Framework

Auditing Standards and Practices Council

PHILIPPINE FRAMEWORK
FOR ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS
 Framework

PHILIPPINE FRAMEWORK FOR ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS

CONTENTS

Paragraph

Introduction 1-6

Definition and Objective of an Assurance Engagement 7-11

Scope of the Framework 12-16

Engagement Acceptance 17-19

Elements of an Assurance Engagement 20-60

Inappropriate Use of the Practitioner’s Name 61

Effective Date 62

Acknowledgment 63-64

Appendix: Differences Between Reasonable Assurance

Engagements and Limited Assurance Engagements
 Framework

FRAMEWORK
PHILIPPINE FRAMEWORK FOR ASSURANCE ENGAGEMENTS

Introduction

1. This Framework defines and describes the elements and objectives of an

assurance engagement, and identifies engagements to which Philippine Standards
on Auditing (PSAs), Philippine Standards on Review Engagements (PSREs) and
Philippine Standards on Assurance Engagements (PSAEs) apply. It provides a
frame of reference for:

(a) Professional accountants in public practice (“practitioners”) when performing

assurance engagements. Professional accountants in the public sector refer to
the Public Sector Perspective at the end of the Framework. Professional
accountants who are neither in public practice nor in the public sector are
encouraged to consider the Framework when performing assurance
engagements;1

(b) Others involved with assurance engagements, including the intended users of
an assurance report and the responsible party; and

(c) The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) in its
development of ISAs, ISREs and ISAEs and, consequently, the Auditing
Standards and Practices Council (ASPC) in its adoption of said standards for
application in the Philippines.

2. This Framework does not itself establish standards or provide procedural

requirements for the performance of assurance engagements. ISAs, ISREs and
ISAEs and, therefore, their counterpart PSAs, PSREs, and PSAEs, contain basic
principles, essential procedures and related guidance, consistent with the concepts
in this Framework, for the performance of assurance engagements. The
relationship between the Framework and the ISAs, ISREs and ISAEs is illustrated
in the “Structure of Pronouncements Issued by the IAASB” section of the
Handbook of International Auditing, Assurance, and Ethics Pronouncements. A
counterpart document, entitled “Structure of Pronouncements Issued by the
IAASB and the ASPC” is presented as Appendix to the “Preface to International
Standards on Quality Control, Auditing, Review, Other Assurance and Related
Services and Preface to Philippine Standards on Quality Control, Auditing,
Review, Other Assurance and Related Services.”

1
If a professional accountant not in public practice, for example an internal auditor, applies this Framework, and (a) this Framework,
the PSAs, PSREs or PSAEs are referred to in the professional accountant’s report; and (b) the professional accountant or other
members of the assurance team and, when applicable, the professional accountant’s employer, are not independent of the entity in
respect of which the assurance engagement is being performed, the lack of independence and the nature of the relationship(s) with the
entity are prominently disclosed in the professional accountant’s report. Also, that report does not include the word “independent” in
its title, and the purpose and users of the report are restricted.
 -2- Framework

3. The following is an overview of this Framework:

• Introduction: This Framework deals with assurance engagements performed

by practitioners. It provides a frame of reference for practitioners and others
involved with assurance engagements, such as those engaging a practitioner
(the “engaging party”).

• Definition and objective of an assurance engagement: This section defines

assurance engagements and identifies the objectives of the two types of
assurance engagement a practitioner is permitted to perform. This Framework
calls these two types reasonable assurance engagements and limited assurance
engagements.2

• Scope of the Framework: This section distinguishes assurance

engagements from other engagements, such as consulting
engagements.

• Engagement acceptance: This section sets out characteristics that must

be exhibited before a practitioner can accept an assurance engagement.

• Elements of an assurance engagement: This section identifies and

discusses five elements assurance engagements performed by
practitioners exhibit: a three party relationship, a subject matter,
criteria, evidence and an assurance report. It explains important
distinctions between reasonable assurance engagements and limited
assurance engagements (also outlined in the Appendix). This section
also discusses, for example, the significant variation in the subject
matters of assurance engagements, the required characteristics of
suitable criteria, the role of risk and materiality in assurance
engagements, and how conclusions are expressed in each of the two
types of assurance engagement.

• Inappropriate use of the practitioner’s name: This section discusses

implications of a practitioner’s association with a subject matter.

Ethical Principles and Quality Control Standards

4. In addition to this Framework and PSAs, PSREs and PSAEs, practitioners who
perform assurance engagements are governed by:

(a) The Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants in the Philippines (the
Philippine Code), which is adopted from the IFAC Code of Ethics for

2
For assurance engagements regarding historical financial information in particular, reasonable assurance engagements are called
audits, and limited assurance engagements are called reviews.
 -3- Framework

Professional Accountants, which establishes fundamental ethical principles

for professional accountants; and

(b) Philippine Standards on Quality Control (PSQCs), which are adopted from
the International Standards on Quality Control, which establish standards
and provide guidance on a firm’s system of quality control.3

5. Part A of the Code sets out the fundamental ethical principles that all professional
accountants are required to observe, including:

(a) Integrity;

(b) Objectivity;

(c) Professional competence and due care;RAMEWORK

(d) Confidentiality; and

(e) Professional behavior.

