MATH1043 Academic Development Course Pack

Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment

Contact: Mr C Kriel, MSB342

[email protected]

i
 About this booklet and how to use it
This ADU Course Pack consists of a Guide to Topics Covered in Calculus and Algebra in MATH1043,
the second semester of Engineering Mathematics I, a series of tutorials on difficult concepts covered
during the Math1043 course, and the solutions to the tutorial questions.

Guide to Topics covered in Algebra and Calculus

This is a guide to the topics covered in Calculus and Algebra in Math1043. The week in which the
topics are covered is a rough guide to the pace at which the syllabus is covered and to give you an idea
of what to prepare for that week. Obviously you will get a more exact picture of this as your lecturer
covers the topics. The Calculus and Algebra sections are given separately, but remember that they run
concurrently, i.e. in Week 1 the topics for Week 1 Calculus and Week 1 Algebra are covered.

In addition to the pace, the guide also serves to break the sections down for you into the main
components and refers you to the sections in the prescribed textbooks where useful material is to be
found.

Key to references: TC: Thomas, Weir, and Hass: Thomas' Calculus, Early Transcendentals, 13th
edition. E&P: Differential equations with Linear algebra (supplementary chapters for Math1014). The
numbers in brackets for the textbooks are the chapter and section numbers.

Lastly, the Guide also lists links to previous work, or prerequisite material. If you do not understand
this material before you go to your lecture, you will not understand what is going on. Your lecturer will
assume that you already know this work. Sullivan: Algebra and Trigonometry, 8/e (strongly
recommended textbook) has excellent sections that review the work you did at school.

Make sure that you understand the prerequisite material before you go to the lectures.

ADU Math1043 Tutorials

Following the Guide are the ADU tutorials from Block 3 to the end of the year.

Each tutorial follows the same format – a summary of the key concepts needed to be able to understand
the topic and do the exercises, followed by exercises that increase in difficulty so that you can test
whether you really do understand the work covered in the section. Solutions are included at the end of
the booklet. The material will be presented in a series of short video tutorials that can be accessed on
the MATH1043 site on Ulwazi, the e-learning platform of the university: https://ulwazi.wits.ac.za/ .
Once per week there will also be face-to-face ADU tutorials ( as and when Covid restrictions allow)
where your conceptual understanding will be tested and misunderstandings identified and cleared up.
You will need to sign up for the face-to-face tutorials on the website. Before attending a face-to-face
tutorial you will need to prepare by watching the relevant video tutorials and doing an online preparation
quiz. Worked solutions and notes will be made available to those who get at least one correct answer
on the quiz.

You must bring this booklet to each and every ADU Math1043 tutorial that you attend. Either print
it or bring it on a laptop, tablet or phone.

Compiled and authored by

Mr CW Kriel (ADU, FEBE)
[email protected]

i
 Table of Contents

Guide to Topics Covered: ............................................................................................................... i - vi.

Calculus

Chapter 1: Techniques of Integration (1) ........................................................................... 1.

Techniques of Integration (2) ........................................................................... 3.
Techniques of Integration (3) ........................................................................... 4.
Chapter 2: Parametric Curve Sketching............................................................................. 5.
Areas and arc lengths ....................................................................................... 6.
Chapter 3: Higher Approximations; L’Hôpital’s Rule ...................................................... 9.
Chapter 4: Partial Derivatives .......................................................................................... 11.
Chapter 5: Differential Equations .................................................................................... 13.
Algebra

Chapter 1: Vectors ........................................................................................................... 15.

Chapter 2: Matrices (1) Gaussian Elimination ................................................................ 16.
Matrices (2): Matrix Algebra ......................................................................... 18.
Matrices (3): Determinants ............................................................................ 20.
Chapter 3: 3-D vectors and Geometry (1): Equations and intersections ......................... 22.
3-D vectors and Geometry (2): Shortest vectors and distances ..................... 24.
Solutions
Calculus ....................................................................................................................... 26.
Algebra ....................................................................................................................... 30.

ii.
 Guide to Topics covered in Algebra and Calculus, Math1043
Calculus: Techniques of integration (Calculus Chapter 1 in your Study Guide)

WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)

Simple • Standard forms TC(8.2) Differentiation, MATH1042 Calculus Ch 2&3
techniques • Completing the square Trig identities and functions, MATH1042 Algebra Ch 2
• Trigonometric identities Standard forms of integration MATH1042 Calculus Ch4
: products to sums
: eliminating square roots
• Reduce improper fractions
• Separating fractions
• Multiply by a form of 1
Differentials; • Differentials TC(3.11)
Integration by • Direct substitution TC(5.5)
Substitution
Integration by • Definite integrals and TC(5.6)
Substitution integration by substitution
• Indirect substitution TC(8.3)
Rational • Using Partial fractions to TC(8.4) Partial fractions MATH1042 Algebra Ch 1
functions simplify integration of rational
functions
Integration by • Integration by parts TC(8.1)
parts • For definite integrals
• Where the original integral
reappears
• Repeated use of integration by
parts

i.
Calculus: Arc length and area (Calculus Chapter 2 in your Study Guide)

WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)

Curves • General curves in the plane TC[11.1] Intercepts, limits to infinity, tangents
• Parametric curve sketching
Areas and arc • Areas in parametric form TC(6.3,11.2&11.5) Definite integrals; Parametric curves;
lengths • Arc length TC(6.4&11.2) Polar curves, MATH1042 Algebra Ch2
• Curved surface areas Odd and even functions, MATH1042 Calculus Ch 1

Calculus: Advanced applications of differentiation (Calculus Chapter 3 in your Study Guide)

WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)

Higher • Taylor polynomials TC(10.8) Sigma notation, series, factorials and binomial coefficients, Polynomials, Binomial
approximations • Error when using Taylor Theorem, MATH1042 Algebra Chapter 3
polynomials Higher order derivatives MATH1042 Calculus Chapter 3
• The Mean Value Theorem
Maclaurin • Binomial series
Series • Obtaining new series from old TC(10.8&10.10)
Taylor series • Taylor series TC(10.8)
and
indeterminate • L’Hôpital’s Rule TC(4.5) Limits, differentiation
forms
Convergence of • Convergence TC(10.2)
series I • The divergence test
• The ratio test TC(10.5)
Convergence of • P-series TC(10.3)
series II • Comparison tests TC(10.4)
Calculus: Partial differentiation (Calculus Chapter 4 in your Study Guide)

WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)

Quadric • Quadric surfaces TC(12.6) Conic sections and canonical forms, MATH1042 Algebra Chapter 4
surfaces
Partial • Partial differentiation TC(14.3) Differentiation, MATH1042 Calculus Chapter 3
differentiation • Implicit Chain rule and implicit differentiation, MATH1042 Calculus Ch 3
• Higher order derivatives

ii.
 Partial • Chain rule for partial TC(14.4)
differentiation differentiation
• Differentials and first
approximations
• Inverse functions Matrix multiplication; inverse matrices, Algebra Ch 2.
Calculus: Differential equations (Calculus Chapter 5 in your Study Guide)

WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)

4 types of • Variables separable E&P(1.4) NB: Integration Calculus Chapters 4 and 6
differential E&P(1.6)
equations • Homogeneous
4 types of • Exact E&P(1.6)
differential • Linear equations and E&P(1.5)
equations integrating factors

iii.
Algebra: Points and vectors in the plane (Algebra Chapter 1 in your Study Guide)

WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)

