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Answer Key 1-4 Study Guide and Intervention

This document provides information about extrema (maximums and minimums) and average rates of change for functions. It defines critical points as where a function changes from increasing to decreasing. Extrema can be relative or absolute maximums/minimums. Examples are given to identify the extrema of functions by analyzing graphs and numerically. The average rate of change on an interval is defined as the slope of the secant line through two points on the function graph. Examples show how to calculate average rates of change on given intervals for different functions. Exercises provide additional practice identifying extrema and calculating average rates of change for various functions over given intervals.

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1K views2 pages

Answer Key 1-4 Study Guide and Intervention

This document provides information about extrema (maximums and minimums) and average rates of change for functions. It defines critical points as where a function changes from increasing to decreasing. Extrema can be relative or absolute maximums/minimums. Examples are given to identify the extrema of functions by analyzing graphs and numerically. The average rate of change on an interval is defined as the slope of the secant line through two points on the function graph. Examples show how to calculate average rates of change on given intervals for different functions. Exercises provide additional practice identifying extrema and calculating average rates of change for various functions over given intervals.

Uploaded by

bandecharle
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NAME _____________________________________________ DATE ____________________________ PERIOD _____________

1-4 Study Guide and Intervention


Extrema and Average Rates of Change
Increasing and Decreasing Behavior Functions can increase, decrease, or remain constant over a given interval. The
points at which a function changes its increasing or decreasing behavior are called critical points. A critical point can be a
relative minimum, absolute minimum, relative maximum, or absolute maximum. The general term for minimum or
maximum is extremum or extrema.

Example: Estimate to the nearest 0.5 unit and classify the extrema for the
graph of f(x). Support the answers numerically.
Analyze Graphically
It appears that f(x) has a relative maximum of 0 at x = –1.5, a relative minimum of
–3.5 at x = –0.5, a relative maximum of –2.5 at x = 0.5, and a relative minimum of
–6 at x = 1.5. It also appears that lim 𝑓(𝑥) = –∞ and lim 𝑓(𝑥) = ∞, so there
𝑥 → −∞ 𝑥→∞
appears to be no absolute extrema.

Support Numerically
Choose x-values in half-unit intervals on either side of the estimated x-value for each extremum, as well as one very small
and one very large value for x.

x –100 –2 –1.5 –1 –0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 100


f(x) –1×10 10 –7 –0.09 –2 –3.5 –3 –2.47 –4 –5.91 1 1×1010

Because f(–1.5) > f(–2) and f(–1.5) > f(–1), there is a relative maximum in the interval (–2, –1) near –1.5.
Because f(–0.5) < f(–1) and f(–0.5) < f(0), there is a relative minimum in the interval (–1, 0) near –0.5.
Because f(0.5) > f(0) and f(0.5) > f(1), there is a relative maximum in the interval (0, 1) near 0.5.
Because f(1.5) < f(1) and f(1.5) < f(2), there is a relative minimum in the interval (1, 2) near 1.5.
f(–100) < f(–1.5) and f(100) > f(1.5), which supports the conjecture that f has no absolute extrema.

Exercises
Use a graphing calculator to approximate to the nearest hundredth the relative or absolute extrema of each
function. State the x-value(s) where they occur.

1. f(x) = 2𝑥 6 + 2𝑥 4 – 9𝑥 2 2. f(x) = 𝑥 3 + 9𝑥 2
abs. min. of –5.03 at x = –0.97 and rel. min. of 0 at x = 0;
at x = 0.97; rel. max. of 0 at x = 0 rel. max. of 108 at x = –6

Chapter 1 21 Glencoe Precalculus


NAME _____________________________________________ DATE ____________________________ PERIOD _____________

1-4 Study Guide and Intervention (continued)


Extrema and Average Rates of Change
Average Rate of Change The average rate of change between any two points on the graph of f is the slope of the line
through those points. The line through any two points on a curve is called a secant line. The average rate of change on the
interval [𝑥1 , 𝑥2 ] is the slope of the secant line, 𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐 .

𝑓(𝑥2) − 𝑓(𝑥1)
𝑚𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 𝑥2 − 𝑥1

Example: Find the average rate of change of f(x) = 0.𝟓𝒙𝟑 + 2x on each interval.
a. [–3, –1]
𝑓(𝑥2) − 𝑓(𝑥1 ) 𝑓(−1) − 𝑓(−3)
= Substitute –3 for 𝑥1 and –1 for 𝑥2 .
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 −1 − (−3)

[0.5(−1)3 + 2(−1)] − [0.5(−3)3 + 2(−3)]


= Evaluate f(–1) and f(–3).
−1 − (−3)
–2.5 − (−19.5) 17
= −1 − (−3)
or 2
Simplify.

b. [–1, 1]
𝑓(𝑥2) − 𝑓(𝑥1 ) 𝑓(1) − 𝑓(−1)
= Substitute –1 for 𝑥1 and 1 for 𝑥2 .
𝑥2 − 𝑥1 1 − (−1)
2.5 − (−2.5) 5
= 1− (−1)
or 2 Evaluate and simplify.

Exercises
Find the average rate of change of each function on the given interval.

1. f(x) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 – x – 1; [–3, –2] 2. f(x) = 𝑥 4 + 2𝑥 3 – x – 1; [–1, 0]


–28 0

3. f(x) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 – 7x – 4; [–3, –1] 4. f(x) = 𝑥 3 + 5𝑥 2 – 7x – 4; [1, 3]

–14 26

5. f(x) = 𝑥 4 + 8x – 3; [–4, 0] 6. f(x) = –𝑥 4 + 8x – 3; [0, 1]


–56 7

Chapter 1 22 Glencoe Precalculus

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