6. Part B of the Code, which applies only to professional accountants in public

practice (“practitioners”), includes a conceptual approach to independence that
takes into account, for each assurance engagement, threats to independence,
accepted safeguards and the public interest. It requires firms and members of
assurance teams to identify and evaluate circumstances and relationships that
create threats to independence and to take appropriate action to eliminate these
threats or to reduce them to an acceptable level by the application of safeguards.

Definition and Objective of an Assurance Engagement

7. “Assurance engagement” means an engagement in which a practitioner expresses

a conclusion designed to enhance the degree of confidence of the intended users
other than the responsible party about the outcome of the evaluation or
measurement of a subject matter against criteria.

8. The outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject matter is the

information that results from applying the criteria to the subject matter. For
example:

• The recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure represented in the

financial statements (outcome) result from applying a financial reporting
framework for recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure, such as

3
PSQC 1 had not been issued when this Framework was approved, but is expected to be issued before the effective date of PSAE
3000, “Assurance Engagements Other Than Audits or Reviews of Historical Financial Information.” Additional standards and
guidance on quality control procedures for specific types of assurance engagement are set out in PSAs, PSREs and PSAEs. Formatted: Font: Times New
Roman, 8 pt, Italic
 -4- Framework

Philippine Financial Reporting Standards, (criteria) to an entity’s financial

position, financial performance and cash flows (subject matter).

• An assertion about the effectiveness of internal control (outcome) results from

applying a framework for evaluating the effectiveness of internal control, such
as COSO4 or CoCo5 (criteria) to internal control, a process (subject matter). In
the remainder of this Framework, the term “subject matter information” will
be used to mean the outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject
matter. It is the subject matter information about which the practitioner
gathers sufficient appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for
expressing a conclusion in an assurance report.

9. Subject matter information can fail to be properly expressed in the context of the
subject matter and the criteria, and can therefore be misstated, potentially to a
material extent. This occurs when the subject matter information does not
properly reflect the application of the criteria to the subject matter, for example,
when an entity’s financial statements do not present fairly, in all material respects
its financial position, financial performance and cash flows in accordance with
Philippine Financial Reporting Standards, or when an entity’s assertion that its
internal control is effective is not fairly stated, in all material respects, based on
COSO or CoCo.

10. In some assurance engagements, the evaluation or measurement of the subject

matter is performed by the responsible party, and the subject matter information is
in the form of an assertion by the responsible party that is made available to the
intended users. These engagements are called “assertion-based engagements.” In
other assurance engagements, the practitioner either directly performs the
evaluation or measurement of the subject matter, or obtains a representation from
the responsible party that has performed the evaluation or measurement that is not
available to the intended users. The subject matter information is provided to the
intended users in the assurance report. These engagements are called “direct
reporting engagements.”

11. Under this Framework, there are two types of assurance engagement a practitioner
is permitted to perform: a reasonable assurance engagement and a limited
assurance engagement. The objective of a reasonable assurance engagement is a
reduction in assurance engagement risk to an acceptably low level in the
circumstances of the engagement6 as the basis for a positive form of expression of
the practitioner’s conclusion. The objective of a limited assurance engagement is

4
“Internal Control – Integrated Framework” The Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
5
“Guidance on Assessing Control – The CoCo Principles” Criteria of Control Board, The Canadian Institute of Chartered
Accountants.
6
Engagement circumstances include the terms of the engagement, including whether it is a reasonable assurance engagement or a
limited assurance engagement, the characteristics of the subject matter, the criteria to be used, the needs of the intended users, relevant
characteristics of the responsible party and its environment, and other matters, for example events, transactions, conditions and
practices, that may have a significant effect on the engagement.
 -5- Framework

a reduction in assurance engagement risk to a level that is acceptable in the

circumstances of the engagement, but where that risk is greater than for a
reasonable assurance engagement, as the basis for a negative form of expression
of the practitioner’s conclusion.

Scope of the Framework

12. Not all engagements performed by practitioners are assurance engagements.

Other frequently performed engagements that do not meet the above definition
(and therefore are not covered by this Framework) include:
FRAMEWORK
• Engagements covered by Philippine Standards for Related Services, such as
agreed-upon procedures engagements and compilations of financial or other
information.

• The preparation of tax returns where no conclusion conveying assurance is

expressed.

• Consulting (or advisory) engagements,7 such as management and tax

consulting.

13. An assurance engagement may be part of a larger engagement, for example, when
a business acquisition consulting engagement includes a requirement to convey
assurance regarding historical or prospective financial information. In such
circumstances, this Framework is relevant only to the assurance portion of the
engagement.

14. The following engagements, which may meet the definition in paragraph 7, need
not be performed in accordance with this Framework:

(a) Engagements to testify in legal proceedings regarding accounting, auditing,

taxation or other matters; and

(b) Engagements that include professional opinions, views or wording from

which a user may derive some assurance, if all of the following apply:

(i) Those opinions, views or wording are merely incidental to the overall
engagement;

7
Consulting engagements employ a professional accountant’s technical skills, education, observations, experiences, and knowledge of
the consulting process. The consulting process is an analytical process that typically involves some combination of activities relating
to: objective-setting, fact-finding, definition of problems or opportunities, evaluation of alternatives, development of recommendations
including actions, communication of results, and sometimes implementation and follow-up. Reports (if issued) are generally written in
a narrative (or “long form”) style. Generally the work performed is only for the use and benefit of the client. The nature and scope of
work is determined by agreement between the professional accountant and the client. Any service that meets the definition of an
assurance engagement is not a consulting engagement but an assurance engagement.
 -6- Framework

(ii) Any written report issued is expressly restricted for use by only the
intended users specified in the report;

(iii) Under a written understanding with the specified intended users, the
engagement is not intended to be an assurance engagement; and

(iv) The engagement is not represented as an assurance engagement in the

professional accountant’s report.