Vectors • Definition of a vector TC(12.1-12.3) Coordinate plane; distance formula; midpoint formula; equation of a straight line;
• Magnitude (modulus, length, equation of a circle (any centre)
absolute value) Vector addition and scalar multiplication are similar to the translations and
• Vector Algebra enlargements you did in gr11&12 transformation geometry.
: Addition and Subtraction (2
methods)
: Scalar multiplication
• Vectors in component form
• Unit vectors
• Algebra of vectors in
component form
• Dot product
• Vector equation of a circle
• Vector equation of a line
(parametric form)

Algebra: Linear Equations and Matrices (Algebra Chapter 2 in your Study Guide)
WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)
Solutions of • Matrices and Row Operations E&P(3.2) Solving simultaneous equations using the elimination method. Make sure you also
Linear • Gaussian Elimination understand the graphical representations of unique solution; no solution; infinite
Equations : unique solution; no solution; number of solutions for 3 variables – these return in chapter 5.
infinite number of solutions
: Literal coefficients
Matrix • Order of a matrix; entries E&P(3.4)
Algebra • Equality
• Scalar Multiplication
• Addition, subtraction,
multiplication
• The zero matrix
• Properties of addition and
multiplication
• Transpose of a matrix

iv.
 Matrix • Inverse of a 2x2 and 3x3 matrix E&P(3.5) Row operations, week 2.
Inversion • Using the inverse to solve a set Matrix multiplication
of linear equations in the form Writing equations in matrix form.
AX=B
Determinants • Finding the determinant of a E&P(3.6)
matrix
• Properties of determinants
Determinants • Adjoints E&P(3.6) Determinants, Transposes
• Cramer’s Rule

Algebra: Three dimensional vectors and geometry (Algebra Chapter 3 in your Study Guide)

WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)

Angles and • Coordinates and distance in 3-D TC(12.1-12.2) To master this section it is very important that you understand how the 3-D coordinate
distances • Dot Product axes work and to try and visualise lines, planes and spheres in 3-D.
: Properties of the dot product TC(12.3) Revising 3-D trigonometry from gr12 should help as should visualising the quadric
: Angles between vectors surfaces, S2 Calculus Ch9 and TC(12.1).
: Component of a vector in a
certain direction (projection) NB: Revise Algebra chapter 1.
: Direction cosines
• Cross product
: Properties of the cross TC(12.4) Determinants Alg Ch 2
product
: Scalar triple product

v.
WEEK TOPIC BREAKDOWN REFERENCES LINK TO PREVIOUS WORK (Prerequisite material)
Equations and • Vector equation of a line TC(12.5) Vector equations of lines and circles, Algebra Ch 1
intersections : through 2 points
: through a point and parallel to
another
• Equation of a plane TC(12.5)
: given 3 non-collinear points
: given the normal and a point
: given 2 vectors in the plane
• Intersections TC(12.5)
: Lines
: lines and planes
: 2 planes

Equations and : 3planes

intersections

Distances • Shortest vectors and distances TC(12.5)

between : Between skew lines
points lines : a line and a plane
and planes : a point and a plane
: a point and a line

Triple product • Area of a parallelogram TC(12.4)

• Volume of a paralleliped

vi.
 Calculus Chapter 1: Techniques of Integration (1)

Key concepts

Trig identities:

1 1
sin A cos B = (sin( A − B) + sin( A + B)); cos A cos B = (cos( A − B) + cos( A + B))
2 2
1 1
sin A sin B = (cos( A − B) − cos( A + B)); cos 2 A = (1 + cos 2 A)
2 2
1
sin 2 A = (1 − cos 2 A)
2

Direct substitution: make a suitable substitution to rewrite an integral to match a standard formula. NB: First
requirement for skill in integration is a thorough mastery of the formulas for differentiation.

Indirect substitution: Trig substitutions

x = a tan  ; x = a sin  ; x = a sec

Question 1

Evaluate each integral by using a substitution to reduce it to standard form.

sec 2 z


4 tan z dz e
16 xdx 
1.1  8x 2 + 2 1.2
3
1.3 cos ec(e + 1)d

2 ln x 1 dt 2dx
1.4  x dx 1.5 0
4 −t2
1.6 x 1 − 4 ln 2 x

Question 2

Evaluate each integral by completing the square.

d

2 8dx
2.1 
1 x − 2x + 2
2
2.2
2 −  2

Question 3

Evaluate each integral by using trig identities and substitutions to reduce it to standard form.

 (cos ecx − tan x)  (sin 3x cos 2 x − cos 3x sin 2 x)dx

2
3.1 dx 3.2

Question 4

Evaluate each integral by reducing the improper fraction and using a substitution if necessary to reduce it to
standard form.

x2 3 2x3
4.1  x 2 + 1 dx 4.2  2 x2 −1
dx

1.
Question 5

Evaluate each integral by separating the fraction and using a substitution if necessary to reduce it to standard
form.

x + 2 x −1 2 − 8x

1

dx 
2
5.1 5.2 dx
2x x −1 0 1 + 4x 2

Question 6

Evaluate each integral by multiplying by a form of 1 (transform the denominator into one of the square identities)
and using a substitution if necessary to reduce it to standard form.

1 1
6.1  1 + cos x dx 6.2  cos ec + cot  d
Question 7

Evaluate each integral by eliminating the square root.

 

 1 − cos 2 x dx  1 + tan 2 y dy
4
7.1 7.2
0 − 4

Question 8

Use appropriate trig substitutions to evaluate the following integrals:

1 dx
  (4 − x
dx
1 − 9t 2 dt
2
8.1 −2 4 + x 2 8.2 8.3
0 2
3
)2

y 2 − 25
8.4  y3
dy, y5

Question 9

Use an appropriate substitution and then a trig substitution to evaluate each integral:

ln 43 e t dt dy xdx
 
e
9.1
ln 3
4
(1 + e 2t )
3
2
9.2 
1
y 1 + (ln y ) 2
9.3
x 2 −1

2.
 Calculus Chapter 1: Techniques of Integration (2)

Key concepts

Rational functions: partial fractions

Linear factors
Repeated linear factors
Non-factorisable quadratics
Improper fractions

Integration by parts:

 udv = uv −  vdu
Choose dv to be easy to integrate and u easy to differentiate.
Repeated integration by parts.
Solve for the unknown integral

t-substitution: last resort. Rational functions of sin x and cos x

x 2t 1− t 2dt
2
2t
let t = tan then sin x = 2 , cos x = 2 , dx = 2 and tan x =
2 t +1 t + 1 t +1 1− t2

Question 1

Express the integrand as a sum of partial fractions and evaluate the integrals.

x+4 2x3 − 4x 2 − x − 3
1.1  x 2 + 5x − 6 dx 1.2  x 2 − 2 x − 3 dx
x dx y 2 + 2 y +1

1 1
1.3 0 ( x + 1) 2 dx 1.4 0 ( x + 1)( x 2 + 1) 1.5
( y 2 + 1) 2
dy

cos ydy ( x − 2) 2 arctan(2 x) − 12 x 3 − 3x

1.6  sin 2 y + sin y − 6 1.7  (4 x 2 + 1)( x − 2) 2

Question 2

Evaluate the following integrals by parts.

 cos( )d x
2

3
2.1 2.2 x ln xdx 2.3 sin xdx
1

 (x e e

2.4
2
− 5 x)e x dx 2.5 sind 2.6
2x
cos 3xdx

e
3 s +9
2.7 ds

Question 3: Evaluate the following using t-substitution.

