142 Chapter 1 Trigonometry

1.1 EXERCISES See www.CalcChat.com for worked-out solutions to odd-numbered exercises.

VOCABULARY: Fill in the blanks.
1. ________ means “measurement of triangles.”
2. An ________ is determined by rotating a ray about its endpoint.
3. Two angles that have the same initial and terminal sides are ________.
4. One ________ is the measure of a central angle that intercepts an arc equal to the radius of the circle.
5. Angles that measure between 0 and 兾2 are ________ angles, and angles that measure between 兾2 and 
are ________ angles.
6. Two positive angles that have a sum of 兾2 are ________ angles, whereas two positive angles that have a sum
of  are ________ angles.
1
7. The angle measure that is equivalent to a rotation of 360 of a complete revolution about an angle’s vertex is
one ________.
8. 180 degrees  ________ radians.
9. The ________ speed of a particle is the ratio of arc length to time traveled, and the ________ speed of a particle
is the ratio of central angle to time traveled.
10. The area A of a sector of a circle with radius r and central angle , where  is measured in radians, is given by
the formula ________.

SKILLS AND APPLICATIONS

In Exercises 11–16, estimate the angle to the nearest one-half 11

25. (a) (b) 3
radian. 6
11. 12. 26. (a) 4 (b) 7

In Exercises 27–30, determine two coterminal angles (one

positive and one negative) for each angle. Give your answers
in radians.
27. (a) π (b) π
13. 14. 2 2

θ= π θ= π
5
6 6
π 0 π 0

15. 16. 3π 3π
2 2

28. (a) π (b) π

2 2
In Exercises 17–22, determine the quadrant in which each
θ= π
7
angle lies. (The angle measure is given in radians.) 6
π π
 5 11 9 0 0
17. (a) (b) 18. (a) (b)
4 4 8 8 θ = − 11π
3π 3π 6
  5 11 2 2
19. (a)  (b)  20. (a)  (b) 
6 3 6 9
2 
21. (a) 3.5 (b) 2.25 22. (a) 6.02 (b) 4.25 29. (a)   (b)  
3 12
In Exercises 23–26, sketch each angle in standard position. 9 2
30. (a)    (b)   
4 15
 2 7 5
23. (a) (b)  24. (a)  (b)
3 3 4 2
 Section 1.1 Radian and Degree Measure 143

In Exercises 31–34, find (if possible) the complement and 52. (a)   390 (b)   230
supplement of each angle.
In Exercises 53–56, find (if possible) the complement and
31. (a) 兾3 (b) 兾4 32. (a) 兾12 (b) 11兾12
supplement of each angle.
33. (a) 1 (b) 2 34. (a) 3 (b) 1.5
53. (a) 18 (b) 85 54. (a) 46 (b) 93
In Exercises 35–40, estimate the number of degrees in the 55. (a) 150 (b) 79 56. (a) 130 (b) 170
angle. Use a protractor to check your answer.
In Exercises 57–60, rewrite each angle in radian measure as a
35. 36. multiple of ␲. (Do not use a calculator.)
57. (a) 30 (b) 45 58. (a) 315 (b) 120
59. (a) 20 (b) 60 60. (a) 270 (b) 144
37. 38.
In Exercises 61–64, rewrite each angle in degree measure.
(Do not use a calculator.)
3 7 7 
61. (a) (b) 62. (a)  (b)
2 6 12 9
39. 40. 5 7 11 34
63. (a) (b)  64. (a) (b)
4 3 6 15

In Exercises 41–44, determine the quadrant in which each In Exercises 65–72, convert the angle measure from degrees
angle lies. to radians. Round to three decimal places.
41. (a) 130 (b) 285 65. 45 66. 87.4
42. (a) 8.3 (b) 257 30
67. 216.35 68. 48.27
43. (a) 132 50
(b) 336 69. 532 70. 345
44. (a) 260 (b) 3.4 71. 0.83 72. 0.54