Reports on Non-assurance Engagements

15. A practitioner reporting on an engagement that is not an assurance engagement

within the scope of this Framework, clearly distinguishes that report from an
assurance report. So as not to confuse users, a report that is not an assurance
report avoids, for example:

• Implying compliance with this Framework, PSAs, PSREs or PSAEs.

• Inappropriately using the words “assurance,” “audit” or “review.”

• Including a statement that could reasonably be mistaken for a conclusion

designed to enhance the degree of confidence of intended users about the
outcome of the evaluation or measurement of a subject matter against
criteria.

16. The practitioner and the responsible party may agree to apply the principles of
this Framework to an engagement when there are no intended users other than the
responsible party but where all other requirements of the PSAs, PSREs or PSAEs
are met. In such cases, the practitioner’s report includes a statement restricting the
use of the report to the responsible party.

Engagement Acceptance

17. A practitioner accepts an assurance engagement only where the practitioner’s

preliminary knowledge of the engagement circumstances indicates that:

(a) Relevant ethical requirements, such as independence and professional

competence will be satisfied, and

(b) The engagement exhibits all of the following characteristics:

(i) The subject matter is appropriate;

(ii) The criteria to be used are suitable and are available to the intended
users;
 -7- Framework

(iii) The practitioner has access to sufficient appropriate evidence to

support the practitioner’s conclusion;

(iv) The practitioner’s conclusion, in the form appropriate to either a

reasonable assurance engagement or a limited assurance engagement,
is to be contained in a written report; and

(v) The practitioner is satisfied that there is a rational purpose for the
engagement. If there is a significant limitation on the scope of the
practitioner’s work (see paragraph 55), it may be unlikely that the
engagement has a rational purpose. Also, a practitioner may believe
the engaging party intends to associate the practitioner’s name with the
subject matter in an inappropriate manner (see paragraph 61). Specific
PSAs, PSREs or PSAEs may include additional requirements that need
to be satisfied prior to accepting an engagement.

18. When a potential engagement cannot be accepted as an assurance engagement

because it does not exhibit all the characteristics in the previous paragraph, the
engaging party may be able to identify a different engagement that will meet the
needs of intended users. For example:

(a) If the original criteria were not suitable, an assurance engagement may still
be performed if:

(i) The engaging party can identify an aspect of the original subject
matter for which those criteria are suitable, and the practitioner could
perform an assurance engagement with respect to that aspect as a
subject matter in its own right. In such cases, the assurance report
makes it clear that it does not relate to the original subject matter in its
entirety; or

(ii) Alternative criteria suitable for the original subject matter can be
selected or developed.

(b) The engaging party may request an engagement that is not an assurance
engagement, such as a consulting or an agreed-upon procedures
engagement.

19. Having accepted an assurance engagement, a practitioner may not change that
engagement to a non-assurance engagement, or from a reasonable assurance
engagement to a limited assurance engagement without reasonable justification.
A change in circumstances that affects the intended users’ requirements, or a
misunderstanding concerning the nature of the engagement, ordinarily will justify
a request for a change in the engagement. If such a change is made, the
practitioner does not disregard evidence that was obtained prior to the change.
 -8- Framework

Elements of an Assurance Engagement

20. The following elements of an assurance engagement are discussed in this section:

(a) A three party relationship involving a practitioner, a responsible party, and

intended users;

(b) An appropriate subject matter;

(c) Suitable criteria;

(d) Sufficient appropriate evidence; and

(e) A written assurance report in the form appropriate to a reasonable assurance

engagement or a limited assurance engagement.

Three Party Relationship

21. Assurance engagements involve three separate parties: a practitioner, a

responsible party and intended users.

22. The responsible party and the intended users may be from different entities or the
same entity. As an example of the latter case, in a two-tier board structure, the
supervisory board may seek assurance about information provided by the
management board of that entity. The relationship between the responsible party
and the intended users needs to be viewed within the context of a specific
engagement and may differ from more traditionally defined lines of
responsibility. For example, an entity’s senior management (an intended user)
may engage a practitioner to perform an assurance engagement on a particular
aspect of the entity’s activities that is the immediate responsibility of a lower level
of management (the responsible party), but for which senior management is
ultimately responsible.

Practitioner

23. The term “practitioner” as used in this Framework is broader than the term
“auditor” as used in PSAs and PSREs, which relates only to practitioners
performing audit or review engagements with respect to historical financial
information.

24. A practitioner may be requested to perform assurance engagements on a wide

range of subject matters. Some subject matters may require specialized skills and
knowledge beyond those ordinarily possessed by an individual practitioner. As
noted in paragraph 17 (a), a practitioner does not accept an engagement if
preliminary knowledge of the engagement circumstances indicates that ethical
requirements regarding professional competence will not be satisfied. In some
 -9- Framework

cases this requirement can be satisfied by the practitioner using the work of
persons from other professional disciplines, referred to as experts. In such cases,
the practitioner is satisfied that those persons carrying out the engagement
collectively possess the requisite skills and knowledge, and that the practitioner
has an adequate level of involvement in the engagement and understanding of the
work for which any expert is used.

