Mondelo J Lab4

Republic of the Philippines
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts
Pablo Borbon Main II, Alangilan, Batangas City, Philippines 4200
NAME: James D. Mondelo

SIGNATURE:
SR CODE: 19-54610
SECTION: ECE 2101
DATE: November 13, 2020
Rubric for Laboratory Experiment Report
4 – exemplary; 3 – proficient; 2 – satisfactory; 1 – unsatisfactory
Evaluation SCORE
4 3 2 1
Criteria
Very little
There is some
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introductory
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Introduction information, but
complete but missing some provided or
still missing some
minor points information is
major points
incorrect
Written in
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paragraph format, Missing several
paragraph paragraph format,
important important
Experimental format with still missing some
experiment details experiment details
Procedure complete important
are covered, some or not written in
experiment experimental
minor details paragraph
details details
missing
Figures, graphs,
All figures, tables contain
Most figures,
graphs, tables are errors or are poorly
All figures, graphs, tables are
Results: data, correctly drawn, constructed, have
graphs, tables OKAY, some still
figures, tables, but some have missing titles,
are correctly missing some
etc. minor problems or captions or
drawn important or
could still be numbers, units
required features
improved missing or
incorrect, etc.
Some of the results
Almost all of the Very incomplete or
have been
All of the results have been incorrect
correctly
results have correctly interpretation or
interpreted and
been correctly interpreted and trends and
Discussion discussed; partial
interpreted discussed, only comparison of data
but incomplete
and minor indicating a lack of
understanding or
discussed improvements are understanding of
results is still
needed. results
evident
Conclusions
All-important
All important regarding major Conclusions
conclusions have
conclusions points are drawn, missing or missing
Conclusion been drawn, but
have been but many of the the important
could be
drawn minor points are points
enhanced
not neglected
I. INTRODUCTION
A two terminal resistive network can be replaced by a voltage source in series with an
equivalent resistor. The value of the source voltage equals the open circuit voltage of the two
terminals under consideration. The value of the equivalent resistors equals the resistance
measured between the open terminals when all the sources of the circuit are deactivated
(voltage source shorted and current source opened). This is termed as Thevenin's theorem. The
voltage source is called Thevenin’s voltage (Eth) and the equivalent resistor, the Thevenin’s
resistance (Rth).
The maximum power output to a variable output resistance occurs when the value of
the output resistance equals the Thevenin’s resistance.
The value of the maximum output power or transferred power is given as
Thevenin’s theorem was invented by Leon Charles Thevenin, a French telegraph

engineer born in France. Through this theorem, it also provides a way to focus your analysis
on a specific part of a circuit. Thevenin’s theorem primary purpose is to replace a large portion
of a circuit or a complicated one with a simple equivalent. The new simple equivalent circuit
enables to efficiently compute the voltages, currents and power than the more complicated
original circuit. This theorem also helps to choose the value of the loads for the maximum
power transfer. Maximum power transfer also states that the highest amount of power will be
gain when the resistance of the load is equal to the equivalent Thevenin’s resistant. But if the
load resistance is lower or higher than the equivalent Thevenin’s resistant its power will be less
than the maximum. Besides, the maximum power transfer theorem does not satisfy the goal of
maximum efficiency.
In this laboratory experiment, we will test the relationship of Thevenin’s Theorem in

getting the Maximum Power Transfer in a given complicated circuit. It will also verify the
accuracy of the value given by the Multisim by checking it through computation using different
circuit analysis method.
II. OBJECTIVES
1. To construct Thevenin’s equivalent circuit using Multisim.
2. To determine the maximum power transfer condition experimentally.
III. MATERIALS
• Two dc power sources
• One multimeter
• Assorted resistors
• One variable resistor

Circuit Diagram:
IV. PROCEDURE
Simulation
1. Construct the circuit given in figure 2 on Multisim.

2. Remove the load resistor RL and connect a multimeter (or voltmeter) to read the
open circuit voltage between A and B. Simulate and record the voltage. This is Eth
for this circuit between A and B.
3. Remove the 10 V source. Replace it by a short circuit.
4. Remove the 5 V source. Replace it by a short circuit.
5. Connect a multimeter in the resistance measurement mode (ohmmeter) between A
and B. Run the simulation and record the value of the resistor. This is R th in figure
1.
6. In the circuit of figure 2, connect a variable resistor (RL) between A and B.
7. Vary RL between 2.5 kΩ to 10.5 kΩ in steps of 1 kΩ. Measure the voltage between
A and B (VL) in each case. Enter your results in Table 2.
8. Plot RL vs. PL.
Documentation:
Working together in google docs
V. DATA AND RESULTS

