PRIVATE EDUCATION ASSISTANCE COMMITTEE

ADAPTIVE TEACHING GUIDE

Most Essential Topic #1: Polarity and Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

Lesson #2: Intermolecular Forces of Attraction

Prerequisite Content Knowledge: Chemical Bonding/Intramolecular Forces

Prerequisite Skill: determine the polarity of substances; applying VSEPR Model as the basis of determining the molecular geometry or shape based on the bonding

Prerequisite Assessment: Multiple Choice/Supply Type Test (remembering & understanding levels only) on determining the polarity of substances, and applying VSEPR Model as the basis of
determining the molecular geometry or shape based on the bonding
Choose the best correct answer.
1. In covalent bonds, electrons are ___________.
A. transferred C. gained
B. lost D. shared

2. A bond with a partially negative end and a partially positive end is _________.
A. ionic C. polar
B. nonpolar D. isomeric

3. Which molecule contains bonds of GREATER polarity?

A. H2O B. OF2
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4. Is the molecule given below polar or nonpolar?

A. Polar B. Nonpolar

5. Is the molecule given below polar or nonpolar?

A. Polar B. Nonpolar

For students with Insufficient Level on Prerequisite Content-knowledge and/or Skill(s):

★ Giving feedback on the pre-assessment results through written comments or through synchronous discussion and providing materials to address the misunderstood prerequisite
content knowledge and skills and after which, multiple-choice/supply type test will be provided for reassessment. Once learners get a satisfactory level result, they can proceed to the
lesson proper.

For students with Fairly Sufficient Level on Prerequisite Content-knowledge and/or Skill(s):
★ Giving feedback on the pre-assessment results through written comments or through synchronous discussion. Then, an additional brief activity where learners share why and why not
they got the correct answers to some of the items in the prerequisite assessment. Once done, learners can proceed to Lesson 1.

Introduction:
1. Time frame: (a student is expected to finish learning the lesson):
★ The learners may accomplish this lesson 3-4 days at 60 minutes/day of engagement
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2. Modes of Contacting the teacher:

★ Online: google classroom, email, messenger, text
★ F2F classes: consultation time schedule, messenger or text
★ Modular: text or messenger

2. Knowledge (RUA)- The remembering/understanding/applying) the learners are expected to learn from the lesson are:
★ Describe the general types of intermolecular forces
★ Give the type of intermolecular forces in the properties of substance
★ Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on the properties of substances

3. Context where students are going to apply their learning (In what PAA/EFAA and personal use?)

★ The learners will be able to apply the knowledge they learned in this lesson in understanding how intermolecular forces are related to their properties, particularly the melting point,
boiling point, freezing point, surface tension, and viscosity of household and personal care products in preparation for PAA#1 Product Analysis and PT.

4. Overview of the Lesson

The learners will be able to learn the practical applications of intermolecular forces in substances in relation to their properties particularly the melting point, boiling point, freezing
point, surface tension, and viscosity of household and personal care products. The lesson will be Introduced by asking the hook questions: Why does shampoo produce bubbles when
mixed with water?; and Why is shampoo thicker than water?

Then, connect the knowledge and skills learned about polarity to the lesson in focus which is about the intermolecular forces namely ion-ion interaction, dipole-dipole interaction,
hydrogen bond, dispersion, or London forces. Through a predict, observe, and explain (POE) activity, the learners will be able to predict, observe, and explain the relationship of
intermolecular forces to the properties of substances, particularly on surface tension. Then, discuss the properties such as the melting point, boiling point, freezing point, surface tension,
and viscosity that are related to intermolecular forces of the properties.

Students’ Experiential Learning (Note: Use the Flexible Learning Activity Identified for the topic/lesson relative to the General Enabling Teaching Strategy)

POE with Reflective Essay

Chunk 1
Formative Question: Why do some liquids evaporate easily compared to other liquids?
Let the class predict the results of the POE activity. Ask them to group the substance in the POE activity and let them identify which has the highest and the lowest number of drops on the
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peso coin. Tell the class that the reason why substances differ in their number of drops has something to do with the intermolecular forces present in the substances which will be the focus of
lesson 2.

Chunk 2
Formative Question: What are the different types of intermolecular forces?
Provide a discussion on the different types of intermolecular forces namely: ion-ion interaction, dipole-dipole interaction, hydrogen bond, and London or dispersion forces.