Responsible Party

25. The responsible party is the person (or persons) who:

(a) In a direct reporting engagement, is responsible for the subject matter; or

(b) In an assertion-based engagement, is responsible for the subject matter

information (the assertion), and may be responsible for the subject matter.
An example of when the responsible party is responsible for both the subject
matter information and the subject matter, is when an entity engages a
practitioner to perform an assurance engagement regarding a report it has
prepared about its own sustainability practices. An example of when the
responsible party is responsible for the subject matter information but not
the subject matter, is when a government organization engages a practitioner
to perform an assurance engagement regarding a report about a private
company’s sustainability practices that the organization has prepared and is
to distribute to intended users. The responsible party may or may not be the
party who engages the practitioner (the engaging party).

26. The responsible party ordinarily provides the practitioner with a written
representation that evaluates or measures the subject matter against the identified
criteria, whether or not it is to be made available as an assertion to the intended
users. In a direct reporting engagement, the practitioner may not be able to obtain
such a representation when the engaging party is different from the responsible
party.

Intended Users

27. The intended users are the person, persons or class of persons for whom the
practitioner prepares the assurance report. The responsible party can be one of the
intended users, but not the only one.

28. Whenever practical, the assurance report is addressed to all the intended users, but
in some cases there may be other intended users. The practitioner may not be able
to identify all those who will read the assurance report, particularly where there is
a large number of people who have access to it. In such cases, particularly where
possible readers are likely to have a broad range of interests in the subject matter,
intended users may be limited to major stakeholders with significant and common
interests. Intended users may be identified in different ways, for example, by
 - 10 - Framework

agreement between the practitioner and the responsible party or engaging party, or
by law.

29. Whenever practical, intended users or their representatives are involved with the
practitioner and the responsible party (and the engaging party if different) in
determining the requirements of the engagement. Regardless of the involvement
of others however, and unlike an agreed-upon procedures engagement (which
involves reporting findings based upon the procedures, rather than a conclusion):

(a) The practitioner is responsible for determining the nature, timing and extent
of procedures; and

(b) The practitioner is required to pursue any matter the practitioner becomes
aware of that leads the practitioner to question whether a material
modification should be made to the subject matter information.

30. In some cases, intended users (for example, bankers and regulators) impose a
requirement on, or request the responsible party (or the engaging party if
different) to arrange for, an assurance engagement to be performed for a specific
purpose. When engagements are designed for specified intended users or a
specific purpose, the practitioner considers including a restriction in the assurance
report that limits its use to those users or that purpose.

Subject Matter

31. The subject matter, and subject matter information, of an assurance engagement
can take many forms, such as:

• Financial performance or conditions (for example, historical or prospective

financial position, financial performance and cash flows) for which the subject
matter information may be the recognition, measurement, presentation and
disclosure represented in financial statements.

• Non-financial performance or conditions (for example, performance of an

entity) for which the subject matter information may be key indicators of
efficiency and effectiveness.

• Physical characteristics (for example, capacity of a facility) for which the

subject matter information may be a specifications document.

• Systems and processes (for example, an entity’s internal control or IT system)

for which the subject matter information may be an assertion about
effectiveness.

• Behavior (for example, corporate governance, compliance with regulation,

 - 11 - Framework

human resource practices) for which the subject matter information maybe a
statement of compliance or a statement of effectiveness.

32. Subject matters have different characteristics, including the degree to which
information about them is qualitative versus quantitative, objective versus
subjective, historical versus prospective, and relates to a point in time or covers a
period. Such characteristics affect the:

(a) Precision with which the subject matter can be evaluated or measured
against criteria; and

(b) The persuasiveness of available evidence. The assurance report notes

characteristics of particular relevance to the intended users.

33. An appropriate subject matter is:

(a) Identifiable, and capable of consistent evaluation or measurement against

the identified criteria; and

(b) Such that the information about it can be subjected to procedures for
gathering sufficient appropriate evidence to support a reasonable assurance
or limited assurance conclusion, as appropriate.

Criteria

34. Criteria are the benchmarks used to evaluate or measure the subject matter
including, where relevant, benchmarks for presentation and disclosure. Criteria
can be formal, for example in the preparation of financial statements, the criteria
may be Philippine Financial Reporting Standards; when reporting on internal
control, the criteria may be an established internal control framework or
individual control objectives specifically designed for the engagement; and when
reporting on compliance, the criteria may be the applicable law, regulation or
contract. Examples of less formal criteria are an internally developed code of
conduct or an agreed level of performance (such as the number of times a
particular committee is expected to meet in a year).

35. Suitable criteria are required for reasonably consistent evaluation or measurement
of a subject matter within the context of professional judgment. Without the
frame of reference provided by suitable criteria, any conclusion is open to
individual interpretation and misunderstanding. Suitable criteria are context-
sensitive, that is, relevant to the engagement circumstances. Even for the same
subject matter there can be different criteria. For example, one responsible party
might select the number of customer complaints resolved to the acknowledged
satisfaction of the customer for the subject matter of customer satisfaction;
another responsible party might select the number of repeat purchases in the three
months following the initial purchase.
 - 12 - Framework

36. Suitable criteria exhibit the following characteristics:

(a) Relevance: relevant criteria contribute to conclusions that assist decision-

making by the intended users.

(b) Completeness: criteria are sufficiently complete when relevant factors that
could affect the conclusions in the context of the engagement circumstances
are not omitted. Complete criteria include, where relevant, benchmarks for
presentation and disclosure.