dx dx dx
3.1  cos x 3.2  1 + cos x 3.3  sin x − cos x

3.
 Calculus Chapter 1: Techniques of Integration (3)

Revision

Evaluate the integrals below using the various techniques that you have learnt. It is very important that you are
able to recognize which of the various techniques are applicable.

xdx
  sin(2 x)e
cos 2 x
1) 2) dx
8 x +12

dx
2  (x
x −1
3) dx 4) 2
+ 1)(2 + arctan x)

4dx 
 5x  sin ( )d
3
5) 6)
25 x −16 2 2

t+2 tan x
7)  4−t 2
dt 8)  tan x + sec x dx

x 2 dx w2 − 1
9)  1− x2
10)  w
dw

11)  ln(x + 1)dx 12)  arctan(3x)dx

 ( x + 1) e
2
13) e x dx 14)
x
cos(2 x)dx

𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
15) ∫ 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+2 16) ∫ 𝑥(𝑥+1)2

3𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4 𝑥 3 +4𝑥 2
17) ∫ 𝑥 3 +𝑥
𝑑𝑥 18) ∫ 𝑥 2 +4𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑠
19) ∫ 𝑒 𝑠 −1 20) ∫ tan4 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑡
21) ∫ sin 5𝜃 cos 6𝜃𝑑𝜃 22) ∫ √1 + cos (2) 𝑑𝑡

𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
23) ∫ 1+ 24) ∫ sin 𝑦 cos 𝑦
√𝑥

cos(𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑟
25) ∫ 𝑑𝑥 26) ∫ 1+
√1−𝑥 2 √𝑟

4.
 Calculus Chapter 2: Parametric Curve Sketching

Key concepts

x and y as functions of a parameter t or θ:

• Coordinates of a point depend on parameter

• Direction of the graph depends on the parameter
• dx
• x= horizontal change (negative=left or positive=right)
dt
• dy
• y= vertical change (negative=down or positive=up)
dt
•
• x = 0 vertical tangent (horizontal change is 0)
•
• y = 0 horizontal tangent (vertical change is 0)
• •
• x = 0 and y = 0 gives a cusp

Steps:

1. x and y-intercepts:

y-int: solve x(t)=0 and sub t-values into y(t): (0;a), (0;b) etc

x-int: solve y(t)=0 and sub t-values into x(t): (c;0), (d;0) etc

2. Determine the behaviour of x(t) and y(t) as t → 

3. Find t-values for vertical and horizontal tangents and the direction of the slope on the intervals (use a
table)

4. Use t to determine the direction of the graph (from least to greatest t)

Question 1

Sketch the following parametric curves:

1.1 x = 3t 3 − 3t 2 y = t 2 +1

1.2 x = t 3 − 3t y = 3t 2 − 9

10
1.3 x = t 3 − 3t y=
t − 2t + 2
2

1.4 x = t 5 − 4t 3 y = t2

1.5 x = 1− t 2 y = t7 + t5

1.6 x = t − sin t y = 1− cos t

5.
 Calculus Chapter 2: Areas and arc lengths

Key concepts

Area under a parametric curve:

Curve and the x-axis – limits i.t.o. the parameter "left-to-right"

t =
dx
t=
 y(t ) dt dt
Curve and the y-axis – limits i.t.o. the parameter "bottom-to-top"

t =
dy
t=
 x(t ) dt dt
Arclength:

x= 2
 dy 
2
ds  dy 
Explicit: = 1 +   i.e s =  1 +   dx
dx  dx  x =  dx 

t =


ds
Parametric: = x 2 + y 2 i.e s = x 2 + y 2 dt
dt t =

(Given points find limits i.t.o. parameter)

 =


ds
Polar: = r 2 + r 2 i.e s = r 2 + r 2 d (if y = tan  )
d  = x

Curved Surface Area: Use the arclength formulae

x=
ds
Explicit CSA =  2 y( x) dx dx
x=

t =
ds
Parametric CSA =  2 y(t ) dt dt
t=

 =
ds
Polar CSA =  2 y( ) d d
 
=

6.
Question 1

1.1 Find the area of the loop of the curve

x = t − 4t 3 , y = t 2
5

1.2 The area between the curve x = 1 − t 2 , y = t 7 + t 5 and the axes from x=0
to x=1.

1.3 Find the area under one arch of the cycloid x = t − sin t , y = 1− cos t .

Question 2

2.1 Find the arclength of the parabola y = x 2 from (0;0) to (2;4)

2.2 Find the arclength of the cardioid r = 1+ cos

2.3 Find the arclength of the curve x = 2 cos t + cos 2t ,

y = 2 sin t + sin 2t between the points (-1;0) and (3;0), i.e.
half of the curve.

7.
Question 3

3.1 Find the curved surface area from (0;0) to (1;1) of the solid of revolution when the curve of y = x is
rotated about the x-axis.
3.2 Find the curved surface area of the solid generated when x = 4 cos , y = 4 sin  is rotated about the
x-axis.
3.3 Find the Curved Surface Area of the solid formed by rotating one arch of the cycloid x = t − sin t ,
y = 1− cos t about the x-axis.

8.
 Calculus Chapter 3: Higher Approximations; L’Hôpital’s Rule

Key concepts

• Taylor polynomials: approximating a function near x=0 by finite polynomials

𝑓′′ (0) 2
𝑃1 (𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 ′ (0)𝑥 𝑃2 (𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 ′ (0)𝑥 + 2!
𝑥

𝑓 ′′ (0) 2 𝑓 ′′′ (0) 3

𝑃3 (𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 ′ (0)𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥
2! 3!
𝑛
′ (0)𝑥
𝑓 ′′ (0) 2 𝑓 ′′′ (0) 3 𝑓 (𝑛) (0) 𝑛 𝑓 (𝑟) (0) 𝑟
𝑓(𝑥) ≈ 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) = 𝑓(0) + 𝑓 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯+ 𝑥 =∑ 𝑥
2! 3! 𝑛! 𝑟!
𝑟=0

• Maclaurin series: approximating a function near x=0 by an infinite series

∞
𝑓 (𝑟) (0) 𝑟
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ 𝑥
𝑟!
𝑟=0

• Special case: binomial expansion for Real exponents

𝑛! 𝛼(𝛼−1)(𝛼−2)…(𝛼−𝑟+1)
(𝑛𝑟) = 𝑟!(𝑛−𝑟)! (𝛼𝑟) = 𝑟!
(𝛼0) = 1

∞
𝛼
(1 + 𝑥) = ∑ ( ) 𝑥 𝑟
𝛼
𝑟
𝑟=0

• Taylor series: approximating a function near a general point x=a by an infinite series
∞
𝑓 (𝑟) (𝑎)
𝑓(𝑥) = ∑ (𝑥 − 𝑎)𝑟
𝑟!
𝑟=0

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′ (𝑥)
• L’Hôpital’s Rule: lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim 𝑔′ (𝑥) if 𝑓(𝑎) = 0 and 𝑔(𝑎) = 0.
𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

Question 1

Find second and third approximations to the following numbers:

1
1.1 (28)3 1.2 arctan⁡(0,9) 1.3 𝑒 1,1

Question 2

2.1 Find in Sigma notation the full Maclaurin series for sin 𝑥 (you should memorise this as well as 𝑒 𝑥 and
cos 𝑥)

2.2 Find the first four terms in the Maclaurin series for tan 𝑥 and sec 𝑥.

2.3 Find the Maclaurin series for the following functions:

1
a) 𝑒 −𝑥 b) 1+𝑥

9.
Question 3

a) Find the first four terms of the following binomial series:

1 1
𝑥
3.1 (1 + 𝑥)2 3.2 (1 − 𝑥)−2 3.3 (1 + )−2
2

b) Find the first five terms of the following binomial series:

1
1 1
3.4 (1 + 𝑥 3 )−2 3.5 (1 + 𝑥)2

c) Use the series expansion of (1 + 𝑥)−1 to find the series expansion of

3.6 ln⁡(1 + 𝑥) 3.7 (1 + 𝑥)−2 .

