BIQUADRATIC FILTER

Kevin Jose Cadena Hurtado John Edward Leon Gaviria Maria Jose Hernandez Diaz
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]
Autonomous University of the Autonomous University of the Autonomous University of the
West West West
Faculty of Engineering – Faculty of Engineering – Faculty of Engineering –
Electronic Engineering and Electronic Engineering and Electronic and
Telecommunications Program. Telecomunitions Program . Telecommunications Engineering
October, 2022 – Cali, Valle del October, 2022 – Cali, Valle del Program.
Cauca. Cauca. October, 2022 – Cali, Valle del
Cauca.
Abstract. - The following report presents the execution,
development, and application of concepts and practice of
the different types of filters that exist within electronic
engineering, within this report the biquadratic filter is
presented.
I. INTRODUCTION
Throughout the following report, the importance and
need of filter-type circuits within electronic engineering is
presented. Initially we carried out a search on what the
Figure 2. Open loop gain. Taken from:
biquadratic filter is and contains in order to detail its circuit https://www.diarioelectronicohoy.com/blog/el-amplificador-operacional
composition, its operation within practice and the The gain of the open-loop amplifier is given by the
observation of signals with frequency changes at each stage following formula:
of this. It should be noted that this topology within if it
VS
contains three stages corresponding to a filter passes band, a AV =
filter passes low and filter passes high. VE
Where:
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK AV = voltage gain
A. Operational amplifier V S = output voltage
An operational amplifier (A.O. also op-amp) is a V E = input voltage
directly coupled high gain amplifier, which is generally fed
with positive and negative sources, which allows you to C. Closed-loop gain
obtain excursions both above and below the mass or
reference point that is considered. It is characterized As we say practical operational amplifiers have very
especially because its response in: frequency, phase change high voltage gain (typically 105), however, this gain varies
and high gain that is determined by the feedback introduced with frequency. The way to compensate this is to control the
externally. Due to its conception, it has a high impedance (Z) voltage gain that the operational amplifier has, using
input and very low output. This is the symbol: external elements to feed back a part of the signal from the
output to the input, which will make the circuit much more
stable.

Figure 1. Operational amplifier. Taken from:

https://www.diarioelectronicohoy.com/blog/el-amplificador-operacional
B. Open loop gain Figure 3. Closed loop gain. Taken from:
https://www.diarioelectronicohoy.com/blog/el-amplificador-operacional
When a signal is applied to the input, the gain is the With feedback, the closed-loop gain depends on the
ratio between the output voltage Vs and the input voltage Ve elements used in the feedback and not on the basic voltage
that the operational amplifier has when there is no feedback gain of the operational amplifier, so to modify the gain we
loop between the output and either input.
will modify the values of and . R1 R 2
As we will see below, the circuits with operational
amplifiers, resistors, and capacitors, we can configure them
to obtain various analog operations such as addition,
subtraction, compare, integrate, filter and of course amplify.
 The profit is obtained by the following formula: . The As mentioned before, the value of is reflected in the
negative sign indicates that the signal at the output will be inverter input of the operational amplifier and taking into
the opposite of the input (it is confirmed that a positive account that it is considered a "virtual short circuit", we can
−¿I =V / R ¿
signal applied to the input produces a negative voltage to the +¿V
establish that .V e e
e e 1
¿

output and vice versa). AV =−V O /V ¿

And as the current in the inverter input I −¿=0 ; I 1=I 2 ¿ ;
D. LM741
therefore, substituting; and finally the gain in tension.

( )
The LM741 series of operational amplifiers are Vo R2 R1 + R2
operational general purpose. It is designed for a wide range V o =( R1 + R2 ) × I 1 = 1+ AV =
of analog applications. High gain and wide operating voltage Ve R1 R1
range provide superior performance in integrator, adder
amplifier and general feedback applications.

Figure 6. Non-inverter amplifier. Taken from:

https://www.diarioelectronicohoy.com/blog/el-amplificador-operacional

G. The inverter adder

Figure 4. Internal diagram of the LM741. Taken from
https://pdf1.alldatasheet.com/datasheet-pdf/view/53589/FAIRCHILD/ An adder amplifier is one that is designed in such a way
LM741.html
that it adds up the input signals applied to generate a single
E. Inverter amplifier output. It is very simple to build, and the functionality of this
In this circuit, the input is connected to ground and the amplifier is simple to analyze.
signal is applied to the input through , with feedback from It also combines several inputs and produces an output
the output through . The entrance is a virtual ground point, that is the sum of these inputs; The input voltage signals The
−¿ R R V ¿ −¿ ¿

