● What is MATLAB?

MATLAB: (an abbreviation of 'MATrix LABoratory') is a proprietary multi-paradigm programming

language and numeric computing environment developed by MathWorks. MATLAB allows matrix
manipulations, plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user
interfaces, and interfacing with programs written in other languages.
Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numeric computing, an optional toolbox uses the
MuPAD symbolic engine allowing access to symbolic computing abilities. An additional package,
Simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and model-based design for dynamic and
embedded systems.

MATLAB

● Origins:
MATLAB was invented by mathematician and computer programmer Cleve Moler. The idea for
MATLAB was based on his 1960s PhD thesis. Moler became a math professor at the University
of New Mexico and started developing MATLAB for his students as a hobby. He developed
MATLAB's initial linear algebra programming in 1967 with his one-time thesis advisor, George
Forsythe. This was followed by Fortran code for linear equations in 1971.
In the beginning (before version 1.0) MATLAB "was not a programming language; it was a simple
interactive matrix calculator. There were no programs, no toolboxes, no graphics. And no ODEs
or FFTs.
The first early version of MATLAB was completed in the late 1970s. The software was disclosed
to the public for the first time in February 1979 at the Naval Postgraduate School in California.
Early versions of MATLAB were simple matrix calculators with 71 pre-built functions. At the time,
MATLAB was distributed for free to universities. Moler would leave copies at universities he
visited and the software developed a strong following in the math departments of university
campuses.
In the 1980s, Cleve Moler met John N. Little. They decided to reprogram MATLAB in C and
market it for the IBM desktops that were replacing mainframe computers at the time. John Little
and programmer Steve Bangert re-programmed MATLAB in C, created the MATLAB
programming language, and developed features for toolboxes.
 ● Commercial development:
MATLAB was first released as a commercial product in 1984 at the Automatic Control
Conference in Las Vegas. MathWorks, Inc. was founded to develop the software and the
MATLAB programming language was released. The first MATLAB sale was the following year,
when Nick Trefethen from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology bought ten copies. By the
end of the 1980s, several hundred copies of MATLAB had been sold to universities for student
use. The software was popularized largely thanks to toolboxes created by experts in various
fields for performing specialized mathematical tasks. Many of the toolboxes were developed as a
result of Stanford students that used MATLAB in academia, then brought the software with them
to the private sector.
Over time, MATLAB was re-written for early operating systems created by Digital Equipment
Corporation, VAX, Sun Microsystems, and for Unix PCs. Version 3 was released in 1987. The
first MATLAB compiler was developed by Stephen C. Johnson in the 1990s. In 2000, MathWorks
added a Fortran-based library for linear algebra in MATLAB 6, replacing the software's original
LINPACK and EISPACK subroutines that were in C. MATLAB's Parallel Computing Toolbox was
released at the 2004 Supercomputing Conference and support for graphics processing units
(GPUs) was added to it in 2010.

● Recent history:
Some especially large changes to the software were made with version 8 in 2012. The user
interface was reworked and Simulink's functionality was expanded. By 2016, MATLAB had
introduced several technical and user interface improvements, including the MATLAB Live Editor
notebook, and other features.

● Syntax:
The MATLAB application is built around the MATLAB programming language. Common usage of
the MATLAB application involves using the "Command Window" as an interactive mathematical
shell or executing text files containing MATLAB code.
 ● Variables:

Variables are defined using the assignment operator, =. MATLAB is a weakly typed programming
language because types are implicitly converted. It is an inferred typed language because
variables can be assigned without declaring their type, except if they are to be treated as
[38]
symbolic objects, and that their type can change. Values can come from constants, from
computation involving values of other variables, or from the output of a function. For example:
>> x = 17
x =
17

>> x = 'hat'
x =
hat

>> x = [3*4, pi/2]

x =
12.0000 1.5708

>> y = 3*sin(x)
y =
-1.6097 3.0000

● Vectors and matrices:

A simple array is defined using the colon syntax: initial:increment:terminator. For instance:
>> array = 1:2:9
array =
1 3 5 7 9
defines a variable named array (or assigns a new value to an existing variable with the name
array) which is an array consisting of the values 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9. That is, the array starts at 1
(the initial value), increments with each step from the previous value by 2 (the increment value),
and stops once it reaches (or is about to exceed) 9 (the terminator value).
The increment value can actually be left out of this syntax (along with one of the colons), to use a
default value of 1.
>> ari = 1:5
ari =
1 2 3 4 5
assigns to the variable named ari an array with the values 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, since the default
value of 1 is used as the increment.
Indexing is one-based, which is the usual convention for matrices in mathematics, unlike
zero-based indexing commonly used in other programming languages such as C, C++, and
Java.
Matrices can be defined by separating the elements of a row with blank space or comma and
using a semicolon to terminate each row. The list of elements should be surrounded by square
brackets []. Parentheses () are used to access elements and subarrays (they are also used to
denote a function argument list).

>> A = [16, 3, 2, 13 ; 5, 10, 11, 8 ; 9, 6, 7, 12 ; 4, 15, 14, 1]

A =
16 3 2 13
5 10 11 8
9 6 7 12
4 15 14 1

>> A(2,3)
ans =
11

Sets of indices can be specified by expressions such as 2:4, which evaluates to [2, 3, 4].
For example, a submatrix taken from rows 2 through 4 and columns 3 through 4 can be written
as:
>> A(2:4,3:4)
ans =
11 8
7 12
14 1
A square identity matrix of size n can be generated using the function eye, and matrices of any
size with zeros or ones can be generated with the functions zeros and ones, respectively.
>> eye(3,3)
ans =
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1

>> zeros(2,3)
ans =
0 0 0
0 0 0

>> ones(2,3)
ans =
1 1 1
1 1 1

Transposing a vector or a matrix is done either by the function transpose or by adding

dot-prime after the matrix (without the dot, prime will perform conjugate transpose for complex
arrays):
>> A = [1 ; 2], B = A.', C = transpose(A)
A =
1
2
B =
1 2
C =
1 2

>> D = [0, 3 ; 1, 5], D.'

D =
0 3
1 5
ans =
0 1
3 5
Most functions accept arrays as input and operate element-wise on each element. For example,
mod(2*J,n) will multiply every element in J by 2, and then reduce each element modulo n.
MATLAB does include standard for and while loops, but (as in other similar applications such
as R), using the vectorized notation is encouraged and is often faster to execute. The following
code, excerpted from the function magic.m, creates a magic square M for odd values of n
(MATLAB function meshgrid is used here to generate square matrices I and J containing 1:n):
[J,I] = meshgrid(1:n);
A = mod(I + J - (n + 3) / 2, n);
B = mod(I + 2 * J - 2, n);
M = n * A + B + 1;

● Structures:

MATLAB supports structure data types. Since all variables in MATLAB are arrays, a more
adequate name is "structure array", where each element of the array has the same field names.
In addition, MATLAB supports dynamic field names (field look-ups by name, field manipulations,
etc.).

● Functions:
When creating a MATLAB function, the name of the file should match the name of the first
function in the file. Valid function names begin with an alphabetic character, and can contain
letters, numbers, or underscores. Variables and functions are case sensitive.
gbImage = imread('ecg.png');
grayImage = rgb2gray(rgbImage); % for non-indexed images
level = graythresh(grayImage); % threshold for converting image to
binary,
binaryImage = im2bw(grayImage, level);
% Extract the individual red, green, and blue color channels.
redChannel = rgbImage(:, :, 1);
greenChannel = rgbImage(:, :, 2);
blueChannel = rgbImage(:, :, 3);
% Make the black parts pure red.
redChannel(~binaryImage) = 255;
greenChannel(~binaryImage) = 0;
blueChannel(~binaryImage) = 0;
% Now recombine to form the output image.
rgbImageOut = cat(3, redChannel, greenChannel, blueChannel);
imshow(rgbImageOut);
 ● Function handles:
MATLAB supports elements of lambda calculus by introducing function handles, or function
references, which are implemented either in .m files or anonymous /nested functions.