In Exercises 45–48, sketch each angle in standard position. In Exercises 73–80, convert the angle measure from radians
to degrees. Round to three decimal places.
45. (a) 90 (b) 180 46. (a) 270 (b) 120
73. 兾7 74. 5兾11
47. (a) 30 (b) 135
75. 15兾8 76. 13兾2
48. (a) 750 (b) 600
77. 4.2 78. 4.8
In Exercises 49–52, determine two coterminal angles (one 79. 2 80. 0.57
positive and one negative) for each angle. Give your answers
in degrees. In Exercises 81–84, convert each angle measure to decimal
degree form without using a calculator. Then check your
49. (a) 90° (b) 90° answers using a calculator.
θ = 45°
81. (a) 54 45
(b) 128 30

180° 0 180° 0 82. (a) 245 10

(b) 2 12

θ = −36° 83. (a) 85 18

30 (b) 330 25
270° 270° 84. (a) 135 36 (b) 408 16
20
50. (a) 90° (b) 90°
In Exercises 85–88, convert each angle measure to degrees,
θ = 120° θ = −420° minutes, and seconds without using a calculator. Then check
180° 0 180° 0 your answers using a calculator.
85. (a) 240.6 (b) 145.8
270° 270° 86. (a) 345.12 (b) 0.45
51. (a)   240 (b)   180 87. (a) 2.5 (b) 3.58
88. (a) 0.36 (b) 0.79
144 Chapter 1 Trigonometry

In Exercises 89–92, find the length of the arc on a circle of City Latitude
radius r intercepted by a central angle . 106. San Francisco, California 37 47
36 N
Radius r Central Angle  Seattle, Washington 47 37
18 N
89. 15 inches 120
107. DIFFERENCE IN LATITUDES Assuming that Earth
90. 9 feet 60 is a sphere of radius 6378 kilometers, what is the
91. 3 meters 150 difference in the latitudes of Syracuse, New York
92. 20 centimeters 45 and Annapolis, Maryland, where Syracuse is about
450 kilometers due north of Annapolis?
In Exercises 93–96, find the radian measure of the central 108. DIFFERENCE IN LATITUDES Assuming that Earth
angle of a circle of radius r that intercepts an arc of length s. is a sphere of radius 6378 kilometers, what is the
difference in the latitudes of Lynchburg, Virginia and
Radius r Arc Length s
Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, where Lynchburg is
93. 4 inches 18 inches about 400 kilometers due north of Myrtle Beach?
94. 14 feet 8 feet 109. INSTRUMENTATION The pointer on a voltmeter is
95. 25 centimeters 10.5 centimeters 6 centimeters in length (see figure). Find the angle
96. 80 kilometers 150 kilometers through which the pointer rotates when it moves
2.5 centimeters on the scale.
In Exercises 97–100, use the given arc length and radius to
find the angle  (in radians).
10 in.
97. 98. 25

θ 1 θ
2
10

6 cm 2 ft
99. 28 100.
Not drawn to scale
θ 75
θ FIGURE FOR 109 FIGURE FOR 110
7 60
110. ELECTRIC HOIST An electric hoist is being used to
lift a beam (see figure). The diameter of the drum on
the hoist is 10 inches, and the beam must be raised
In Exercises 101–104, find the area of the sector of the circle 2 feet. Find the number of degrees through which the
with radius r and central angle . drum must rotate.
111. LINEAR AND ANGULAR SPEEDS A circular power
Radius r Central Angle 
saw has a 714-inch-diameter blade that rotates at
101. 6 inches 兾3 5000 revolutions per minute.
102. 12 millimeters 兾4 (a) Find the angular speed of the saw blade in radians
103. 2.5 feet 225 per minute.
104. 1.4 miles 330 (b) Find the linear speed (in feet per minute) of one of
the 24 cutting teeth as they contact the wood being
DISTANCE BETWEEN CITIES In Exercises 105 and 106, cut.
find the distance between the cities. Assume that Earth is a 112. LINEAR AND ANGULAR SPEEDS A carousel with
sphere of radius 4000 miles and that the cities are on the a 50-foot diameter makes 4 revolutions per minute.
same longitude (one city is due north of the other).
(a) Find the angular speed of the carousel in radians
City Latitude per minute.
105. Dallas, Texas 32 47
39 N (b) Find the linear speed (in feet per minute) of the
Omaha, Nebraska 41 15
50 N platform rim of the carousel.
 Section 1.1 Radian and Degree Measure 145