(c) Reliability: reliable criteria allow reasonably consistent evaluation or

measurement of the subject matter including, where relevant, presentation
and disclosure, when used in similar circumstances by similarly qualified
practitioners.

(d) Neutrality: neutral criteria contribute to conclusions that are free from bias.

(e) Understandability: understandable criteria contribute to conclusions that are

clear, comprehensive, and not subject to significantly different
interpretations. The evaluation or measurement of a subject matter on the
basis of the practitioner’s own expectations, judgments and individual
experience would not constitute suitable criteria.

37. The practitioner assesses the suitability of criteria for a particular engagement by
considering whether they reflect the above characteristics. The relative
importance of each characteristic to a particular engagement is a matter of
judgment. Criteria can either be established or specifically developed.
Established criteria are those embodied in laws or regulations, or issued by
authorized or recognized bodies of experts that follow a transparent due process.
Specifically developed criteria are those designed for the purpose of the
engagement. Whether criteria are established or specifically developed affects the
work that the practitioner carries out to assess their suitability for a particular
engagement.

38. Criteria need to be available to the intended users to allow them to understand
how the subject matter has been evaluated or measured. Criteria are made
available to the intended users in one or more of the following ways:

(a) Publicly.

(b) Through inclusion in a clear manner in the presentation of the subject matter
information.

(c) Through inclusion in a clear manner in the assurance report.

 - 13 - Framework

(d) By general understanding, for example the criterion for measuring time in
hours and minutes.

Criteria may also be available only to specific intended users, for example the terms of a
contract, or criteria issued by an industry association that are available only to
those in the industry. When identified criteria are available only to specific
intended users, or are relevant only to a specific purpose, use of the assurance
report is restricted to those users or for that purpose.8
AMEWORK
Evidence

39. The practitioner plans and performs an assurance engagement with an attitude of
professional skepticism to obtain sufficient appropriate evidence about whether
the subject matter information is free of material misstatement. The practitioner
considers materiality, assurance engagement risk, and the quantity and quality of
available evidence when planning and performing the engagement, in particular
when determining the nature, timing and extent of evidence-gathering procedures.

Professional Skepticism

40. The practitioner plans and performs an assurance engagement with an attitude of
professional skepticism recognizing that circumstances may exist that cause the
subject matter information to be materially misstated. An attitude of professional
skepticism means the practitioner makes a critical assessment, with a questioning
mind, of the validity of evidence obtained and is alert to evidence that contradicts
or brings into question the reliability of documents or representations by the
responsible party. For example, an attitude of professional skepticism is
necessary throughout the engagement process for the practitioner to reduce the
risk of overlooking suspicious circumstances, of over generalizing when drawing
conclusions from observations, and of using faulty assumptions in determining
the nature, timing and extent of evidence gathering procedures and evaluating the
results thereof.

41. An assurance engagement rarely involves the authentication of documentation,

nor is the practitioner trained as or expected to be an expert in such
authentication. However, the practitioner considers the reliability of the
information to be used as evidence, for example photocopies, facsimiles, filmed,
digitized or other electronic documents, including consideration of controls over
their preparation and maintenance where relevant.

8
While an assurance report may be restricted whenever it is intended only for specified intended users or for a specific purpose, the
absence of a restriction regarding a particular reader or purpose, does not itself indicate that a legal responsibility is owed by the
practitioner in relation to that reader or for that purpose. Whether a legal responsibility is owed will depend on the circumstances of
each case and the relevant jurisdiction.
 - 14 - Framework

Sufficiency and Appropriateness of Evidence

42. Sufficiency is the measure of the quantity of evidence. Appropriateness is the

measure of the quality of evidence; that is, its relevance and its reliability. The
quantity of evidence needed is affected by the risk of the subject matter
information being materially misstated (the greater the risk, the more evidence is
likely to be required) and also by the quality of such evidence (the higher the
quality, the less may be required). Accordingly, the sufficiency and
appropriateness of evidence are interrelated. However, merely obtaining more
evidence may not compensate for its poor quality.

43. The reliability of evidence is influenced by its source and by its nature, and is
dependent on the individual circumstances under which it is obtained.
Generalizations about the reliability of various kinds of evidence can be made;
however, such generalizations are subject to important exceptions. Even when
evidence is obtained from sources external to the entity, circumstances may exist
that could affect the reliability of the information obtained. For example,
evidence obtained from an independent external source may not be reliable if the
source is not knowledgeable. While recognizing that exceptions may exist, the
following generalizations about the reliability of evidence may be useful:

• Evidence is more reliable when it is obtained from independent sources

outside the entity.

• Evidence that is generated internally is more reliable when the related

controls are effective.

• Evidence obtained directly by the practitioner (for example, observation of

the application of a control) is more reliable than evidence obtained
indirectly or by inference (for example, inquiry about the application of a
control).

• Evidence is more reliable when it exists in documentary form, whether

paper, electronic, or other media (for example, a contemporaneously written
record of a meeting is more reliable than a subsequent oral representation of
what was discussed).

• Evidence provided by original documents is more reliable than evidence

provided by photocopies or facsimiles.