★ Dipole-dipole interactions: These forces occur when the partially positively charged part of a molecule interacts with the partially negatively charged part of the neighboring molecule.
The prerequisite for this type of attraction to exist is partially charged ions—for example, the case of polar covalent bonds such as hydrogen chloride. Dipole-dipole interactions are the
strongest intermolecular force of attraction.
★ Ion-ion interaction. Ion-ion interaction exists between oppositely charged ions. It occurs between ionic compounds. Most ion-ion interaction is strong and compounds that have them
have high melting and boiling points. Ions of like charges repel while opposite charges attract. The compound orients itself in such a way as to minimize repulsion. The strength of ion-
ion interaction is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the ions. This is the strongest intermolecular force. Intramolecular forces are many times stronger than
intermolecular forces of attraction. Intramolecular forces are forces that hold molecules together. They are forces within a molecule. Intermolecular forces are forces that form between
molecules, atoms, or ions.
★ Hydrogen Bond. The hydrogen bond is a very strong dipole-dipole interaction. A hydrogen bond occurs in polar molecules containing H and any one of the highly electronegative
elements, in particular F, O, and N. Hydrogen tends to be strongly positive due to the strong tendencies of F, O, or N to attract the electron towards it. The highly electronegative
elements make hydrogen strongly positive. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for the unusually high boiling point and a melting point of water as compared to compounds of similar
molecular weight and geometry. Typically, H-bond is in the range of 15-20 kJ/mol.
★ London Dispersion Forces under the category of van der Waal forces. Dispersion forces are present in all molecules. It is the only force present in nonpolar molecules. These are the
weakest of the intermolecular forces and exist between all types of molecules, whether ionic or covalent—polar or nonpolar. The more electrons a molecule has, the stronger the
London dispersion forces are.It is very weak and acts at very small distances. It is formed due to the attraction between the positively charged nucleus of an atom with the negatively
charged electron cloud of a nearby atom. This interaction creates an induced dipole.

Chunk 3
Formative Question: How do you relate the properties of household materials to their properties like viscosity?

★ The physical state and properties of a particular compound depend in large part on the type of chemical bonding it displays. Molecular compounds, sometimes called covalent
compounds, display a wide range of physical properties due to the different types of intermolecular attractions such as different kinds of polar interactions. The melting and boiling
points of molecular compounds are generally quite low compared to those of ionic compounds. This is because the energy required to disrupt the intermolecular forces between
molecules is far less than the energy required to break the ionic bonds in a crystalline ionic compound. Since molecular compounds are composed of neutral molecules, their electrical
conductivity is generally quite poor, whether in the solid or liquid state. Ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state because of their rigid structure but conduct well
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when either molten or dissolved into a solution. The water solubility of molecular compounds is variable and depends primarily on the type of intermolecular forces involved. Substances
that exhibit hydrogen bonding or dipole-dipole forces are generally water-soluble, whereas those that exhibit only London dispersion forces are generally insoluble. Most, but not all,
ionic compounds are quite soluble in water.The boiling point trend of different substances directly correlates with the total intermolecular forces. Generally speaking, the stronger the
intermolecular forces of attraction, the more energy is required to break those forces. This translates into ionic and polar covalent compounds having higher boiling and melting points,
surface tension, and viscosity of substances.

Synthesis: Intermolecular forces namely ion-ion interaction, dipole-dipole interaction, hydrogen bond, dispersion or London forces may exist in household products and personal care substances
and affect their properties such as melting point, boiling point, freezing point, surface tension, and viscosity.
★ In what way/s can you apply what you have learned about polarity focusing on any of the following properties: melting point, boiling point, freezing point, surface tension, and viscosity
of substances in addressing either a socio-economic or health problem in your community?

RUA of a Student’s Learning

★ After lessons on polarity and intermolecular forces of molecules, the learners will demonstrate their understanding of how the intermolecular forces of molecules in household materials
and personal care products are related to their properties. The context is focused on the properties of household and personal care products affected by polarity and intermolecular
forces of molecules. The output may be expressed through any of the following online and offline multimedia such as the following:
textual, graphic/pictorial/visual, audio-video, literary, and performance.

Post-lesson Remediation Activity

★ The learners’ outputs (RUA demonstration/expression) will be evaluated by the teacher vis-a-vis the PAA criteria. Unachieved standard(s) or criterion/ia will require the learners to
revise that part of their output, with the monitoring of the teacher. Once all standards/ criteria are met, the learners can proceed to the next lesson.