● The Thevenin’s Voltage and Resistance:
Figure 3.1. Circuit for Thevenin’s Theorem (Multisim)

Figure 3.1 shows the circuit diagram shown in figure 2 but is drawn using
Multisim application. We have E1 = 10 V, E2 = 5 V, RL which is the load resistor,
R2 = 10 kΩ, R3 = 1 kΩ, R4 = 47 kΩ, and R5 = 33 kΩ.
Figure 3.2. Thevenin’s Voltage (Eth)

Figure 3.2 shows the value of Thevenin’s Voltage (Eth). We short-circuited the
load resistor RL, and put an Ohmmeter (which can be also used for determining
voltage) to the terminals A and B to find the voltage between the terminals which
is the Eth. After simulating the circuit diagram, it shows that Eth = 7.676 V.
Figure 3.3. Thevenin’s Resistance (Rth).

Figure 3.3 shows the value of Thevenin’s Resistance (Rth). We short-circuited
the independent voltages E1 and E2, and put an Ohmmeter to the terminals A and B
for us to find the Rth. After simulating the circuit diagram, it shows that Rth = 6.709
kΩ.
Figure 3.4. Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

Figure 3.4 illustrates the Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit that shows the
relationship between the Thevenin’s Voltage (Eth), Thevenin’s Resistance (Rth) and the
load resistance (RL).
● Load Voltage (VL):
Figure 4. Load Voltage (VL)

Figure 4 shows the circuit diagram which was previously shown in Figure 2 and
3. On this figure, we set a maximum resistance in the variable load resistor RL, and we
will convert the given resistance for RL to percentage based on the maximum resistance
we set.
Figure 4.1 Load Voltage (RL= 2.5 kΩ)

Figure 4.1 shows the RL has 12.5% of its maximum resistance which is equal to
2.5 kΩ. By simulating the circuit diagram, the voltage across the RL is equal to 2.084
V.
Figure 4.2. Load Voltage (RL= 3.5 kΩ)

V.

V.

V.

V.

V.

8.5 kΩ. By simulating the circuit diagram, the voltage across the RL is equal to 4.29 V.

V.

V.
● Power (PL)
Figure 5.1. Load Resistance (RL= 2.5 kΩ)

2.5 kΩ. By simulating the circuit diagram, the power in RL is equal to 1.737 mW.



Figure 5.2 shows the RL has 27.5% of its maximum resistance which is equal
to 5.5 kΩ. By simulating the circuit diagram, the power in RL is equal to 2.174 mW.