44. The practitioner ordinarily obtains more assurance from consistent evidence
obtained from different sources or of a different nature than from items of
evidence considered individually. In addition, obtaining evidence from different
sources or of a different nature may indicate that an individual item of evidence is
not reliable. For example, corroborating information obtained from a source
independent of the entity may increase the assurance the practitioner obtains from
 - 15 - Framework

a representation from the responsible party. Conversely, when evidence obtained

from one source is inconsistent with that obtained from another, the practitioner
determines what additional evidence-gathering procedures are necessary to
resolve the inconsistency.

45. In terms of obtaining sufficient appropriate evidence, it is generally more difficult

to obtain assurance about subject matter information covering a period than about
subject matter information at a point in time. In addition, conclusions provided
on processes ordinarily are limited to the period covered by the engagement; the
practitioner provides no conclusion about whether the process will continue to
function in the specified manner in the future.

46. The practitioner considers the relationship between the cost of obtaining evidence
and the usefulness of the information obtained. However, the matter of difficulty
or expense involved is not in itself a valid basis for omitting an evidence
gathering procedure for which there is no alternative. The practitioner uses
professional judgment and exercises professional skepticism F evaluating the
quantity and quality of evidence, and thus its sufficiency and appropriateness, to
support the assurance report.

Materiality

47. Materiality is relevant when the practitioner determines the nature, timing and
extent of evidence-gathering procedures, and when assessing whether the subject
matter information is free of misstatement. When considering materiality, the
practitioner understands and assesses what factors might influence the decisions
of the intended users. For example, when the identified criteria allow for
variations in the presentation of the subject matter information, the practitioner
considers how the adopted presentation might influence the decisions of the
intended users. Materiality is considered in the context of quantitative and
qualitative factors, such as relative magnitude, the nature and extent of the effect
of these factors on the evaluation or measurement of the subject matter, and the
interests of the intended users. The assessment of materiality and the relative
importance of quantitative and qualitative factors in a particular engagement are
matters for the practitioner’s judgment.

Assurance Engagement Risk

48. Assurance engagement risk is the risk that the practitioner expresses an
inappropriate conclusion when the subject matter information is materially
misstated.9 In a reasonable assurance engagement, the practitioner reduces

9
(a) This includes the risk, in those direct reporting engagements where the subject matter information is presented only in the
practitioner’s conclusion, that the practitioner inappropriately concludes that the subject matter does, in all material respects, conform
with the criteria, for example: “In our opinion, internal control is effective, in all material respects, based on XYZ criteria.”

(b) In addition to assurance engagement risk, the practitioner is exposed to the risk of expressing an inappropriate conclusion when the
subject matter information is not materially misstated, and risks through loss from litigation, adverse publicity, or other events arising
in connection with a subject matter reported on. These risks are not part of assurance engagement risk.
 - 16 - Framework

assurance engagement risk to an acceptably low level in the circumstances of the

engagement to obtain reasonable assurance as the basis for a positive form of
expression of the practitioner’s conclusion. The level of assurance engagement
risk is higher in a limited assurance engagement than in a reasonable assurance
engagement because of the different nature, timing or extent of evidence-
gathering procedures. However in a limited assurance engagement, the
combination of the nature, timing and extent of evidence gathering procedures is
at least sufficient for the practitioner to obtain a meaningful level of assurance as
the basis for a negative form of expression. To be meaningful, the level of
assurance obtained by the practitioner is likely to enhance the intended users’
confidence about the subject matter information to a degree that is clearly more
than inconsequential.

49. In general, assurance engagement risk can be represented by the following

components, although not all of these components will necessarily be present or
significant for all assurance engagements:

(a) The risk that the subject matter information is materially misstated, which in
turn consists of:

(i) Inherent risk: the susceptibility of the subject matter information to a

material misstatement, assuming that there are no related controls; and

(ii) Control risk: the risk that a material misstatement that could occur will
not be prevented, or detected and corrected, on a timely basis by
related internal controls. When control risk is relevant to the subject
matter, some control risk will always exist because of the inherent
limitations of the design and operation of internal control; and

(b) Detection risk: the risk that the practitioner will not detect a material
misstatement that exists.

The degree to which the practitioner considers each of these components is

affected by the engagement circumstances, in particular by the nature of the
subject matter and whether a reasonable assurance or a limited assurance
engagement is being performed.

Nature, Timing and Extent of Evidence-Gathering Procedures

50. The exact nature, timing and extent of evidence-gathering procedures will vary
from one engagement to the next. In theory, infinite variations in evidence-
gathering procedures are possible. In practice, however, these are difficult to
communicate clearly and unambiguously. The practitioner attempts to
 - 17 - Framework

communicate them clearly and unambiguously and uses the form appropriate to a
reasonable assurance engagement or a limited assurance engagement.10

51. “Reasonable assurance” is a concept relating to accumulating evidence necessary

for the practitioner to conclude in relation to the subject matter information taken
as a whole. To be in a position to express a conclusion in the positive form
required in a reasonable assurance engagement, it is necessary for the practitioner
to obtain sufficient appropriate evidence as part of an iterative, systematic
engagement process involving:
FRAMEWORK
(a) Obtaining an understanding of the subject matter and other engagement
circumstances which, depending on the subject matter, includes obtaining an
understanding of internal control;

(b) Based on that understanding, assessing the risks that the subject matter
information may be materially misstated;

(c) Responding to assessed risks, including developing overall responses, and

determining the nature, timing and extent of further procedures;

(d) Performing further procedures clearly linked to the identified risks, using a
combination of inspection, observation, confirmation, recalculation, re-
performance, analytical procedures and inquiry. Such further procedures
involve substantive procedures including, where applicable, obtaining
corroborating information from sources independent of the responsible
party, and depending on the nature of the subject matter, tests of the
operating effectiveness of controls; and

(e) Evaluating the sufficiency and appropriateness of evidence.