Question 4

Find the Taylor series generated by f at a:

1
4.1 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 , a=1

4.2 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , a=2

4.3 𝑓(𝑥) = ln⁡|𝑥| a=1

Question 5

Find the following limits:

𝑥
3𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 √1+𝑥−1 √1+𝑥−1−2
5.1 lim 5.2 lim 5.3 lim
𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥 𝑥→0 𝑥2

𝑥−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
5.4 lim 𝑥3
𝑥→0

10.
 Calculus Chapter 4: Partial Derivatives

Key concepts

Differentiating functions in 2 or more independent variables.

1) Partial Derivatives:

Change in dependent variable with respect to one independent variable only, keeping the others
constant:

z
Eg. z = x2 + y2 = 2 x keeping y constant
x

z
= 2 y keeping x constant
y

2) Higher Order derivatives – order is important

 2 z   z   2 z   z  2z   z 
=   =   =  
x 2 x  x  y 2 y  y  yx y  x 

z xx z yy z xy

3) Implicit Differentiation

As with implicit differentiation before, but now keeping one variable constant.

4) Chain Rule for Partial Derivatives

dz z dx z dy
=  +  where z is a function of x and y and both x and y are functions of u.
du x du y du

z z x z y z z x z y
=  +  or =  +  where z is a function of x and y and both x and y
u x u y u v x v y v
are functions of u and v.

Question 1: Partial Derivatives

Find the following partial derivatives:

f f
1.1 and at the point (4;-5) if f ( x, y) = x 2 + 3xy + y − 1
x y

z
1.2 if z = y sin xy
y

2y
1.3 z x if z =
y + cos x

11.
Question 2: Higher Order Derivatives

Find the second order partial derivatives of the functions below:

2.1 z = x + y + xy 2.2 z = x 2 y + cos y + y sin x

2.3 z = ln( x + y)

Question 3

z z
Find and in the following equations which define z as a function of the two independent variables x and
x y
y.

3.1 yz − ln z = x + y 3.2 x 3 z + z 3 x − 2 yz = 0

9
3.3 xz + y ln x − =0
z

Question 4

4.1 Use the chain rule to find the derivative of w = xy with respect to t along the path x = cos t , y = sin t
.

w w
4.2 Express and in terms of r and s if
r s

w = x2 + y2 , x=r−s, y=r+s

12.
 Calculus Chapter 5: Differential Equations

Key concepts

A differential equation is any equation that involves derivatives or differentials (ordinary or partial).

Four types: The method for solving depends on the type.

1) Variables Separable

Can be written as 𝑀(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑁(𝑦)𝑑𝑦

Method: Write in Standard form as above. Integrate both sides.

2) Homogeneous

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 where M and N have the same total degree
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝑓(𝑣) and 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 −𝑀(𝑥,𝑦) 𝑑𝑦
Method: Solve for 𝑑𝑥. (i.e. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)
). Substitute 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and write 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑣).

𝑑𝑣
Now 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑣) which is variables separable. Integrate and substitute back for v to write
in terms of x and y.

3) Exact

𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0 where 𝑀 = 𝑧𝑥 and 𝑁 = 𝑧𝑦

Test for Exact Equation: 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑁𝑥

Method: Test for “exactness”. Integrate M with respect to x and remember your constant of
integration could have been a function of y therefore 𝑐 = 𝜑(𝑦). Integrate N with respect to y
and remember your constant of integration could have been a function of x therefore 𝑐 = 𝜔(𝑥).
Combine terms (repeated terms appear only once) and write answer as 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐

4) Linear
𝑑𝑦
Standard form: 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)

Single y multiplied by function of x. Use an Integrating Factor: 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Method: Write in standard form to identify Integrating Factor. Multiply through by the
integrating factor then the equation becomes
𝑑
𝑑𝑥
(𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⁡𝑦) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⁡𝑄(𝑥) and therefore

(𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⁡𝑦) = ∫ 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ⁡𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Note: 𝑒 𝑙𝑛𝐴 = 𝐴

13.
In each of the following questions, solve the differential equation.

Question 1: Variables Separable

dy − x
1.1 (1 + x)dy − ydx = 0 1.2 =
dx y

dy
1.3 (e 2 y − y ) cos x = e y sin 2 x given that y (0) = 0
dx

dx  y + 1 
2
dy
1.4 y ln x =  1.5 x2 = y − xy where y(−1) = −1
dy  x  dx

Question 2: Homogeneous

dy y − x
2.1 (x 2
)
+ y 2 dx + ( x 2 − xy)dy = 0 2.2 =
dx y + x

2.3 (y 2
)
+ yx dx − x 2 dy = 0 2.4 xy 2
dy
= y 3 − x 3 given that y (1) = 2
dx
y
2.5 ( x + y + xe )dx − xdy = 0
x

Question 3: Exact

3.1 2 xydx + ( x 2 − 1)dy = 0 3.2 (e 2 y − y cos xy)dx + (2 xe 2 y − x cos xy + 2 y)dy = 0

dy xy 2 − cos x sin x
3.3 = given that y (0) = 2
dx y (1 − x 2 )

Question 4: Linear

dy dy dy
4.1 − 3y = 6 4.2 x − 4 y = x 6e x 4.3 ( x 2 − 9) + xy = 0
dx dx dx
dy
4.4 + y = x where y (0) = 4
dx

Question 5: Mixed Problems

Solve

dy dy
5.1 x − y = x 2 sin x 5.2 x = 2 xe x − y + 6 x 2
dx dx

dy
5.3 = e 3 x+2 y 5.4 − ydx + ( x + xy )dy = 0
dx

14.
 Algebra Chapter 1: Vectors

Key concepts

Definition: Quantity that has both direction and magnitude; directed line segment

• Notation
• Equality of vectors: same magnitude and direction
• Vector addition
- Head-to-tail
- Parallelogram or triangle method
• Position vector
• Vectors in component form
• Magnitude
- Absolute value
• Scalar multiplication

Absolute value:

𝑥, 𝑥≥0
• |𝑥| ≥ 0 , |𝑥| = {
−𝑥, 𝑥<0

Vector equation of a line and a circle

• 𝒓 = 𝒂 + 𝜆(𝒃 − 𝒂) |𝒓 − 𝒄| = 𝑅

Question 1

1.1 Sketch the vectors (-1,5) and (1,1)

1.2 Find AB if A is the point (-1,5) and B is the point (1,1), verify this with your sketch.

1.3 Find |𝑨𝑩|

1.4 Write down the vector equation for the straight line through A and B, as well as the Cartesian equation.

1.5 Find the vector equation of the circle with B as centre that goes through A. Write this equation in Cartesian
form.

Question 2

2.1 Find the centre and radius of the following circle and write its equation in vector form:

𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑦 + 1 = 0

2.2 Find a vector equation for the line 𝑦 = −3𝑥 + 2

15.
 Algebra Chapter 2: Matrices (1) Gaussian Elimination

Key concepts

Solving simultaneous equations by elimination (Gr12).