● Tables, Computations and Graph
Table 1: Simulation and experimental results for Thevenin Voltage and resistance
Eth Rth
Workbench 7.676 V 6.709 kΩ
Table 1 shows the summary of data from Figure 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3 and 3.4. Using
Multisim application, we got the values Eth = 7.676 V and 6.709 kΩ.
For 𝑅𝑇𝐻 :
33 𝑘𝛺×47 𝑘𝛺
33 𝑘𝛺||47 𝑘𝛺 = = 19.3875 𝑘𝛺
33 𝑘𝛺 + 37 𝑘𝛺
19.3875 𝑘𝛺 + 1 𝑘𝛺 = 20.3875 𝑘𝛺
20.3875 𝑘𝛺 × 10 𝑘𝛺
20.3875 𝑘𝛺 ||10 𝑘𝛺 = 20.3875 𝑘𝛺 𝑘𝛺 + 10 𝑘𝛺 = 6.7092 𝑘𝛺
𝑹𝑻𝑯 = 𝟔. 𝟕𝟎𝟗𝟐 𝒌𝜴
For 𝐸𝑇𝐻 :
KCL at Node A:
10𝑉 − 𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑎 − 0𝑉 5𝑉 − 𝑉𝑎
− + =0
11 𝑘𝛺 47 𝑘𝛺 33 𝑘𝛺
10𝑉 − 𝑉𝑎 𝑉𝑎 − 0𝑉 5𝑉 − 𝑉𝑎
(47)(33) [ − + = 0] (47)(33)
11 𝑘𝛺 47 𝑘𝛺 33 𝑘𝛺
141(10𝑉 − 𝑉𝑎 ) − 33𝑉𝑎 + (5𝑉 − 𝑉𝑎 ) = 0
1645 𝑉 − 221 𝑉𝑎 = 0
1645
𝑉𝑎 = 𝑉
221
KCL at node of Eth:
10 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑡ℎ 𝑉𝑡ℎ − 𝑉𝑎
=
10 𝑘𝛺 1 𝑘𝛺
10 𝑉 − 𝑉𝑡ℎ = 10𝑉𝑡ℎ − 10𝑉𝑎
11𝑉𝑡ℎ = 10 𝑉 + 10𝑉𝑎
1645
11𝑉𝑡ℎ = 10 𝑉 + 10 ( 𝑉)
221
11𝑉𝑡ℎ = 84.43438914 𝑉
𝑬𝒕𝒉 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟕𝟔 𝑽
Table 2: Experimental Result for Maximum Power Transfer
RL (kΩ) 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5
VL (V) 2.084 2.631 3.082 3.458 3.777 4.052 4.290 4.499 4.683
PL (mW) 1.737 1.979 2.110 2.174 2.195 2.189 2.165 2.130 2.089
For 𝑉𝐿 :
At 𝑅𝐿 = 2.5𝑘 𝛺:
𝑅𝐿 2.5𝑘 𝛺
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑅 𝑉 = 6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 2.5𝑘 𝛺 ∗ 7.676 𝑉 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟖𝟒 𝑽
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿 𝑇𝐻
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑅 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 3.5𝑘 𝛺 ∗ 7.676 𝑉 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟑𝟐 𝑽
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑅 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 4.5𝑘 𝛺 ∗ 7.676 𝑉 = 𝟑. 𝟎𝟖𝟐 𝑽
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑅 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 5.5𝑘 𝛺 ∗ 7.676 𝑉 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟓𝟗 𝑽
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉 = ∗ 7.676 𝑉 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝟕 𝑽
𝑅𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿 𝑇𝐻 6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 6.5𝑘 𝛺
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑅 𝑉 = 6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 7.5𝑘 𝛺 ∗ 7.676 𝑉 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟓𝟐 𝑽
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑅 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 8.5𝑘 𝛺 ∗ 7.676 𝑉 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟗𝟎 𝑽
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑅 𝑉 = 6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 9.5𝑘 𝛺 ∗ 7.676 𝑉 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟗𝟗 𝑽
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑅 𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 10.5𝑘 𝛺 ∗ 7.676 𝑉 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟖𝟒 𝑽
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿
For 𝑃𝐿 :
𝑉𝑇𝐻 7.676 𝑉
𝑃𝐿 = (𝑅 )2 × 𝑅𝐿 = (6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 2.5𝑘 𝛺)2 × 2.5𝑘 𝛺 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟕 𝒎𝑾
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑇𝐻 7.676 𝑉
𝑃𝐿 = (𝑅 )2 × 𝑅𝐿 = (6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 3.5𝑘 𝛺)2 × 3.5𝑘 𝛺 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟕𝟗 𝒎𝑾
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑇𝐻 7.676 𝑉
𝑃𝐿 = (𝑅 )2 × 𝑅𝐿 = (6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 4.5𝑘 𝛺)2 × 4.5𝑘 𝛺 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝑾
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑇𝐻 7.676 𝑉
𝑃𝐿 = (𝑅 )2 × 𝑅𝐿 = (6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 5.5𝑘 𝛺)2 × 5.5𝑘 𝛺 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟕𝟒 𝒎𝑾
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑇𝐻 7.676 𝑉
𝑃𝐿 = (𝑅 )2 × 𝑅𝐿 = (6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 6.5𝑘 𝛺)2 × 6.5𝑘 𝛺 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝑾
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑇𝐻 7.676 𝑉
𝑃𝐿 = (𝑅 )2 × 𝑅𝐿 = (6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 7.5𝑘 𝛺)2 × 7.5𝑘 𝛺 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟖𝟗 𝒎𝑾
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑇𝐻 7.676 𝑉
𝑃𝐿 = (𝑅 )2 × 𝑅𝐿 = (6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 8.5𝑘 𝛺)2 × 8.5𝑘 𝛺 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝒎𝑾
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿
𝑉𝑇𝐻 7.676 𝑉
𝑃𝐿 = (𝑅 )2 × 𝑅𝐿 = (6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 9.5𝑘 𝛺)2 × 9.5𝑘 𝛺 = 𝟐. 𝟏𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝑾
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿
At 𝑅𝐿 = 10.5𝑘 𝛺:
𝑉𝑇𝐻 7.676 𝑉
𝑃𝐿 = (𝑅 )2 × 𝑅𝐿 = (6.7092 𝑘𝛺 + 10.5𝑘 𝛺)2 × 10.5𝑘 𝛺 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟖𝟗 𝒎𝑾
𝑇𝐻 + 𝑅𝐿
Questions:
1. At what value of RL the maximum value of PL occurs in the graph?
- The value of RL that the maximum value of PL occurs in the graph is 6.5k
Ohms.
2. How does this value of RL compare with Rth you obtained experimentally or through
Multisim?
- The value of RL in the maximum value of PL we obtained through Multisim is