● Classes and object-oriented programming:

MATLAB supports object-oriented programming including classes, inheritance, virtual dispatch,
packages, pass-by-value semantics, and pass-by-reference semantics. However, the syntax and
calling conventions are significantly different from other languages. MATLAB has value classes
and reference classes, depending on whether the class has handle as a super-class (for
reference classes) or not (for value classes).
Method call behavior is different between value and reference classes. For example, a call to a
method:
object.method();

can alter any member of object only if object is an instance of a reference class, otherwise value
class methods must return a new instance if it needs to modify the object.
An example of a simple class is provided below:
classdef Hello
methods
function greet(obj)
disp('Hello!')
end
end
end

When put into a file named hello.m, this can be executed with the following commands:
>> x = Hello();
>> x.greet();
Hello!
 ● Graphics and graphical user interface
programming:
MATLAB has tightly integrated graph-plotting features. For example, the function plot can be
used to produce a graph from two vectors x and y. The code:
x = 0:pi/100:2*pi;
y = sin(x);
plot(x,y)

produces the following figure of the sine function:

MATLAB supports three-dimensional graphics as well:

[X,Y] = [X,Y] =
meshgrid(-10:0.25:10,-10:0.25:10) meshgrid(-10:0.25:10,-10:0.25:10)
; ;
f = f =
sinc(sqrt((X/pi).^2+(Y/pi).^2)); sinc(sqrt((X/pi).^2+(Y/pi).^2));
mesh(X,Y,f); surf(X,Y,f);
axis([-10 10 -10 10 -0.3 1]) axis([-10 10 -10 10 -0.3 1])
xlabel('{\bfx}') xlabel('{\bfx}')
ylabel('{\bfy}') ylabel('{\bfy}')
zlabel('{\bfsinc} ({\bfR})') zlabel('{\bfsinc} ({\bfR})')
hidden off

This code produces a wireframe 3D plot of This code produces a surface 3D plot of the
the two-dimensional unnormalized sinc two-dimensional unnormalized sinc function:
function:
MATLAB supports developing graphical user interface (GUI) applications. UIs can be generated
either programmatically or using visual design environments such as GUIDE and App Designer.

● MATLAB and other languages:

MATLAB can call functions and subroutines written in a programming languages C or Fortran,
A wrapper function is created allowing MATLAB data types to be passed and returned. MEX files
(MATLAB executables) are the dynamically loadable object files created by compiling such
functions. Since 2014 increasing two-way interfacing with Python was being added,
Libraries written in Perl, Java, ActiveX or .NET can be directly called from MATLAB, and many
MATLAB libraries (for example XML or SQL support) are implemented as wrappers around Java
or ActiveX libraries. Calling MATLAB from Java is more complicated, but can be done with a
MATLAB toolbox which is sold separately by MathWorks, or using an undocumented mechanism
called JMI (Java-to-MATLAB Interface), (which should not be confused with the unrelated Java
Metadata Interface that is also called JMI). Official MATLAB API for Java was added in 2016.
As alternatives to the MuPAD based Symbolic Math Toolbox available from MathWorks, MATLAB
can be connected to Maple or Mathematica
Libraries also exist to import and export MathML
While MATLAB is the most popular commercial numerical computation software package, other
alternatives are available, such as the open source computation language GNU Octave, the
statistics programming language R, the computing environment Maple and the computational
language Julia.
 ● Relations to US sanctions:
In 2020, MATLAB withdrew services from two Chinese universities as a result of US sanctions.
The universities said this will be responded to by increased use of open-source alternatives and
by developing domestic alternatives.

● Release history:
MATLAB is updated twice per year. In addition to new features and other improvements, each
release has new bug fixes and smaller changes.

Version Releas Num Bundled Ye Release date Notes

e ber JVM ar
name

1.0 19
84

2 19
86

3 19 First Matlab toolbox introduced; support for

87 [27]: 81 
ordinary differential equations added.

3.5 19 Ran on DOS, Lowest requirement is an Intel

90 8088; Math Processor is supported,
however had compatibility issues with NEC
v20 + Intel 8087 combination.

