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Lecture07 Notes

This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on baseband digital transmission and noise/errors: - A baseband binary receiver receives a signal plus noise at time k (yk(t)) and uses a comparator to regenerate the signal (xe(t)) based on a decision threshold V. - Additive noise can cause the comparator to output the incorrect value (an error), modeled by random variables Y (received signal) and N (noise). - The optimal threshold Vopt minimizes the average error probability Pe by making the conditional error probabilities Pe0 and Pe1 equal. - For binary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and zero-mean Gaussian noise, the error probability is

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40 views4 pages

Lecture07 Notes

This document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on baseband digital transmission and noise/errors: - A baseband binary receiver receives a signal plus noise at time k (yk(t)) and uses a comparator to regenerate the signal (xe(t)) based on a decision threshold V. - Additive noise can cause the comparator to output the incorrect value (an error), modeled by random variables Y (received signal) and N (noise). - The optimal threshold Vopt minimizes the average error probability Pe by making the conditional error probabilities Pe0 and Pe1 equal. - For binary pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) and zero-mean Gaussian noise, the error probability is

Uploaded by

NeeDog20
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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EE413 Random Signals and Noise

Lecture 7
Chapter 11: Baseband Digital Transmission
Assignment:
HW 3A: 11.2-2, 11.2-4, 11.2-9
11.2: Noise and errors
Baseband binary receiver
Binary Receiver
At some optimum time t
k
yt ) -yt
k
)
yt
k
)=a
k
+nt
k
)
With the x
e
t )=

A y t
k
)>V
0 y t
k
)V
where x
e
t ) is the regenerator output.
Regeneration of a unipolar signal
(a) signal plus noise (b) S/H output (c) comparator output
Noise, Errors and Conditional Probability
As the previous slide indicates, additive noise
affects the value of yt
k
)causing the
to output the incorrect value
error
Let random variables be

Y yt
k
)
N nt
k
)
Let H
0
hypothesis that a
k
=0 and Y =N
Conditional PDF p
Y
yH
0
)=p
N
y)
Let H
1
hypothesis that a
k
=A and Y =A+N
Conditional PDF p
Y
yH
1
)=p
N
yA)
Decision Rule
Choose hypothesis H
0
a
k
=0) if Y V
Choose hypothesis H
1
a
k
=A) if Y >V
Conditional PDFs with decision threshold and error prob.
1 of 4
Error Probabilities
P
e0
=Pe0)PY >VH
0
)=

p
Y
yH
0
) dy
P
e1
=Pe1)PY VH
1
)=

p
Y
yH
1
)dy
with P
0
=P H
0
) and P
1
=P H
1
)
Average probability is
P
e
=P
e0
P
0
+P
e1
P
1
Threshold Regions For Conditional pdfs
Optimum Threshold
Optimum V
opt
To determine V
opt

dP
e
dV
=0
Using Leibniz's rule for differentiating integrals
P
Y
V
opt
H
0
) P
0
=P
Y
V
opt
H
1
) P
1
If we assume 1s and 0s equally likely
P
0
=P
1
=1/ 2
P
Y
V
opt
H
0
)=P
Y
V
opt
H
1
)
Probability of Errors
Assuming the noise is zero-mean
with variance c
2
p
N
n)=
1
.2nc
2
e
n
2
/2c
2
P
e0
=

p
N
y) dy=Q

V
c
)
P
e1
=

p
N
yA) dy=Q

AV
c
)
If V =V
opt
and P
e0
=P
e1
P
e
=Q

A
2c
)
Signal Types
This result applies for unipolar PAM with levels 0
and A with V
opt
=1/ 2
P
e
=Q

A
2c
)
The result is the same for PAM when
a
k
=!
A
2
V
opt
=0
P
e
=Q

A
2c
)
Note: The error probability is the same since the
space between levels and the threshold =A/ 2
Unipolar vs Polar Signals
Unipolar and polar signals have the same error
probability in this case, but the polar signal
uses the signal power of the
unipolar signal
Unipolar S
R
=A
2
/ 2, Polar S
R
=A
2
/ 4
A=

.
2 S
R
unipolar
.
4 S
R
polar
2 of 4
Signal-To-Noise Ratio

A
2c
)
2
=
A
2
4 N
R
=

1
2
S / N )
R
unipolar
S / N )
R
polar
The bit rate has an effect. To pass pulses of duration
T
b
=1/ r
b
the filter's bandwidth must satisfy B
N
r
b
/2
N
R
=N
0
B
N
N
0
r
b
/2
signalingdecreases S / N )
R
increase in P
e
Regenerative Repeaters
Recall from Chaps 3 and 9 that long haul transmission requires
repeaters.
For digital signals, as an alternative to amplifying the signal, we
can use _______________________________.

Detect signal
convert to message digits
re-transmit message digits
Regenerative Repeater Features
Conventional analog repeaters will amplify the signal,
and introduce noise and __________________
With regenerative repeaters, the repeater output is a
new signal without the cumulative effects of noise and
distortion building up at each hop
Regenerative repeaters => each repeater is a complete
receiver and transmitter.
Regenerative output can contain errors, but noise and
distortion are eliminated.
Error Performance of Regenerative Repeaters
o=Q
|
.

S
N
)
1

=error probability at each repeater


Probability of i errors in m successive conversions
m repeaters P
I
i )=

m
i
)
o
i
1o)
mi
Even errors cancel out ( signal)
for i odd
P
e
=

m
1
)
o1o)
m1
+

m
3
)
o
3
1o)
m3
+.mo
P
e
mQ
|
.

S
N
)
1

Error Performance of Regenerative Repeaters


With analog repeaters
P
e
=Q
|
.
1
m

S
N
)
1

Power Saving by m Regenerative Repeaters


3 of 4
In Class Exercises
Problem 11.2-1
Problem 11.2-8
4 of 4
P
e
=10
5

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