Representing a system of linear equations as an augmented matrix.
Fundamental row operations.
1) Interchange two rows
2) Multiply a row by a nonzero constant
3) Add a multiple of a row to another row.
Gaussian elimination and Gauss-Jordan reduction.
3 possible cases:
1) Unique solution
2) No solution
3) Infinite number of solutions

Question 1

Solve, where possible, the following linear systems by writing the augmented matrix and applying fundamental
row operations:

2 x + 14 y − 4 z = −2
a) − 4x − 3y + z = 8
3x − 5 y + 6 z = 7

3x − 2 y + z = 1
b) x− y−z =2
6x − 4 y + 2z = 3

x + 2y − z =1
c) 2 x − y + 3z = 4
5x + 5z = 9

Question 2

Solve the following system of linear equations and find the values of k for which the system of equations will
have (i) no solution, (ii) infinitely many solutions, (iii) a unique solution.

x + y + 2z = 1
2 x + 3 y + kz = −1
x + k2z = k + 2

16.
Question 3

Write a system of 3 equations in 3 variables for the problems below, and solve.

a) The sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 . The largest angle is equal to the sum of the other two angles.
Twice the smallest angle is 10 less than the largest angle. Find the measure for each angle.

b) A grocer sells peanuts at R2,80 per kg, pecans at R4,50 per kg, and Brazil nuts at R5,40 per kg. He
wants to make a mixture of 50kg of mixed nuts to sell at R4,44 per kg. The mixture is to contain as
many kilograms of Brazil nuts as the other two types combined. How many kilograms of each type must
he use in this mixture?

17.
 Algebra Chapter 2: Matrices (2): Matrix Algebra

Key concepts

Order of a matrix
Equality of matrices
Matrix addition and scalar multiplication
Matrix multiplication (is not commutative)
The identity matrix In
Inverse of a matrix ( 2 2 and 3 3 )
Writing a system of equations in matrix form and solving it.

Question 1

Given the following matrices A and B, find the products AB and BA where possible:

 1 − 3
1 − 2 3 
a) A=  B =  2 − 4
0 4 − 1 − 1 2 

1 3 − 5 1 
b) 
A = − 4 0 1  B = − 2
 2 − 3 1   3 

 1 2
c) A=  B = 2 3
 − 2 3

Question 2

Find the Inverses of the following matrices and verify your answer by checking that the product of the matrix
and its inverse is the identity matrix.

0 4 − 14 2
a) − 5 − 8 b)  2 − 83 
   3

0 2 − 1 1 1 1
c) − 1 − 1 1  d) 5 6 6
   
 1 − 2 1  5 5 6

18.
Question 3

Write the following systems in matrix form (AX=B) and use the inverse of the coefficient matrix to solve.

− 11x + 2 y + 2 z = 0
a) − 4x + z = 5
6 x − y − z = −1

x + 2z = 4
b) 2 x − y = −8
3y + 4z = 0

19.
 Algebra Chapter 2: Matrices (3): Determinants

Key concepts

Labeling elements of a matrix

Minor of an element
Cofactors
Expanding along a row or column
Properties of determinants:
Switching 2 rows or columns changes the sign
Scalars can be factored out from any row or column
Multiples of rows or columns can be added together without changing the determinant's value
Scalar multiplication of a row or column by a scalar multiplies the determinant by the scalar
A determinant with a row or column of zeros has value 0
Any determinant with 2 rows or columns equal has value 0

Question 1

Find the cofactors of the following elements

0 2 − 1
a) a 23 where A = − 1 − 1 1 

 
 1 − 2 1 

0 2 − 1
b) a31 where A = − 1 − 1 1 

 
 1 − 2 1 

0 2 − 1
c) a12 where A = − 1 − 1 1 

 
 1 − 2 1 

Question 2

Find the determinants of the following matrices by expanding along row 1, and then by first using the properties
of determinants to simplify the process.

0 2 − 1 − 11 2 2 
a) − 1 − 1 1  b) −4 0 1 
   
 1 − 2 1   − 6 − 1 − 1

20.
Question 3

Find the determinants of the following matrices by using the properties of determinants to simplify the process.

 6 − 2 − 1 − 8 − 1 0 
a)  0 −9 4  b) 4 7 − 5
  
− 3 5 1   3 0 2 

− 5 − 2 1 
c) − 3 7 4 

 1 − 6 − 2

Question 4

Solve the following systems of equations by writing them in matrix form and then by finding the inverse of the
coefficient matrix using the adjoint.

− 11x + 2 y + 2 z = 0
a) − 4x + z = 5
6 x − y − z = −1

x + 2z = 4
b) 2 x − y = −8
3y + 4z = 0

21.
 Algebra Chapter 3: 3-D vectors and Geometry: Equations and intersections

Key concepts

Dot product:

• 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑎1 𝑏1 + 𝑎2 𝑏2 + 𝑎3 𝑏3 where 𝑎 = (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 ) and 𝑏 = (𝑏1 , 𝑏2 , 𝑏)

• 𝑎 ⊥ 𝑏 iff 𝑎 ∙ 𝑏 = 0

Angle between vectors:

𝑎∙𝑏
• 𝜃 = arccos⁡ ( ) 0≤𝜃≤𝜋 (angle between planes is the angle between their
|𝑎||𝑏|
normals)

Cross product:

𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑎3 𝑎1 𝑎2
• 𝑎 × 𝑏 = |𝑎1 𝑎2 𝑎3 | = 𝑖 |𝑏 𝑏3 | − 𝑗 |𝑏1 𝑏3 | + 𝑘 |𝑏1 𝑏2 | where 𝑖, 𝑗⁡and⁡𝑘 are the basis vectors.
2
𝑏1 𝑏2 𝑏3

• 𝑎 × 𝑏 is a vector perpendicular to both 𝑎 and 𝑏

• 2 non-zero vectors 𝑎 and 𝑏 are parallel iff 𝑎 × 𝑏 = 0

Equation of a line, sphere and plane:

• Vector equation of a line: 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝜆(𝑏 − 𝑎) where (𝑏 − 𝑎) is the direction vector.

• Vector equation of a sphere with centre 𝑎 = (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) and radius k: |𝑟 − 𝑎| = 𝑘

• Equation of a plane: 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑 where 𝑛 = (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) is the vector normal to the plane

Intersections

• 2 lines intersect in a point (unless they are parallel ⇒ direction vectors are parallel, or they are skew
lines ⇒ lie in parallel planes):
Equate components to solve for parameters and find the point.

• A plane and a line usually intersect in a point (unless the line lies in the plane, or is parallel to the plane
⇒ direction vector is perpendicular to the normal of the plane):
For 𝑟 = (𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐) + 𝜆(𝑐, 𝑑, 𝑒) sub (𝑎 + 𝜆𝑐, 𝑏 + 𝜆𝑑, 𝑐 + 𝜆𝑒) into plane and solve for 𝜆 to find a point on
𝑟.

• 2 planes usually intersect in a line (unless they are parallel ⇒ normals are parallel): Solve
simultaneously to get the parametric equation of the line and write as vector equation.

