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THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF KENYA

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND THE BUILT


ENVIRONMENT SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND
RESOURCE ENGINEERING
ASSIGNMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL
ENGINEERING
EECQ 3171 SOIL MECHANICS IA
ASSIGNMENT
CLASS CODE: EICQ 2019

CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENTS
1. Crawler tractor (Bull dozer or Dozers )

 A Crawler tractor (also called: track-type tractor, tracked vehicle, or track-laying


vehicle) is a vehicle that runs on tracks instead of wheels. Typically used as part
of an Engineering vehicle once additional attachments have been added, such as a
bulldozer blade, or a ripper. 

 The principal design advantages of crawler tractors over wheeled vehicles are that
they are in contact with a larger surface area than would generally be the case
with a wheeled vehicle, and as a result exert a much lower 'Ground Pressure' on
the ground being traversed than a conventional wheeled vehicle of the same
weight.
 This makes them suitable for use on soft, low friction and uneven ground such as
mud, ice and snow.

 The principal disadvantage is that crawler tractors are a more complex


mechanism than a wheel, and relatively prone to failure modes such as snapped
or derailed tracks.
2.Motor Grader

 The motor grader is used to establish final grades on construction projects


requiring earthmoving, and often is used to maintain unpaved roads. A road
grader blade is mounted beneath the frame with a hydraulically controlled
mechanism that allows multiple, precision adjustments. Blade width varies from
8 to 24 feet.
 The blade is the motor grader’s primary work tool, but most grader equipment
also can use other tools, such rear-mounted rippers, scarifiers, or compactors, as
well as front-mounted blades that might be used to plow snow.
 Motor graders, also known as road graders, range in size from 120 horsepower
and operating weight around 13,000 pounds, to more than 500 horsepower
weighing in at more than 150,000 pounds.
 The blade is the motor grader’s primary work tool, but most models also can use
other tools, such rear-mounted rippers, scarifiers, or compactors, as well as front-
mounted blades that might be used to plow snow.
 Typical motor grader design uses three axles, with the engine and cab mounted
on the rear frame above the two rear axles (configured in a tandem arrangement)
and a third axle at the front.

3.Scrappers
 A scraper, in engineering,is a machine for moving earth over short distances (up
to about two miles) over relatively smooth areas. Either self-propelled or towed,
it consists of a wagon with a gate having a bladed bottom.

 The blade scrapes up earth as the wagon pushes forward and forces the excavated
material into the wagon. When the wagon is filled, the gate is closed, and the
material is carried to the place of disposal.

 Scrapers are used to move or remove dirt, gravel or other material from the
ground surface. Though they are specially designed for this purpose, they can
also perform tasks such as: Excavation, Levelling, Loading, Hauling, Dumping
and Cutting to grade.
 Because of this, scrapers are considered both a specialised and versatile machine.
While they can perform the core tasks of a worksite, they can also do things no
other machine can do.
 One of these is scraping wet soil – a scraper is the best earth moving machine
equipped to scrape wet soil without waiting for it to dry. Scrapers can thus be
used as an all-rounder machine in the agriculture, construction and mining
industries.
 Scrapers remove layers of earth by dropping a horizontal blade from their trailer –
also called bowl – into the soil below. When a scraper moves forward the blade
scrapes the material into the bowl.

Types of Scrapers

 When deciding which scraper to buy or hire, you may be weighing up between a


towed or self-propelled scraper. Self-propelled scrapers are more popular than
towed scrapers overall. This is predominantly because self-propelled scrapers
don’t require a vehicle to pull them along, whereas if you have a tractor and need
to use a range of attachments you should consider getting a pull-style scraper.
 Pull-style scrapers are considered to be more versatile than self-propelled ones.
However, pull-style or towed scrapers generally have less capacity for rocky
conditions and larger aggregates than motored or self-propelled scrapers. In
general, scrapers do best on flat surfaces, but many can handle rough terrain. John
Deere scrapers are considered the best for rocky areas. Ensure to check with your
supplier what your scraper’s capabilities are before going ahead with the purchase
or hire.
 Self-propelled vs towed isn’t the only distinction made between types of scrapers.
Other types of scrapers include:

 Single engine wheeled scraper


These are the most common scrapers, with a bowl and “apron,” which keeps
the material from flying out the top of the scraper. The bowl also features
hydraulic lifters that enable the bowl to be dumped and emptied at another
location.

 Dual engine wheeled scraper


These are the best for worksites on rough terrains. It includes a powerful
engine in the front of the vehicle and in the trailer. They are also the best for
wet soil and sand.

 Elevating scraper
These scrapers can remove, mix and homogenise soil, and complete fine
finished work. These are best for clay, topsoil and sand. They’re fitted with
conveyor belts which mix the material into the bowl, where it is stirred up.

4.Vibrating steel wheeled drum compactors


 Vibratory rollers compactors are widely used for compaction of coarse-grained
soil or gravely soil. 
 There are different types of vibratory roller steel wheeled drum compactors;
i. Self Propelled Roller:
 Self-propelled roller has a steel drum and two tyres at the rear end. The weight of
the roller varying from 8.0 – 12.0 tonne. Roller can be ballasted by water, wet
sand or steel. The drum drive is provided with the hydraulic motor which
provides tractive force.

ii.Tandem Vibratory Roller:

 Tandem vibratory rollers have two steel drum, one at the front axle and other at
the rear end. Roller has vibration and drives on both the drums. This roller
compact freshly placed asphalt mats to specific densities using two steel drums
that vibrate to consolidate the material.

iii. Combination Roller:
 Combination roller has vibrating drum on the front axle and pneumatic tyres at
the rear end. This compaction method is used to achieve maximum density and
smoothness, while compacting asphalt road and semi-cohesive material. This
roller is most suitable for bituminous work.