as it is at zero potential.V +¿V ¿

output signal will be the sum of the input, reversed and
1 2

amplified signals. This output is reversed as it is an inverter

The most used circuit is the constant gain circuit. The amplifier.V
−¿ ¿
inverter amplifier amplifies and inverts a signal 180º, that is,
the value of the output voltage is in opposition to the input The circuit designed for an inverter adder amplifier is a
and its value is obtained by multiplying the input voltage by variant of the inverter amplifier, consisting of several inputs
a constant fixed gain, established by the relationship to be amplified that are connected to the input of the
−¿ ¿
between y, resulting in this signal being reversed (lag). R2 R 1 operational amplifier.V
An inverter adder amplifier benefits from the fact that
−R 2 the inverter configuration can handle many inputs at the
V O= ×V ¿ same time.
R1
This amplifier has a feedback to the input through a
resistor. In addition, the non-inverting input is grounded.
V −¿ ¿

Figure 5. Inverter amplifier. Taken from:

https://www.diarioelectronicohoy.com/blog/el-amplificador-operacional
F. Non-inverter amplifier
Figure 7. Investor adder. Taken from:
This is the case in which the input voltage, is in phase https://mielectronicafacil.com/analogica/amplificador-sumador-inversor/
with the output, this output voltage generates a current #diagrama-del-circuito
through towards the inverter terminal, in turn through , a H. The non-inverter adder
current is generated towards the same terminal, but of
opposite sign, so that both currents cancel out, reflecting the It is a configuration of the operational amplifier with
which we will obtain the sum of two or more amplified input
amplified input voltage at the output.V e V s R 2 R1
voltages. As a main feature, the voltages will be connected
to the non-inverting input of the OpAmp, and the inverter
input will have an array of resistors fed back to the output
voltage and grounded.
 This type of filter containing three filters will have three
groups of design equations, then a table is presented with
the equations that correspond to each filter.

Figure 8. Non-inverter adder. Taken from:

http://solucioningenieril.com/amplificadores_operacionales/amplificador_su
mador_no_inversor

I. Biquadratic filter
Figure 3. Table for filters within the configuration. Taken from KHN
One of the most widely used biquad filters is the one Inverter Biquadratic Filter (wilaebaelectronica.blogspot.com)
proposed by TowThomas, shown in Figure 10. The name
derives from the fact that the transfer function is a quadratic The values for the quality factor Q and the gain A must
function in both the numerator and denominator; Therefore, be equal to or greater than unity . This filter allows the
the transfer function is a quadratic bi-function. This circuit is values of the quality factor Q to be high.
a rearrangement of the variable state filter, which consists of
two integrators, in the first of them the resistance R3 is Within this configuration it is typical that the greatest
added to create a lossy integrator. The third operational use is givenin the bandpass filter to create parametric
amplifier is a unit gain inverter amplifier whose sole purpose equalizers. One of the important properties of this filter is
is to reverse polarity. The only difference with variable state that it can be tuned orthogonally. If such tuning cannot be
filters is that there is no independent high-pass output. possible, then this adjustment is called iterative, which
means that you will try to adjust each of the tuning
elements until each of the theoretical specifications is met
.

III. ANALYSIS, IMPLEMENTATION, AND

IMPLEMENTATION
The following is the analysis of the filter that was
implemented within this report. This section first presents
the denotation of the appropriate operations to achieve the
expected result, and finally presents the practical sample of
this circuit.

Figure 1. Biquadratic filter circuit composition. Taken from KHN Inverter

Biquadratic Filter (wilaebaelectronica.blogspot.com)

This biquadratic filter only provides low-pass and

band-pass transfer functions, but with a number of
modifications a high-pass response can also be obtained.
One of the advantages of this circuit is that as in the variable
state filter the design parameters can be adjusted
independently, but in this case they are controlled by simple
resistor ratios rather than by a set of resistors. The resistor
R3 adjusts the quality factor of the filter, R2 the resonance
frequency and with R1 we will adjust the gain.
Figure 4. Circuit to be analyzed. Created using specialized software
Proteus version 8, own source.
Previously, theoretical models and designs were
presented in equations (Figure 2). These equations present
the designs for High Pass, Band Pass, and Low Pass. Taking
into account that the latter will be the one that will allow
us to see the signal of thiscircuit. This circuit was
composed of three stages, bearing in mind that each stage
represents the configuration of the three filters that the
biquadratic contains.
Figure 2. Equations of transfer functions corresponding to the
biquadratic filter. Taken from KHN Inverter Biquadratic Filter
(wilaebaelectronica.blogspot.com) To obtain the values of the resistors it was necessary to
perform the calculations that allowed us to determine the
design of this. In this practice, an example was used to
check its operation.