52. “Reasonable assurance” is less than absolute assurance. Reducing assurance

engagement risk to zero is very rarely attainable or cost beneficial as a result of
factors such as the following:

• The use of selective testing.

• The inherent limitations of internal control.

• The fact that much of the evidence available to the practitioner is persuasive
rather than conclusive.

• The use of judgment in gathering and evaluating evidence and forming

conclusions based on that evidence.

10
Where the subject matter information is made up of a number of aspects, separate conclusions may be provided on each aspect.
While not all such conclusions need to relate to the same level of evidence gathering procedures, each conclusion is expressed in the
form that is appropriate to either a reasonable assurance or a limited assurance engagement.
 - 18 - Framework

• In some cases, the characteristics of the subject matter when evaluated or

measured against the identified criteria.

53. Both reasonable assurance and limited assurance engagements require the
application of assurance skills and techniques and the gathering of sufficient
appropriate evidence as part of an iterative, systematic engagement process that
includes obtaining an understanding of the subject matter and other engagement
circumstances. The nature, timing and extent of procedures for gathering
sufficient appropriate evidence in a limited assurance engagement are, however,
deliberately limited relative to a reasonable assurance engagement. For some
subject matters, there may be specific pronouncements to provide guidance on
procedures for gathering sufficient appropriate evidence for a limited assurance
engagement. For example, PSA 910, “Engagements to Review Financial
Statements”11 establishes that sufficient appropriate evidence for reviews of
financial statements is obtained primarily through analytical procedures and
inquiries. In the absence of a relevant pronouncement, the procedures for
gathering sufficient appropriate evidence will vary with the circumstances of the
engagement, in particular, the subject matter, and the needs of the intended users
and the engaging party, including relevant time and cost constraints. For both
reasonable assurance and limited assurance engagements, if the practitioner
becomes aware of a matter that leads the practitioner to question whether a
material modification should be made to the subject matter information, the
practitioner pursues the matter by performing other procedures sufficient to
enable the practitioner to report.

Quantity and Quality of Available Evidence

54. The quantity or quality of available evidence is affected by:

(a) The characteristics of the subject matter and subject matter information. For
example, less objective evidence might be expected when information about
the subject matter is future oriented rather than historical (see paragraph 32);
and

(b) Circumstances of the engagement other than the characteristics of the

subject matter, when evidence that could reasonably be expected to exist is
not available because of, for example, the timing of the practitioner’s
appointment, an entity’s document retention policy, or a restriction imposed
by the responsible party.

Ordinarily, available evidence will be persuasive rather than conclusive.

11
PSA 910 will be renumbered as PSRE 2400 under the “Structure of Pronouncements Issued by the IAASB and ASPC” (see
paragraph 2) of this Framework.
 - 19 - Framework

55. An unqualified conclusion is not appropriate for either type of assurance

engagement in the case of a material limitation on the scope of the practitioner’s
work, that is, when:

(a) Circumstances prevent the practitioner from obtaining evidence required to

reduce assurance engagement risk to the appropriate level; or

(b) The responsible party or the engaging party imposes a restriction that
prevents the practitioner from obtaining evidence required to reduce
assurance engagement risk to the appropriate level.

Assurance Report

56. The practitioner provides a written report containing a conclusion that conveys
the assurance obtained about the subject matter information. ISAs, ISREs and
ISAEs establish basic elements for assurance reports. In addition, the practitioner
considers other reporting responsibilities, including communicating with those
charged with governance when it is appropriate to do so.
FRAMEWORK
57. In an assertion-based engagement, the practitioner’s conclusion can be worded
either:

(a) In terms of the responsible party’s assertion (for example: “In our opinion
the responsible party’s assertion that internal control is effective, in all
material respects, based on XYZ criteria, is fairly stated”); or

(b) Directly in terms of the subject matter and the criteria (for example: “In our
opinion internal control is effective, in all material respects, based on XYZ
criteria”). In a direct reporting engagement, the practitioner’s conclusion is
worded directly in terms of the subject matter and the criteria.

58. In a reasonable assurance engagement, the practitioner expresses the conclusion

in the positive form, for example: “In our opinion internal control is effective, in
all material respects, based on XYZ criteria.” This form of expression conveys
“reasonable assurance.” Having performed evidence-gathering procedures of a
nature, timing and extent that were reasonable given the characteristics of the
subject matter and other relevant engagement circumstances described in the
assurance report, the practitioner has obtained sufficient appropriate evidence to
reduce assurance engagement risk to an acceptably low level.

59. In a limited assurance engagement, the practitioner expresses the conclusion in

the negative form, for example, “Based on our work described in this report,
nothing has come to our attention that causes us to believe that internal control is
not effective, in all material respects, based on XYZ criteria.” This form of
expression conveys a level of “limited assurance” that is proportional to the level
of the practitioner’s evidence-gathering procedures given the characteristics of the
 - 20 - Framework

subject matter and other engagement circumstances described in the assurance

report.