22.
 • 3 planes
Unique solution to system of linear equations Intersect at a point
Infinite number of solutions (det=0) Intersect in a line
No solution (inconsistent system, det=0) 3 parallel (normals parallel)
2 // and 1 intersects them in lines
None // (intersect pairwise in lines)

Question 1

Find the equations of the following:

a) The line through the points (−1,3, −2) and (0,4,3)

b) The line parallel to 𝑟 = (3,0,1) + 𝜆(−1,0,2) through the point (1,1,1)

c) The line perpendicular to the plane 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4 and through the point (1,1,1)

d) The sphere of radius 4 and centre (0,1, −4)

e) The vector equation of the sphere with Cartesian equation 𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 9𝑦 2 − 24𝑦 + 𝑧 2 = 0

f) The plane (i) parallel to 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5 through the point (1,1,0)

(ii) normal to (−1,4,2) passing through (−1,6,2)

g) The plane passing through the points 𝐴(1,2,9), 𝐵(0, −1,2)⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡𝐶(−4,2,19)

i) using matrices and Gaussian elimination
ii) using 2 vectors and their common normal

Question 2

Find the intersections of the following lines. If they do not intersect, determine whether they are skew or parallel.

a) 𝑟1 = (0,1,8) + 𝑡(2, −1, −7) and 𝑟2 = (1,2,9) + 𝑠(3, −1, −9)

b) 𝑟1 = (0,1,3) + 𝑡(1,0,1) and 𝑟2 = (1,2,9) + 𝑠(3, −1, −9)

Question 3

Find the intersections of the following lines and planes. If there is no unique point of intersection, determine
whether the line lies in the plane or is parallel to the plane.

a) 𝑟 = (−2,1,3) + 𝜆(−3,1,2) and 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4

b) 𝑟 = (3,1, −1) + 𝜆(−3, −6, −1) and 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 4

Question 4

Describe the intersections of the following planes. Solve for any points or lines of intersection.

a) 𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 =8 b) 6𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 4 c) 𝑥+𝑦+𝑧 =6
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = −2 −12𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 6 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 9𝑧 = 9 5𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0

23.
 Algebra Chapter 3: 3-D vectors and Geometry (2): Shortest vectors and distances

Key concepts

Shortest vector or distance is perpendicular to the line or plane

Modulus:

• |𝑎| = √(𝑎1 )2 + (𝑎2 )2 + (𝑎3 )2 where 𝑎 = (𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 )

• |𝑎| = 1 is a unit vector

• Length of a vector r is |𝑟| = |(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧)| = √(𝑥)2 + (𝑦)2 + (𝑧)2

• Distance between 𝑎 and 𝑏 is |𝑏 − 𝑎|

Component of 𝑎 in the direction of 𝑏 (how much of a vector acts in a certain direction). Projection of 𝑎 on a
line parallel to 𝑏:

𝑎∙𝑏
• |𝑎|cos𝜃 or |𝑏|

Shortest vector between skew lines:

• Given 𝑟1 = 𝑎1 + 𝑠𝑑1 and 𝑟2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑠𝑡

Find general vector 𝑣 = 𝑟2 − 𝑟1
Then: 𝑣 ⊥ 𝑟1 and 𝑣 ⊥ 𝑟2
𝑣 ∙ 𝑑1 = 0 𝑣 ∙ 𝑑2 = 0
Solve for s and t, substitute into v

Shortest distance between skew lines:

• |𝑣| from above

• Or find vector 𝐴𝐵 from 𝑙1 to 𝑙2 (identify a point on each line, then 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵 − 𝐴)

Common normal is 𝑑1 × 𝑑2

Shortest distance is |𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝐴𝐵⁡𝑖𝑛⁡𝑡ℎ𝑒⁡𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑑1 × 𝑑2 |⁡

Shortest vector between a point and a plane:

• Find the equation of the line through the point (A) parallel to the normal to the plane
Find B the point of intersection of the line and the plane

Shortest vector is ±𝐴𝐵

Shortest distance between a point and a plane:

• |𝐴𝐵| from above

• Or for any point D in the plane |𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝐴𝐷⁡𝑖𝑛⁡𝑡ℎ𝑒⁡𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛⁡𝑜𝑓⁡𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙|

24.
Shortest vector between a point and a line:

• Choose arbitrary point P on the line, then 𝐴𝑃 ∙ 𝑑1 = 0 (shortest vector will be perpendicular)
Solve for 𝜆 and substitute into 𝐴𝑃

Shortest vector will be ±𝐴𝑃

Shortest distance between a point and a line:

• |𝐴𝑃| from above.

Question 1

a) Find the shortest vector between the following skew lines:

i) 𝑟1 = (3, −1,0) + 𝑡(3,2,1) and 𝑟2 = (2, −1,1) + 𝑠(−1,2, −1)

ii) 𝑟1 = (−1, −5, −1) + 𝑡(5,6,1) and 𝑟2 = (−1,1, −1) + 𝑠(−1, −2,0)

b) Find the shortest distance between the skew lines above without using the shortest vector and then check
your answer by using the shortest vector you found above.

c) Why do think the answers to the above two questions are the same?

Question 2

a) Find the shortest vector between the point and the plane given below:

i) 𝐴(−1,1,5) and – 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
ii) 𝐴(2, −1,1) and 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 7

b) Find the shortest distance between the points and the planes above without using the shortest vector and
then check your answer by using the shortest vector you found above.

Question 3

a) Find the shortest vector between the point and the line given below:

i) 𝐴(2,2,3) and 𝑟 = (−1,1, −1) + 𝑡(−1, −2,0)

ii) 𝐴(4,9, −8) and 𝑟 = (0,1, −2) + 𝜆(1,3, −4)

b) Find the shortest distances between the points and lines above.

25.
 Solutions

Calculus

Chapter 1: Techniques of Integration (1)

1.1 ln(8𝑥 2 + 2) + 𝑐 1.2 ln√3 1.3 ln|cosec(𝑒 𝜃 + 1) − cot⁡(𝑒 𝜃 + 1)| + 𝑐

2ln𝑥 𝜋
1.4 ln2
+𝑐 1.5 6
1.6 arcsin(2ln𝑥) + 𝑐

2.1 2𝜋 2.2 arcsin(𝜃 − 1) + 𝑐

3.1 −cot𝑥 − 2ln|sec𝑥 + tan𝑥| + tan𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐 3.2 −cos𝑥 + 𝑐

4.1 𝑥 − arctan𝑥 + 𝑐 4.2 7 + ln8

𝜋
5.1 √𝑥 − 1 + ln|𝑥| + 𝑐 5.2 4
− ln2

6.1 −cot𝑥 + cosec𝑥 + 𝑐 6.2 ln|cosec𝜃 − cot𝜃| − ln|sin𝜃| + 𝑐

√2+1
7.1 2√2 7.2 𝑙𝑛 ( )
√2−1

𝜋 1 𝑡
8.1 4
8.2 6
arcsin(3𝑡) + 2 √1 − 9𝑡 2 + 𝑐

1 1 𝑦 √𝑦 2 −25 1 5 √𝑦 2 −25
8.3 4√3
8.4 10
arcsec (5 ) − 2𝑦2 + 𝑐 or 10
arccos (𝑦) − 2𝑦 2
+𝑐

4 3 4 3 1
9.1 sin (arctan 3) − sin (arctan 4) = 5 − 5 = 5 9.2 ln⁡(√2 + 1)

9.3 √𝑥 2 − 1 + 𝑐

Chapter 1: Techniques of Integration (2)

2 5
1.1 7
ln|𝑥 + 6| + 7 ln|𝑥 − 1| + 𝑐 1.2 𝑥 2 + 3ln|𝑥 − 3| + 2ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐

1 1 π 1
1.3 ln2 − 2 1.4 4
ln2 +8 1.5 arctan𝑦 − 𝑦2 +1 + 𝑐

1 1 1 6
1.6 − 5 ln|sin𝑦 + 3| + 5 ln|sin𝑦 − 2| + 𝑐 1.7 (arctan(2𝑥))2 − 3ln|𝑥 − 2| + 𝑥−2 + 𝑐
4