To start designing the circuit we must assign a value to

the cut-off frequency which in this case will be assigned a
value of 1 kHz and from this you can find the value of the
frequency of the pole, with the following formula:

ω 0=2 π∗f 0 → 6283,18 rad /s

Already having the frequency of the pole, this value is

replaced in the formula:

1
CR=
ω0

In addition, a value is assigned to the capacitor in this

case of 0.1uF and R is cleared to find R4 and R5.
Figure 5. Representation of simulated signals. Taken from own source
1
R= =1591,55 Ohms and specialized software Proteus version 8.
ω 0∗C
It should be noted that in the previous figure the signals
On the other hand, l the division of RF and R1 for of the three filters contained in this configuration are
theoretical reasons must give 1 then for this reason both are represented, where the yellow signal represents the input
assigned the same value which in this case of 10 K Ω. signal of the circuit. The green signal represents the high
Then we proceed with the following equation pass filter output signal, the fuchsia color signal
represents the bandpass output signal, and finally, the
R3 blue represented signal corresponds to the low pass filter
=2Q−1
R2 output signal.

A value is assigned to Q that represents the quality The Bode diagrams are also presented, for each of the
factor of the pole of 5 and R2 is assigned the value of to filters (Included in the attachment sheet). Theoretically the
find the value of R31 K Ω, being as follows. Bode diagram is mainly usedto describe the frequency
response of the system.
R 3= (10−1 )∗1 K Ω
The physical results of thisconfiguration are shown in
R 3=9 K Ω the sheet of annexes for better appreciation of these.

Analysis of errors and solutions during the practical

And finally, already having the value of Q we find the
exercise.
gain of high and low frequency for this configuration.
Some of the errors that were made within this practice
1
K=2− were evident within the frequency assignment. Since we had
Q to work with a variation of this in order to obtain the
expected results. Within the initial requirements of the
1 exercise to work it was stipulated that the frequency of
K=2−
5 this was at 1kHz, but this was affected in the physical
exercise since the operation of the filter was shown, and due
K=1.8 to this the frequency was varied between 10 kHz and 100 Hz
to observe the operation of these filters.
Obtaining these data, the signals in simulation are
presented in the following figure. IV. CONCLUSION
- Initially, the coupling and tuning of each of the
stages of this filter must be considered.
- We can also highlight that all non-inverter
terminals of the amplifiers are grounded so there
are no problems with the limitations imposed by the
common mode.
V. REFERENCES
[1] W. electronica, "Khn Inverter Biquadratic Filter," KHN
Inverter Biquadratic Filter, Feb 4, 2020. [Online].
Available:
https://wilaebaelectronica.blogspot.com/2018/08/filtro-
bicuadratico-khn-inversor.html. [Accessed: 30-Oct-2022].
[2] A. Pini, "Use monolithic universal active filter ICS to
speed IOT analog front-end design," Digi, Nov 15,
2017. [Online]. Available:
https://www.digikey.com/en/articles/use-monolithic-
universal-active-filter-ics-to-speed-iot-analog-front-
end-design. [Accessed: 30-Oct-2022].
[3] "MT-205 (rev. 0) - analog devices." [Online]. Available:
https://www.analog.com/media/en/training-seminars/t
utorials/MT-205.pdf [Accessed: 31-Oct-2022].
[4] "Active Filters - UNR." [Online]. Available:
https://www.fceia.unr.edu.ar/enica3/filtros-t.pdf.
[Accessed: 31-Oct-2022].
[5] "Biquad filter employing with three CFOA and its
Application - Researchgate." [Online]. Available:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289249408
_Biquad_Filter_Employing_With_Three_CFOA_An
d_Its_Application. [Accessed: 31-Oct-2022].
 ANNEXES

Annex 1. Bode diagram for High Pass Filter. Taken from specialized software Proteus version 8. Own source.

Annex 2. Bode diagram for Band Pass Filter. Taken from specialized software Proteus version 8. Own source.

Annex 3. Bode diagram for Low Pass Filter. Taken from specialized software Proteus version 8. Own source.
 Annex 4. Filter signal passes high at 100Hz, result of physical assembly. Taken from own source.

Annex 5. High p handle filter signal at 10kHz, resultingfrom physical assembly. Taken from own source.

Annex 6. Filter signal passes high at 1kHz, result of physical assembly. Taken from own source.
Annex 7. Filter signal passes band at 100Hz, result of physical assembly. Taken from own source.

Annex 8. Filter signal passes band at 10kHz, result of physical assembly. Taken from own source.

Annex 9. Filter signal passes band at 1kHz, result of physical assembly. Taken from own source.
Annex 10. Filter signal passes low at 100Hz, result of physical assembly. Taken from own source.

Annex 11. Filter signal passes low at 10kHz, result of physical assembly. Taken from own source.

Annex 12. Filter signal passes low at 1kHz, result of physical assembly. Taken from own source.