5. Sheep foot compactors

 The sheepsfoot compactors or rollers are of a vibration and static type roller
for compaction of soil with a mixture of all fine-grained clay and sand-gravel.

 A sheepsfoot roller has almost hoof like structures protruding from a roller to
provide pinpoint pressure all across the soil. Protruding studs on the drum is
similar to a sheepsfoot, which provides a kneading action.
 The teeth size slightly varies from one sheepsfoot roller to another, depending on
the specifications of different manufacturers.

 Sheep foot roller is also known as tamping rollers or pad foot rollers, which have
many rectangular-shaped lugs or feet.
 In road construction works the sheep foot roller is very good for compacting
soil and silty clay. The resulting compaction of such soils by sheepsfoot roller is
probably well for other types of machinery at low moisture content soil.

6. Pneumatic tyred compactors

 Pneumatic compactors, sometimes called pneumatic tyred compactors, are a type


of large, ride-on roller with several rows of rubber tires on the front or rear end.
The rubber tires provide an 80% coverage area and uniform pressure throughout
the width of the tires.
 They are typically used for pavements and can help smooth out and polish a
project, but are also great for cold-laid bituminous or cold mixed pavements and
layers of loose soil.

7. Trenchers

 A trencher is a piece of construction equipment used to dig trenches, especially


for laying pipes or electrical cables, for installing drainage, or in preparation
for trench warfare.
 Trenchers may range in size from walk-behind models, to attachments for a skid
loader or tractor, to very heavy tracked heavy equipment.

Types of trenchers
 Trenchers come in different sizes and may use different digging implements,
depending on the required width and depth of the trench and the hardness of the
surface to be cut.

i. Wheel trencher

 A wheel trencher or rockwheel is composed of a toothed metal wheel. It is


cheaper to operate and maintain than chain-type trenchers.
 It can work in hard or soft soils, either homogeneous (compact rocks, silts, sands)
or heterogeneous (split or broken rock, alluvia, moraines). This is particularly
true because a cutting wheel works by clearing the soil as a bucket-wheel does,
rather than like a rasp (chain trencher).
 Consequently, it will be less sensitive to the presence of blocks in the soil. They
are also used to cut pavement for road maintenance and to gain access to utilities
under roads.

ii. Chain trencher


 A chain trencher cuts with a digging chain or belt that is driven around a rounded
metal frame, or boom. It resembles a giant chainsaw.
 This type of trencher can cut ground that is too hard to cut with a bucket-
type excavator, and can also cut narrow and deep trenches. The angle of the boom
can be adjusted to control the depth of the cut. To cut a trench, the boom is held
at a fixed angle while the machine creeps slowly.
 The chain trencher is used for digging wider trenches (telecommunication,
electricity, drainage, water, gas, sanitation, etc.) especially in rural areas. The
excavated materials can be removed by conveyor belt reversible either on the
right or on the left side.

iii. Micro trencher


 A micro trencher is a "small rockwheel" specially designed for work in urban
area. It is fitted with a cutting wheel that cuts a microtrench with smaller
dimensions than can be achieved with conventional trench digging equipment.
 Microtrench widths range from about 30 to 130 mm (1.2 to 5.1 in) with a depth of
500 mm (20 in) or less. These machines are sometimes radio-controlled.
 With a micro trencher, the structure of the road is maintained and there is no
associated damage to the road. Owing to the reduced trench size, the volume of
waste material excavated is also reduced. Micro trenchers are used to minimize
traffic or pedestrian disturbance during network laying.
 A micro trencher can work on sidewalks or in narrow streets of cities, and can cut
harder ground than a chain trencher, including cutting through solid stone. They
are also used to cut pavement for road maintenance and to gain access to utilities
under roads.

iv. Portable trencher


 Landscapers and lawn care specialist may use a portable trencher to install
landscape edging and irrigation lines. These machines are lightweight (around
200 pounds) and are easily maneuverable compared to other types of trenchers.
 The cutting implement may be a chain or a blade similar to a rotary lawn
mower blade oriented so that it rotates in a vertical plane.

8. Backhoes
 A backhoe—also called rear actor or back actor—is a type of excavating
equipment, or digger, consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part
articulated arm. 
 It is typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader, the latter forming a
"backhoe loader"

9. Tippers

 A tipper is a heavy duty truck chassis fitted with an open-top body, used for
carrying aggregate, crushed rock, soil and other bulk materials to and from
construction sites.
 The body tips up to deposit material, and the hinged tailgate is either one-piece
(on aggregate/muckaway tippers) or two-piece (on asphalt tippers).
 The asphalt tippers have a two-piece tailgate to help control the dropping of
asphalt into an asphalt paver hopper, and make sure the remaining asphalt in the
body does not cool.
 The two-piece tailgate is often opened by an air cylinder so the driver does not
have to leave his cab on the dangerous construction site.

REFERENCES

1. https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Types_of_roller
2. https://www.sanyamerica.com/products/motor-graders/smg200c-8/
3. https://tractors.fandom.com/wiki/Crawler_tractor
4. https://www.constructionkenya.com/
5. https://famio.co.ke/
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trencher_(machine)
7. https://gharpedia.com/blog/explain-vibratory-roller-compaction-
equipments/

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