𝜃 1 3
2.1 𝜋
sin(𝜋𝜃) + 𝜋2 cos(𝜋𝜃) + 𝑐 2.2 2ln2 − 4

2.3 −𝑥 3 cos𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 sin𝑥 + 6𝑥cos𝑥 − 6sin𝑥 + 𝑐 2.4 (𝑥 2 − 7𝑥 + 7)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐

𝑒𝜃 3 2𝑥 2
2.5 2
(sin𝜃 − cos𝜃) + 𝑐 2.6 13
𝑒 sin(3𝑥) + 13 𝑒 2𝑥 cos(3𝑥) + 𝑐

2 √3𝑠+9
2.7 3
𝑒 (√3𝑠 + 9 − 1) + 𝑐

𝑥
3.1 ln|sec𝑥 + tan𝑥| + 𝑐 3.2 cosec𝑥 − cot𝑥 + 𝑐 or 𝑡𝑎𝑛 ( ) + 𝑐
2

𝑥
1 tan( )+1−√2
2
3.3 ln | 𝑥 |+ 𝑐
√2 tan( )+1+√2
2

26.
Chapter 1: Techniques of Integration (3)
1
1 1 2𝑥−1
1. (8𝑥 2 + 1)2 + 𝑐 2. − 𝑒 cos2𝑥 + 𝑐 3. +𝑐
8 2 ln2

1 4 2 𝜃 𝜃
4. ln|2 + arctanx| + c 5. 5
arccos (5𝑥) + 𝑐 6. 3
cos 3 (2 ) − 2cos (2 ) + 𝑐

𝑡 1 𝑥
7. 2𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑠𝑖𝑛 (2) − √4 − 𝑡 2 + 𝑐 8. 𝑥 − tan𝑥 + sec𝑥 + 𝑐 9. 2
arcsin𝑥 − 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐

1
10. √𝑤 2 − 1 − arccos ( ) + 𝑐 11. (𝑥 + 1)(ln|𝑥 + 1| − 1) + 𝑐
𝑤

1
12. 𝑥arctan(3𝑥) − 6 ln(1 + 9𝑥 2 ) + 𝑐 13. (𝑥 2 + 1)𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐

2 𝑥 1
14. 5
𝑒 sin(2𝑥) + 5 𝑒 𝑥 cos(2𝑥) + 𝑐 15. 2ln|𝑥 − 2| − ln|𝑥 − 1| + 𝑐

1 1
16. ln|x| − ln|x + 1| + x+1 + c 17. 4ln|x| − 2 ln(x 2 + 1) + 4arctanx + c

1 2 9 3
18. 2
x − 2 ln|x + 3| + 2 ln|x + 1| + c 19. ln|1 − e−s | + c

1 1 1 𝑡
20. 5
tan5 𝑥 +𝑐 21. 2
cos𝜃 − 22 cos(11𝜃) + 𝑐 22. 4 (√1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (2)) + 𝑐

2 3
23. x2 − x + 2√x − 2ln⁡(1 + √x) + c 24. ln|cosec(2y) − cot⁡(2y)| + c
3

25. x+c 26. 2√r − 2 ln(1 + √r) + c

Chapter 2: Parametric Curve Sketching

1.1 1.2

27.
1.3 1.4

1.5

1.6

Chapter 2: Areas and Arc lengths

1024 64
1.1 35
1.2 63
1.3 3π

1
2.1 (4√17 + ln⁡(√17 + 4) ≈ 4,65 2.2 8 2.3 8
2

3
𝜋 64
3.1 (52 − 1) 3.2 64𝜋 3.3 𝜋
6 3

Chapter 3: Higher Approximations; L’Hôpital’s Rule

1 1 1 1 5
1.1 3+ − ≈ 3,0365798 3+ − + ≈ 3,0365892
27 37 27 37 312

𝜋 1 1 𝜋 1 1 1
1.2 4
− 2 (0,1) − 22 (0,1)2 ≈ 0,7328982 4
− 2 (0,1) − 22 (0,1)2 − 2∙3! (0,1)3 ≈ 0,7328148

(0,1)2 (0,1)2 (0,1)3

1.3 𝑒 + (0,1)𝑒 + 2
≈ 3,0037014 𝑒 + (0,1)𝑒 + 2
+ 3!
≈ 3,0041545

𝑥 2𝑟+1
2.1 ∑∞
𝑟=0(−1)
𝑟
(2𝑟+1)!

𝑥3 2𝑥 5 17𝑥 7 𝑥2 5𝑥 4 61𝑥 6
2.2 tan𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3
+ 15
+ 315
+⋯ sec𝑥 = 1 + 2
+ 24
+ 720
+⋯

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥𝑟
2.3 a) 𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 + 2!
− 3!
+ 4!
− ⋯ = ∑∞
𝑟=0(−1)
𝑟
𝑟!

1
b) 𝑥+1
= 1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 4 − ⋯ = ∑∞ 𝑟 𝑟
𝑟=0(−1) 𝑥

28.
 𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥 3𝑥 2 5𝑥 3 3𝑥 2 𝑥3
3.1 1+ − + … 3.2 1+ + + … 3.3 1−𝑥+ − …
2 8 16 2 8 16 4 2

𝑥3 3𝑥 6 5𝑥 9 35𝑥 12 1 1 1 5
3.4 1− 2
+ 8
− 16
+ 128
… 3.5 1 + 2𝑥 − 8𝑥2 + 16𝑥3 − 128𝑥4 …

𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4 𝑥5
3.6 ln(1 + 𝑥) = 𝑥 − 2
+ 3
− 4
+ 5
−⋯ 3.7 (1 + 𝑥)−2 = 1 − 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 3 + ⋯

𝑒 2 (𝑥−2)𝑟 (𝑥−1)𝑟
4.1 ∑∞ 𝑟
𝑟=0(−1) (𝑟 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑟
4.2 ∑∞
𝑟=0 4.3 ∑∞
𝑟=1(−1)
𝑟+1
𝑟! 𝑟

1 1 1
5.1 2 5.2 2
5.3 −8 5.4 6

Chapter 4: Partial derivatives

𝛿𝑓 𝛿𝑓
1.1 𝛿𝑥
= 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 𝛿𝑦
= 3𝑥 + 1

𝛿𝑓 𝛿𝑓
𝑎𝑡⁡(4; −5)⁡ = −7 𝑎𝑡⁡(4; −5)⁡ = 13
𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦

𝛿𝑧 𝛿𝑧 2𝑦sin𝑥
1.2 𝛿𝑦
= sin(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑥𝑦cos(𝑥𝑦) 1.3 𝛿𝑥
= (𝑦+cos𝑥)2

𝛿2𝑧 𝛿2𝑧 𝛿2𝑧 𝛿2𝑧

2.1 𝛿𝑥 2
=0 𝛿𝑦 2
=0 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑥
= 1 = 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦

𝛿2𝑧 𝛿2𝑧 𝛿2𝑧 𝛿2𝑧

2.2 𝛿𝑥 2
= 2𝑦 − 𝑦sin𝑥 𝛿𝑦 2
= −cos𝑦 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑥
= 2𝑥 + cos𝑥 = 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦

𝛿2𝑧 1 𝛿2𝑧 1 𝛿2𝑧 1 𝛿2𝑧

2.3 𝛿𝑥 2
= − (𝑥+𝑦)2 𝛿𝑦 2
= − (𝑥+𝑦)2 𝛿𝑦𝛿𝑥
= − (𝑥+𝑦)2 = 𝛿𝑥𝛿𝑦

𝛿𝑧 𝑧 𝛿𝑧 −3𝑥 2 𝑧−𝑧 3 𝛿𝑧 −𝑧 2 (𝑧𝑥+𝑦)

