2183 Blectrone lstramentations Report Assignment REPORT ASSIG’ Y 10 TITLE Design of basic shunt DC multirange ammeter using Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) off; = 100A for range of 0-100mA, 0—150mA and 300m. 2.0 OBJECTIVES i. To design a basic shunt DC muitirange ammeter using PMMC. ii, To understand the properties of a basie shunt DC multirange ammeter. iii, To calculate the current through a circuit measured by basic shunt DC ‘muitirange ammeter using PMMC. iv. To measure the actual value internal resistance of PMMC. 3.0 EQUIPMENTS/ MATERIALS NO. EQUIPMENT UNITS Resistor 2.20, 2 | PMMC (iicro-ammtery 1 3 | 4 ways switch 7 4.0 THEORY Meter A moter is any device built to accurately detect and display an electrical quantity in a form readable by a human being, Usually this "readable form” is visual: ‘motion of a pointer on a scale, a series of lights arranged to form a "bar graph," or some sort of display composed of numerical figures. In the analysis and testing of circuits, there are meters designed to accurately measure the basic quantities of voltage, current, and resistance. The display mechanism of a meter is often referred to as a movement, borrowing from its mechanical nature to move a pointer along a scale so that a measured value may be read. The des electromagnetism: that electric current through a conductor produces a magnetic field of most mechanical movements is based on the principle of perpendicular to the axis of electron flow. The greater the electric current, the strongerReport Assignment BEND 2183 Electronic Instramentations the magnetic field produced. If the magnetic field formed by the conductor is allowed to interact wi h another magn field, a physical force Il be generated between the two sources of fields. If one of these sources is free to move with respect to the other, it will do so as current is conducted through the wire, the motion which usually against the resistance of a spring being proportional o strength of current. However, practical electromagnetic meter movements can be made now where a pivoting wire coil is suspended in a strong magnet field, shielded from the majority of outside influences. Such an instrument design is generally known as a permanent- ‘magnet, moving coil, or PMMC movement: [Permanent magner Pew col (PRA) eter oven magnet NY magnet x tl = el ease ae se Figure 1: Construction of Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) In the picture above, the meter movement "needie” is shown pointing somewhere around 35 percent of full-scale, zero being full to the left of the arc and full-scale being completely to the right of the arc. An increase in measured current Will drive the needle to point further to the right and a decrease will cause the needle to drop back down toward its resting point on the left. The arc on the meter display is labeled with numbers to indicate the value of the quantity being measured, whatever that quantity is,Report Assignment BEND 2183 Electronic Instramentations Ammeter: lL Figure 2: A Typical 0-ImA Ammeter | Figure 3: D’Arsonval used in DC Ammeter circuit A meter designed to measure electrical current is popularly called an “ammeter” because the unit of measurement is “amps.” The earliest design is the D'Arsonval galvanometer or moving coil ammeter. It uses magnetic deflection, where current passing through a coil causes the coil to move in a magnetic field. The voltage drop across the coil is kept to a minimum to minimize resistance across the ammeter in any circuit into which itis inserted, Besides that, moving iron ammeters use a piece or pieces of iron which move when acted upon by the electromagnetic force of a fixed coil of wire. This type of meter responds to both direct and alternating currents as opposed to the moving coil ammeter, which works on direct current only To measure larger currents, a resistor called a shunt is placed n parallel with the meter. Most of the current flows through the shunt, and only a small fraction flow through the meter. This allows the meter to measure large currents, Multi-Range Ammeter In practical terms, ammeters with a ngle range are not very useful, However thet are some exceptions such as Marine meters-vollage, fuel, Power station meters, (voltage, frequency) and automotive meters (ammeter, tachometer).All of which have one ful range. To make an ammeter to measure several ranges at once, one approach is to have a separate shunt resistor for each range and we can calculate each resistor Value of the shunt.Report Assignment 2183 Blectrone lstramentations T nection oe Figure 4: Several Range Meter Connections By referring to Figure 4, the position of the switch, one of RI to R4 would be connected as a shunt across the meter. However, a problem may have with thus arrangement, AC the point when the switch is moved from position 1 to position 2, the PMMC movement will be forced to pass a current that may be more than full scale deflection current, 1.,. . This will most likely destroy the meter, or at best blow a fuse. Hence, to solve of this problem another ways of connection can be used. Those are a make-before-break switch and a Universal or Ayrton Shunt, The make-before-switch establishes contact with the next contact position before losing contact with the existing connection, In this manner, the shunt resistors are never removed from the circuit and the PMMC movement is always protected. To shunt resistor bank Figure 3: The Make-Before-Switch ConnectionReport Assignment BEN 2183 Blectrone lstramentations Figure 6: The Universal or Ayrton shunt of Multi. ange Ammeter AAs refer to Figure 5, the Universal or Ayrton shunt connection. ‘The shunt resistors, R1, R2 and R3, are all in series and collectively in parallel to the meter ‘movement. Thus, Ry, = R1+ R2+ RB If the input is connect to position 1, it can be say that Vas = Vn Tg Rag = In Ree (1-1, (RI+R2+R3)=1,Ry Where, Jy = shunt current for this position, If the input is connect to position 2, (= 1, R2 + R3)= _(R,, + RD) If the input is connect to position 3, (11, RB) =1,(R,, + I+ R2) Hence, by using substitution of equations the value of shunt resistors, RL, R2 and R3 can be calculated. Besides, this method is used for this project. 