth.
Figure: 2.3 Ring gear

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FINAL OUTCOME:

Figure: 2.4 Planetary gear model

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CHAPTER-8
8. WORKING PRINCIPLE
 Depending on which member is the driver, which is held, and which is driven, either a torque
increase (underdrive) or a speed increase (overdrive) is produced by the planetary gear set. Any
one of the three members can be used as the driving or input member. At the same time, another
member might be kept from rotating and thus becomes the reaction, held, or stationary member.
 We will see 3 different working conditions of Planetary gear model below:

1) Overdrive:
 In this condition the sun gear is held and ring gear is driven by the planet carrier.
 It results in increased speed and reduction in torque.

Figure: 2.5 Over drive

2) Reverse:
 In this condition the planetary carrier is held and the ring gear is driven by the sun
gear.
 This results in speed reduction and increase in torque while also reversing the
direction and hence its called reverse.

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Figure: 2.6 Reverse

3) Reduction:
 In this condition the sun gear is held and ring gear drives the planetary carrier.
 This results in increased torque and speed reduction.

Figure: 2.7 Reduction

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CHAPTER-9
9.ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

Advantages:
 Planetary gear system could be used to secure higher gear ratio in compact space. Therefore, we
prefer to use planetary gearing arrangement where we need to reduce the speed in compact space.
 For similar gear ratio, planetary gear system will have light weight as compared to traditional
gearbox.
 Power transmission efficiency will be quite good as compared to traditional gearboxes i.e. higher
proportion of input energy will be delivered with the help of such gearing arrangement.
Planetary gear system will have higher torque transmission capability and will have lower
inertia.
 As we are looking here that load which is being transmitted will be shared between multiple
planet gears, hence load distribution will be quite good and torque transmission will also be
increased by using planetary gearing arrangement.
 Planetary gearing arrangement will provide the higher stability
Service life will also be quite good if we compare it with traditional gearboxes service life for
similar load

Disadvantages:
 Cost of planetary gear system will be high as compared to traditional gearbox
 Planetary gear system designing and manufacturing are quite complex
 Determination of efficiency of planetary gear system will be difficult
 Gearing should be accurate
 Some planetary gearing arrangement makes additional sound during operation
 To avoid any additional gearing, driving member and driven member must be concentric

Applications:
 These gears are commonly used to improve torque in robots.
 In addition, it is also used in printing presses to reduce the speed of the rollers.
 It is used in packaging machines for reproducible products in industries.
 Furthermore, it is also useful in drives such as wheel drive, track drive, conveyor, slew drive,
hoist drive, and winch drive.
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CONCLUSION

 We successfully drew the 3d model for each gear using solidworks and assembled them.
 We then successfully made the necessary calculations for the gears.
 We then successfully fabricated the gears and shaft using cardboard.
 We then successfully assembled the gears and shafts to form the planetary gear model.
 We then successfully tested the planetary gear model with the ring gear being held and sun
gear driving the planetary carrier.
 We then demonstrated its various advantages, applications and drawbacks.

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REFERENCE:
1. Xinghui Qiu., Qinkai Han., Fulei Chu*(2018). Dynamic modeling and analysis of the planetary
gear under pitching base motion.
2. Tzu-Hsia Chen., Long-Chang Hsieh (2018). The Design and Prototype Manufacture of a
Planetary Gear Reducer.
3. Zanak Patel., Prof. Mihir Patel (2016). Design, Analysis and Optimization of a Planetary
Gearbox. International journals of engineering research and technology
4. S.B.Nandeppagoudar., S.N.Shaikh., S. R. Gote., S. P. More., A. S. Chaudhari., N. R. Borse.,
S.H.Gawande (2017). Design and Numerical Analysis of Optimized Planetary Gear Box.
5. J. Lin and r. G. Parker (1999). Sensitivity of planetary gear natural frequencies and vibration
modes to model parameters. Journal of Sound and vibration 228 , 109-128.
6. V.Rajaprabakaran, Mr.R.Ashokraj “Spur Gear Tooth Stress Analysis And Stress Reduction”
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) e-ISSN: 2278-1684, p-ISSN:

2320-334X PP 38-48.

7. Syed Ibrahim Dilawer1, Md. Abdul Raheem Junaidi2, Dr.S.Nawazish Mehdi “Design, Load
Analysis and Optimization of Compound Epicyclic Gear Trains” AJER e-ISSN : 2320-0847 p-
ISSN : 2320-0936 Volume-02, Issue-10, pp-146-153.
8. Yann Hiltcher, Miche`le Guingand *, Jean Pierre de Vaujany “Numerical simulation and
optimisation of worm gear cutting” LDMS Laboratory, Bat D’Alembert—INSA, 20, avenue A.
Einstein, 69621 Villeurbanne cedex, France Received 1 June 2004; received in revised form 12
October 2004; accepted 20 October 2005.
9. Vilmos V. Simon “Optimization of face-hobbed hypoid gears” Budapest University of
Technology and Economics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Department for Machine and
Product Design, Budapest Műegyetem rkp. 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary.
10. Niels L. Pedersen “Improving bending stress in spur gears using asymmetric gears and shape
optimization” Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Solid Mechanics, Technical University of
Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 404, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
11. Marcello Faggioni , Farhad S. Samani, Gabriele Bertacchi, Francesco Pellicano “Dynamic
optimization of spur gears” Department of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, University of
Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bahonar
University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.

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