113. LINEAR AND ANGULAR SPEEDS The diameter of (a) Find the speed of the bicycle in feet per second and
a DVD is approximately 12 centimeters. The drive miles per hour.
motor of the DVD player is controlled to rotate (b) Use your result from part (a) to write a function
precisely between 200 and 500 revolutions per minute, for the distance d (in miles) a cyclist travels in
depending on what track is being read. terms of the number n of revolutions of the pedal
(a) Find an interval for the angular speed of a DVD as sprocket.
it rotates. (c) Write a function for the distance d (in miles) a
(b) Find an interval for the linear speed of a point on cyclist travels in terms of the time t (in seconds).
the outermost track as the DVD rotates. Compare this function with the function from
114. ANGULAR SPEED A two-inch-diameter pulley on part (b).
an electric motor that runs at 1700 revolutions per (d) Classify the types of functions you found in parts
minute is connected by a belt to a four-inch-diameter (b) and (c). Explain your reasoning.
pulley on a saw arbor.
(a) Find the angular speed (in radians per minute) of 120. CAPSTONE Write a short paper in your own words
each pulley. explaining the meaning of each of the following
(b) Find the revolutions per minute of the saw. concepts to a classmate.
115. ANGULAR SPEED A car is moving at a rate of (a) an angle in standard position
65 miles per hour, and the diameter of its wheels is 2 feet. (b) positive and negative angles
(a) Find the number of revolutions per minute the (c) coterminal angles
wheels are rotating.
(d) angle measure in degrees and radians
(b) Find the angular speed of the wheels in radians per
minute. (e) obtuse and acute angles
116. ANGULAR SPEED A computerized spin balance (f) complementary and supplementary angles
machine rotates a 25-inch-diameter tire at 480 revolutions
per minute.
EXPLORATION
(a) Find the road speed (in miles per hour) at which
the tire is being balanced. TRUE OR FALSE? In Exercises 121–123, determine
(b) At what rate should the spin balance machine be set whether the statement is true or false. Justify your answer.
so that the tire is being tested for 55 miles per hour?
121. A measurement of 4 radians corresponds to two
117. AREA A sprinkler on a golf green is set to spray complete revolutions from the initial side to the
water over a distance of 15 meters and to rotate through terminal side of an angle.
an angle of 140 . Draw a diagram that shows the region
122. The difference between the measures of two
that can be irrigated with the sprinkler. Find the area of
coterminal angles is always a multiple of 360 if
the region.
expressed in degrees and is always a multiple of 2
118. AREA A car’s rear windshield wiper rotates 125 . radians if expressed in radians.
The total length of the wiper mechanism is 25 inches
123. An angle that measures 1260 lies in Quadrant III.
and wipes the windshield over a distance of 14 inches.
Find the area covered by the wiper. 124. THINK ABOUT IT A fan motor turns at a given
119. SPEED OF A BICYCLE The radii of the pedal angular speed. How does the speed of the tips of the
sprocket, the wheel sprocket, and the wheel of the blades change if a fan of greater diameter is installed
bicycle in the figure are 4 inches, 2 inches, and on the motor? Explain.
14 inches, respectively. A cyclist is pedaling at a rate 125. THINK ABOUT IT Is a degree or a radian the larger
of 1 revolution per second. unit of measure? Explain.
126. WRITING If the radius of a circle is increasing and
14 in. the magnitude of a central angle is held constant, how
is the length of the intercepted arc changing? Explain
your reasoning.
127. PROOF Prove that the area of a circular sector of
radius r with central angle  is A  12 r 2, where  is
4 in. measured in radians.
2 in.