4 19 Ran on Windows 3.1x and Macintosh.

92

4.2c 19 Ran on Windows 3.1x; needed a math

94 coprocessor.

5.0 Volume 19 December Unified releases across all platforms.

8 96 1996
5.1 Volume 19 May 1997
9 97

5.1.1 R9.1

5.2 R10 19 March 1998 Last version working on classic Macs.

98

5.2.1 R10.1

5.3 R11 19 January 1999

99

5.3.1 R11.1 November

1999

6.0 R12 12 1.1.8 20 November First release with bundled Java virtual
00 2000 machine (JVM).

6.1 R12.1 1.3.0 20 June 2001 Last release for Windows 95.
01

6.5 R13 13 1.3.1 20 July 2002

02

6.5.1 R13SP 20
1 03

6.5.2 R13SP Last release for Windows 98, Windows ME,

2 IBM/AIX, Alpha/TRU64, and SGI/IRIX.

7 R14 14 1.4.2 20 June 2004 Introduced anonymous and nested

04 functions; re-introduced for Mac (under Mac
OS X).

7.0.1 R14SP October 2004

1
 R14SP 20 November Parallel Computing Toolbox introduced.
1+ 04 2004

7.0.4 R14SP 1.5.0 20 March 7, Support added for memory-mapped files.

2 05 2005

7.1 R14SP 1.5.0 September 1, First 64-bit version available for Windows
3 2005 XP 64-bit.

7.2 R2006 15 1.5.0 20 March 1,

a 06 2006

7.3 R2006 16 1.5.0 September 1, HDF5-based MAT-file support added.

b 2006

7.4 R2007 17 1.5.0_07 20 March 1, New bsxfun function added to apply

a 07 2007 element-by-element binary operation with
singleton expansion enabled.

7.5 R2007 18 1.6.0 September 1, Last release for Windows 2000 and
b 2007 PowerPC Mac; License Server support for
Windows Vista; new internal format for
P-code.

7.6 R2008 19 1.6.0 20 March 1, Major enhancements to object-oriented

a 08 2008 programming abilities with a new class
definition syntax; ability to manage
namespaces with packages.

7.7 R2008 20 1.6.0_04 October 9, Last release for processors w/o SSE2; New
b 2008 Map data structure; upgrades to random
number generators.

7.8 R2009 21 1.6.0_04 20 March 6, First release for Microsoft 32-bit & 64-bit
a 09 2009 Windows 7; new external interface to .NET
Framework.
7.9 R2009 22 1.6.0_12 September 4, First release for Intel 64-bit Mac, and last for
b 2009 Solaris SPARC; new use for the tilde
operator (~) to ignore arguments in function
calls.

7.9.1 R2009 1.6.0_12 20 April 1, 2010 Bug fixes.

bSP1 10

7.10 R2010 23 1.6.0_12 March 5, Last release for Intel 32-bit Mac.
a 2010

7.11 R2010 24 1.6.0_17 September 3, Added support for enumerations; added

b 2010 features for running MATLAB code on
NVIDIA CUDA-based GPUs.

7.11.1 R2010 1.6.0_17 20 March 17, Bug fixes and updates.

bSP1 11 2011

7.11.2 R2010 1.6.0_17 April 5, 2012 Bug fixes.

bSP2

7.12 R2011 25 1.6.0_17 April 8, 2011 New rng function to control random number
a generation.

7.13 R2011 26 1.6.0_17 September 1, Added ability to access/change parts of

b 2011 variables directly in MAT-files, without
loading into memory; increased maximum
local workers with Parallel Computing
Toolbox from 8 to 12.

7.14 R2012 27 1.6.0_17 20 March 1, Last version with 32-bit Linux support.
a 12 2012

8 R2012 28 1.6.0_17 September First release with Toolstrip interface;

b 11, 2012 MATLAB Apps introduced; redesigned
documentation system.
8.1 R2013 29 1.6.0_17 20 March 7, New unit testing framework.
a 13 2013

8.2 R2013 30 1.7.0_11 September 6, Built in Java Runtime Environment (JRE)

b 2013 updated to version 7; New table data type.