3.1 𝛿𝑥
= 𝑦𝑧−1 3.2 𝛿𝑥
= 𝑥 3 +3𝑧2 𝑥−2𝑦 3.3 𝛿𝑥
= 𝑥(𝑥𝑧 2 +9)

𝛿𝑧 𝑧−𝑧 2 𝛿𝑧 2𝑧 𝛿𝑧 −𝑧 2 ln𝑥
= = =
𝛿𝑦 𝑦𝑧−1 𝛿𝑦 𝑥 3 +3𝑧 2 𝑥−2𝑦 𝛿𝑦 (𝑥𝑧 2 +9)

𝑑𝑤
4.1 𝑑𝑡
= cos2 𝑡 − sin2 𝑡 = cos⁡(2𝑡)

𝛿𝑤 𝛿𝑤
4.2 𝛿𝑟
= 4𝑟 𝛿𝑠
= 4𝑠

Chapter 5: Differential Equations

1.1 𝑦 = 𝑐(1 + 𝑥) 1.2 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 = 𝑐2 1.3 𝑒 𝑦 + 𝑦𝑒 −𝑦 + 𝑒 −𝑦 = −2cos𝑥 + 4

1
1 3 𝑥3 𝑦2 −( +1)
1.4 3
𝑥 ln|𝑥| − 9
= 2
+ 2𝑦 + ln|𝑦| + 𝑐 1.5 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥

𝑦
𝑦
2.1 𝑐𝑥𝑒 𝑥 = (𝑦 + 𝑥)2 2.2 𝑐 = ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 2arctan⁡ ( )
𝑥

𝑦
2.3 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑦ln|𝑥| 2.4 𝑦 3 + 3𝑥 3 ln|𝑥| = 8𝑥 3 2.5 𝑐 = 𝑥(𝑒 −𝑥 + 1)

3.1 𝑥2𝑦 − 𝑦 = 𝑐 3.2 𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 − sin(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐

3.3 sin2 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 (1 − 𝑥 2 ) = −4

4.1 𝑦 = −2 + 𝑐𝑒 3𝑥 4.2 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥 4 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 4
29.
 𝑐
4.3 𝑦= 4.4 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 1 + 5𝑒 −𝑥
√𝑥 2 −9

5.1 𝑦 = −𝑥cos𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 5.2 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑥 3 = 𝑐

5.3 −3𝑒 −2𝑦 = 2𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑐 5.4 4𝑥 = 𝑦(ln|𝑦| − 𝑐)2

Algebra

Chapter 1: Vectors

1.1

1.2 𝐴𝐵 = (2, −4) 1.3 |𝐴𝐵| = 2√5 1.4 𝑟 = (−1,5) + 𝜆(2, −4)

𝑦 = −2𝑥 + 3

1.5 |𝑟 − (1,1)| = 2√5 (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 − 1)2 = 20

2.1 (𝑥 − 1)2 + (𝑦 + 2)2 = 4 Centre: (1, −2) and Radius: 2 |𝑟 − (1, −2)| = 2

2.2 𝑟 = (0,2) + 𝜆(−1,3)

Chapter 2: Matrices (1) Gaussian Elimination

1a. 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = 1, 𝑧 = 3 1b. No solution 1c. Infinite number of solutions

2 9
𝑧 = 𝑧, 𝑦 = 𝑧 − 5 , 𝑥 = 5 − 𝑧

1 −4𝑘−5 5𝑘+6
2. 𝑧= ,𝑦 = ,𝑥 =
𝑘+3 𝑘+3 𝑘+3

i) No solution 𝑘 = −3 ii) Infinite no. of solutions 𝑘 = 2

iii) Unique solution 𝐴𝑛𝑦⁡𝑘, 𝑘 ≠ −3⁡𝑎𝑛𝑑⁡𝑘 ≠ 2

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 180
3a. 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑧⁡ ∴ 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 𝑧 = 40°, 𝑦 = 50°, 𝑥 = 90°
2𝑧 = 𝑥 − 10⁡ ∴ ⁡ −𝑥 + 2𝑧 = −10

3b. p=kg’s of peanuts, c=kg’s of pecans, b=kg’s of brazils

𝑝 + 𝑐 + 𝑏 = 50 𝑝 = 15
2,8𝑝 + 4,5𝑐 + 5,4𝑏 = 4,44 × 50 = 222 𝑐 = 10
−𝑝 − 𝑐 + 𝑏 = 0 𝑏 = 25

30.
Chapter 2: Matrices (2) Matrix Algebra

1 −14 6
−6 11
1a. 𝐴𝐵 = [ ] 𝐵𝐴 = [ 2 −20 10 ]
9 −18
−1 10 −5
−20
1b. 𝐴𝐵 = [ −1 ] BA not possible
11

1c. AB not possible 𝐵𝐴 = [−4 13]

2 1
−5 −5 4 3 1 0 1
2a. [ 1 ] 2b. [1 3 ] 2c. [2 1 1]
0 8 3 2 2
4

6 −1 0
2d. [0 1 −1]
−5 0 1

3a. 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −8, 𝑧 = −3 3b. 𝑥 = −8, 𝑦 = −8, 𝑧 = 6

Chapter 2: Matrices (3) Determinants

1a. 2 1b. 1 1c. 2

2a. 1 2b. -23

3a. -123 3b. -89 3c. -35

4a. 𝑥 = −2, 𝑦 = −8, 𝑧 = −3 4b. 𝑥 = −8, 𝑦 = −8, 𝑧 = 6

Chapter 4: 3-D Vectors and Geometry (1): Equations and intersections

1a. 𝑟 = (−1,3, −2) + 𝜆(1,1,5) 1b. 𝑟 = (1,1,1) + 𝜆(−1,0,2) 1c. 𝑟 = (1,1,1) + 𝜆(1, −2,3)

4
1d. |𝑟 − (0,1, −4)| = 4 1e. |𝑟 − (−3, 3 , 0)| = 5 1f. 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = −1

1g. 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5

2a. Point (−8,5,36) 2b. No intersection. Not //, therefore skew

3a. Point (1,0,1) 3b. No intersection. No in plane. ⊥ 𝑡𝑜⁡𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙⁡ ∴ 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙

4a. Unique solution (4, −3,1). Intersect at a point.

7 −2 2 1
4b. 2 // and cut third. 𝑟 = (11 , 11 , 0) + 𝜆 (11 , 11 , 1)

2 1
𝑟 = (0,3,0) + 𝜆 (11 , 11 , 1)

4c. Intersect pair-wise 𝑟 = (3,3,0) + 𝜆(0, −1,1) 𝑟 = (12, −6,0) + 𝜆(0, −1,1)

6 −3
𝑟 = (5 ,5
, 0) + 𝜆(0, −1,1)

Chapter 3: 3-D Vectors and Geometry: Shortest vectors and distances

31.
 −4 2 8 −4 2 8
1a. i) ( 7 , 7 , 7) ii) ( 7 , 7 , 7)

2√21 2√21
1b. i) ii)
7 7

1c. The lines from a(i) and a(ii) lie in the same parallel planes (actually 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 7 and 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4𝑧 =
1)

4 −2 −8
2a. i) ±(1, −2, −1) ii) ±( , , )
7 7 7

2√21
2b. i) √6 ii) 7
[(2, −1,1) lies in 2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 1, hence the same shortest
vector]

3a. i) ±(−2,1, −4) ii) ±2(1,1,1)

3b. i) √21 ii) 2√3

32.