60. A practitioner does not express an unqualified conclusion for either type of
assurance engagement when the following circumstances exist and, in the
practitioner’s judgment, the effect of the matter is or may be material:

(a) There is a limitation on the scope of the practitioner’s work (see paragraph
55). The practitioner expresses a qualified conclusion or a disclaimer of
conclusion depending on how material or pervasive the limitation is. In
some cases the practitioner considers with drawing from the engagement.

(b) In those cases where:

(i) The practitioner’s conclusion is worded in terms of the responsible

party’s assertion, and that assertion is not fairly stated, in all material
respects; or

(ii) The practitioner’s conclusion is worded directly in terms of the subject

matter and the criteria, and the subject matter information is materially
misstated,12 the practitioner expresses a qualified or adverse
conclusion depending on how material or pervasive the matter is.

(c) When it is discovered after the engagement has been accepted, that the
criteria are unsuitable or the subject matter is not appropriate for an
assurance engagement. The practitioner expresses:

(i) A qualified conclusion or adverse conclusion depending on how

material or pervasive the matter is, when the unsuitable criteria or
inappropriate subject matter is likely to mislead the intended users; or

(ii) A qualified conclusion or a disclaimer of conclusion depending on

how material or pervasive the matter is, in other cases. In some cases
the practitioner considers withdrawing from the engagement.

Inappropriate Use of the Practitioner’s Name

61. A practitioner is associated with a subject matter when the practitioner reports on
information about that subject matter or consents to the use of the practitioner’s
name in a professional connection with that subject matter. If the practitioner is
not associated in this manner, third parties can assume no responsibility of the
practitioner. If the practitioner learns that a party is inappropriately using the

12
In those direct reporting engagements where the subject matter information is presented only in the practitioner’s conclusion, and
the practitioner concludes that the subject matter does not, in all material respects, conform with the criteria, for example: “In our
opinion, except for […], internal control is effective, in all material respects, based on XYZ criteria,” such a conclusion would also be
considered to be qualified (or adverse as appropriate).
 - 21 - Framework

practitioner’s name in association with a subject matter, the practitioner requires

the party to cease doing so. The practitioner also considers what other steps may
be needed, such as informing any known third party users of the inappropriate use
of the practitioner’s name or seeking legal advice.

Effective Date

62. This Framework shall be effective for assurance reports dated on or after January
1, 2005. Earlier reference is permissible.

Acknowledgment

63. This Framework is based on the International Framework for Assurance

Engagements issued by the International Auditing and Assurance Standards
Board.

64. There are no significant differences between this Framework and the International
Framework for Assurance Engagements.

Public Sector Perspective

1. This Framework is relevant to all professional accountants in the public sector

who are independent of the entity for which they perform assurance engagements.
Where professional accountants in the public sector are not independent of the
entity for which they perform an assurance engagement, the guidance in footnote
1 should be adopted.
 Framework

Appendix

Differences Between Reasonable Assurance Engagements and

Limited Assurance Engagements

This Appendix outlines the differences between a reasonable assurance engagement and
a limited assurance engagement discussed in the Framework (see in particular the
referenced paragraphs).

Type of Objective Evidence-gathering The assurance

engagement procedures13 report

Reasonable A reduction in Sufficient appropriate Description of

assurance assurance evidence is obtained the engagement
engagement engagement risk as part of a systematic circumstances,
to an acceptably engagement process and a positive
low level in the that includes: form of
circumstances of expression of
the engagement, • Obtaining an the conclusion
as the basis for a understanding of (Paragraph 58)
positive form of the engagement
expression of the circumstances;
practitioner’s
conclusion • Assessing risks;
(Paragraph 11)
• Responding to
assessed risks;

• Performing further
procedures using a
combination of
inspection,
observation,
confirmation,
recalculation,
reperformance,
analytical
procedures and
inquiry. Such
further procedures

13
A detailed discussion of evidence-gathering requirements is only possible within PSAEs for specific subject matters.
 Framework

Appendix
-2-
FRAMEWORK

Type of Objective Evidence-gathering The assurance

engagement procedures report

involve
substantive
procedures,
including , where
applicable,
obtaining
corroborating
information, and
depending on the
nature of the
subject matter,
tests of the
operating
effectiveness of
controls; and

• Evaluating the
evidence obtained
(Paragraphs 51
and 52)

Limited A reduction in Sufficient appropriate Description of

assurance assurance evidence is obtained the engagement
engagement engagement risk as part of a systematic circumstances,
to a level that is engagement process and a negative
acceptable in the that includes form of
circumstances of obtaining an expression of
the engagement understanding of the the conclusion
but where that risk subject matter and (Paragraph 59)
is greater than for other engagement
a reasonable circumstances, but in
assurance which procedures are
engagement, as deliberately limited
the basis for a relative to a
negative form of reasonable assurance
expression of the engagement
practitioner’s (Paragraph 53)
conclusion
(Paragraph 11)
 Framework

This Philippine Framework for Assurance Engagements was unanimously approved for
adoption in the Philippines on September 27, 2004 by the members of the Auditing
Standards and Practices Council:

Benjamin R. Punongbayan, Chairman Antonio P. Acyatan, Vice Chairman

Felicidad A. Abad David L. Balangue

Eliseo A. Fernandez Nestorio C. Roraldo

Joaquin P. Tolentino Editha O. Tuason

Joycelyn J. Villaflores Horace F. Dumlao

Ester F. Ledesma Manuel O. Faustino

Erwin Vincent G. Alcala Froilan G. Ampil

Eugene T. Mateo Flerida V. Creencia

Roberto G. Manabat