8.3 R2014 31 1.7.0_11 20 March 7, Simplified compiler setup for building

a 14 2014 MEX-files; USB Webcams support in core
MATLAB; number of local workers no longer
limited to 12 with Parallel Computing
Toolbox.

8.4 R2014 32 1.7.0_11 October 3, New class-based graphics engine (a.k.a.

b 2014 HG2); tabbing function in GUI; improved
user toolbox packaging and help files; new
objects for time-date manipulations;
Git-Subversion integration in IDE; big data
abilities with MapReduce (scalable to
Hadoop); new py package for using Python
from inside MATLAB; new engine interface
to call MATLAB from Python; several new
and improved functions: webread (RESTful
web services with JSON/XML support),
tcpclient (socket-based connections),
histcounts, histogram,
animatedline, and others.

8.5 R2015 33 1.7.0_60 20 March 5,

a 15 2015

8.5 R2015 1.7.0_60 October 14, Last release supporting Windows XP and
aSP1 2015 Windows Vista.

8.6 R2015 34 1.7.0_60 September 3, New MATLAB execution engine (a.k.a.

b 2015 LXE); graph and digraph classes to work
with graphs and networks; MinGW-w64 as
supported compiler on Windows; last
version with 32-bit support.
9.0 R2016 35 1.7.0_60 20 March 3, Released Live Scripts: interactive
a 16 2016 documents that combine text, code, and
output (in the style of Literate programming);
App Designer introduced: a new
development environment for building apps
(with new kind of UI figures, axes, and
components); pause execution of running
programs using a Pause Button.

9.1 R2016 36 1.7.0_60 September Added ability to define local functions in

b 15, 2016 scripts; automatic expansion of dimensions
(previously provided via explicit call to
bsxfun); tall arrays for Big data; new
string type; new functions to
encode/decode JSON; official MATLAB
Engine API for Java.

9.2 R2017 37 1.7.0_60 20 March 9, Released MATLAB Online: cloud-based

a 17 2017 MATLAB desktop accessed in a web
browser; double-quoted strings; new
memoize function for Memoization;
expanded object properties validation;
mocking framework for unit testing; MEX
targets 64-bit by default; new heatmap
function for creating heatmap charts.

9.3 R2017 38 1.8.0_12 September Introduced a GPU Coder that converts

b 1 21, 2017 MATLAB code to CUDA code for Nvidia.

9.4 R2018 39 1.8.0_14 20 March 15, Improvements to the Live editor;

a 4 18 2018 introduction of the C++ MEX interface;
ability to customize tab completion; web
applications.

9.5 R2018 40 1.8.0_15 September Added support for cloud providers, such as
b 2 12, 2018 Amazon Web Services; Neural Network
Toolbox replaced with Deep Learning
Toolbox.

9.6 R2019 41 1.8.0_18 20 March 20, Released MATLAB Projects; added state
a 1 19 2019 machine programming with Stateflow.
9.7 R2019 42 1.8.0_20 September Introduction of 'arguments' block for input
b 2 11, 2019 validation; enabling of dot indexing into
function outputs; introduction of Live Editor
Tasks.

9.8 R2020 43 20 March 19, Removal of Mupad notebook; improved

a 20 2020 support for AMD CPUs (AVX2); default
UTF-8 encoding for MATLAB code files;
ability to create stand-alone applications
with Simulink.

9.9 R2020 44 September Improved support for AMD CPUs (AVX2);

b 17, 2020 online version of Simulink.

9.10 R2021 45 20 March 11,

a 21 2021

9.11 R2021 46 September

b 22, 2021

9.12.0 R2022 47 20 March 9,

a 22 2022

9.13 R2022 48 September Introduced "Dictionaries" (associative

b 15, 2022 arrays). Can now call MATLAB from .NET
applications.

The number (or release number) is the version reported by Concurrent License Manager
program FLEXlm. For a complete list of changes of both MATLAB and official toolboxes, consult
the MATLAB release notes.