6.709 Ohms. which is equal to Rth. While the value of RL in maximum value
of Pl we obtained experimentally is 6.5 Ohms which is less than the maximum
value we got using Multisim. This means that there is a discrepancy of 0.209.
3. If not, how much is the error in either case (take Multisim result as the base)?
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 −𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 6.5 𝑘𝛺−6.709 𝑘𝛺

% error = | 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
| 𝑥 100=| 6.709 𝑘𝛺
| 𝑥100 = 3.12%
4. Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit of figure 1.
From figure 1, we can observe that the independent voltage Eth and Rth are in
series. Thus, we can perform “source transformation”. Using source transformation, we
can get:
5. Suppose you did not know the Thevenin’s equivalent circuit, what procedure would
you follow in the laboratory to get the Norton’s equivalent? Any other observations or
comments:
• Using “source transformation”, we get the Norton’s equivalent circuit. It

requires Norton’s current (In) and in the circuit diagram given, we can observe
that there are two independent voltage sources. We can transform both into
independent current sources and from that, we can obtain our In. Then we will
get the equivalent resistance (Rn) of the circuit.
• Our observation in this lab is that the source transformation of Thevenin’s

equivalent circuit is Norton’s equivalent circuit.
VI. CONCLUSION
We therefore conclude that using Thevenin’s theorem will make your computation
easily in a complicated circuit. Through this theorem, we can also compute the voltage
drops across resistor by using its formula. This also helps to find the Maximum Power
transfer by matching the equivalent Thevenin’s resistance to the load resistance. There are
still discrepancies in the computed value and the simulated value on the Multisim in a given
circuit. But Multisim serves as a powerful tool in circuit analysis that it’s given value is
correct and accurate. It is also observed that Thevenin’s circuit can be convert into Norton’s
by using source transformation method. Lastly, the power, current, and voltages across the
resistors can easily computed using Thevenin’s theorem.

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Republic of the Philippines

BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

NAME: James D. Mondelo

The value of the maximum output power or transferred power is given as

Thevenin’s theorem was invented by Leon Charles Thevenin, a French telegraph

In this laboratory experiment, we will test the relationship of Thevenin’s Theorem in

1. To construct Thevenin’s equivalent circuit using Multisim.

2. To determine the maximum power transfer condition experimentally.

• Two dc power sources

• One variable resistor

1. Construct the circuit given in figure 2 on Multisim.

Working together in google docs

V. DATA AND RESULTS

Figure 3.1. Circuit for Thevenin’s Theorem (Multisim)

Figure 3.2. Thevenin’s Voltage (Eth)

Figure 3.3. Thevenin’s Resistance (Rth).

Figure 3.4. Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

● Load Voltage (VL):

Figure 4. Load Voltage (VL)

Figure 4.1 Load Voltage (RL= 2.5 kΩ)

Figure 4.2. Load Voltage (RL= 3.5 kΩ)

Figure 4.3. Load Voltage (RL= 4.5 kΩ)

Figure 4.4. Load Voltage (RL= 5.5 kΩ)

Figure 4.5. Load Voltage (RL= 6.5 kΩ)

Figure 4.6. Load Voltage (RL= 7.5 kΩ)

Figure 4.7. Load Voltage (RL= 8.5 kΩ)

Figure 4.8. Load Voltage (RL= 9.5 kΩ)

Figure 4.9. Load Voltage (RL= 10.5 kΩ)

Figure 5.1. Load Resistance (RL= 2.5 kΩ)

Figure 5.2. Load Resistance (RL= 3.5 kΩ)

Figure 5.3. Load Resistance (RL= 4.5 kΩ)

Figure 5.4. Load Resistance (RL= 5.5 kΩ)

Figure 5.5. Load Resistance (RL= 6.5 kΩ)

Figure 5.6. Load Resistance (RL= 7.5 kΩ)

Figure 5.7. Load Resistance (RL= 8.5 kΩ)

Figure 5.8. Load Resistance (RL= 9.5 kΩ)

Figure 5.9. Load Resistance (RL= 10.5 kΩ)

● Tables, Computations and Graph

141(10𝑉 − 𝑉𝑎 ) − 33𝑉𝑎 + (5𝑉 − 𝑉𝑎 ) = 0

KCL at node of Eth:

Table 2: Experimental Result for Maximum Power Transfer

1. At what value of RL the maximum value of PL occurs in the graph?

- The value of RL in the maximum value of PL we obtained through Multisim is

𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑂𝑏𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒𝑑 −𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 6.5 𝑘𝛺−6.709 𝑘𝛺

4. Draw the Norton’s equivalent circuit of figure 1.

• Using “source transformation”, we get the Norton’s equivalent circuit. It

• Our observation in this lab is that the source transformation of Thevenin’s

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