5.0 PROCEDURE 1. A basic shunt DC multirange ammeter was designed using PMMC of Ing=100HA for range of 0-L00mA, 0-150mA and 0-300mA, The designed circuit was tested by using Multisim, 3. The internal resistanes DMM. . Re for the micro-ammeter was measured by usingReport Assignment BEND 2183 Electronic Instramentations 60 4. The designed circuit was constructed on a breadboard and the circuit was checked, The observation and the finding were discussed. RESULT The WV Caleulat lt To design basic shunt DC multirange ammeter using PMMC, the Aryton ‘Shunt or Universal Shunt was used, Figure 1: An Aryton Shunt design circuit Calculation for circuit in Figure 1 to provide an ammeter with a current range of 0-100mA, 0-150mA,0—300mA and F,, = 100A Firstly, voltage across resistors R1, R2 and R3 parallel with the voltage Rm. Hence, Vou = Vem Wp Roy =a Rw But, sw tT pe Tyg = 1D ps For range 0—100mA, (100m — 100,2)(R3+R2+ RD 00uRimReport Assignment 2183 Blectrone lstramentations 99.9m(R3-+ R2-+ RI) 00. — (1) For range 0-150m4, (150m —100j1)(R2 + RI) = 100.Rm 149.9m(R2 + RY) = 100 (Rm + R3)~ (2) (R2-+ RL) = 667-11u(Rm + R3) ~ (3) For range 0-300mA, (300m —100,2)(R1) = 100,4Rm 299.9m( RI) = 1004( Rm + R3 + R2) RL = 333.44 (Rm + R3-+ R2)~ (4) Substitute equat n (3) into equation (1), 99.9m[R3 + 667.1 14(Rm + R3)]= 100m 99. 9m[R3 + 667.1 lum + 667.1 1uR3] = 100uRm 99.9mRm-+ 66.64 Rm + 66.644R3 = 100.zRm 99.97 mR3 = 33.36Rm R3 70 uRm -- (5) Substitute equation (3) and equation (4) into equation (2), 149.9m[R2 + 333.4444(Rm + R3-+ R2)] = 100u(Rm + R3) R24 333.44 Rim + 333.4440R3 + 333.44 uR2 = 667.1 14eCRm + R3) R2(1-+333.44 40) + 333.444uRm + 333.44 (333.7 gum) = 667.1 144(333.7 um) ROL+333.44y0) = 333.8240Rm RD 3.7|uRm — (6) Substitute equation (5) and equation (6) into equation (4), Ri = 333.44y(Rm + R3+R2) = 333.44 0( Rn + 333. 7O"Rm + 333.7 14uRm) 333.44¢Rm + 1L1.27nRm +11 1.27ARm = 333.66,4Rm Hence, the value of R3, R2 and RI 2 R3 = 333.70pRm R2=333.71uRm RL =333.664Rm From the laboratory result, the Rw for the PMMC micro-ammeter is 6.72kQ ‘Therefore, the value of R3, R2 and RLBEND 2183 Electronic Instramentations Report Assignment RI = 333.70u(6.72k) = 2.240 333.71u(6.72k) 2.240 R3 = 333,66 4(6.72k) 2.249 Simulation Result (A basic DC cireuit of voltage source and resistor was constructed and measure by using multimeter in Multisim Software. Figure 2 Calculation by using mathematical method: By using Ohm's Law, V=R 2 ik =12mA (proved)Report Assignment BEND 2183 Electronic Instramentations (ii) A designed basie shunt DC Multirange ammeter and connected to a basic circuit as in Figure 1 was constructed by using Multisim Software. sad = Figure 3 Gii) —_Tnternal resistance of ammeter was set to 6.72k Q ee eee bs “of mawwesey (Form a were ~ od Loses coc cet een eeeReport Assignment 2183 Blectrone lstramentations Due to set value of intemal resistance, Rm=6.72k2 hence the resistor's value obtained and used in designed basic shunt DC Multirange ammeter was, R3=333.70uRm 33.704(6.72K) = 2.2420 RD 33.7 um 33.7 1yu(6.72k) 2.2420 Ri =333.66,Rm 33.66 0(6.72k) 2420, (iv) A basic DC circuit was measured by using designed basic shunt DC Multirange ammeter of /,,, =100,4 for range of 0-100mA. = Sm (es Range of 0-100mA on designed ammeter was selected to measure the current of DC circuit as connected, Measured current value from ammeter, / = 12.0014Report Assignment BEND 2183 Electronic Instramentations Hence, Fest 5 J Given, Fpg =1004A 12.000 inet = TOO 100m = 12.00mA () — Abasie DC circuit was measured ag: shunt DC by using designed bas Multirange ammeter of /,,. = 10044 for range of 0-150mA. Range of 0-150mA on designed ammeter was selected to measure the current of DC cireuit as connected, ‘Measured current value from ammeter, 1 = 7.815 4A _ 7815 asin = 001 11.7225ma, 12.0mA = 1 150mReport Assignment 2183 Blectrone lstramentations () Abasie DC circuit was measured again by using designed basic shunt DC Multirange ammeter of 1, = 100A for range of 300mA. Range of 300mA on designed ammeter was selected to measure the current of DC circuit as connected. ‘Measured current value from ammeter, / = 3.9164. Hence, 3916H 300m 1004 =11.748mA 2 120MA~ Loosen boratory Result ‘The internal resistance, R,y for the PMMC micro-ammeter is 6.72kQ ‘Components Measured value Internal resistance, Rm 6.72kQ, Resistor 1k 0.989k0Report Assignment (P2183 Blectronic Insramentatons Resistor 2.20 220 BR Rot Ry _100m)(6.6) 672k +66 = 98.12 The range 0 - 100mA Voltage,Vin | Measured current,| | Calculated value,Vo | % error ) (nA) ™) (%) 10 10 10.08 0.80 "1 "1 11.09 0.81 12 2 12.10 0.83 13 13 13.10 0.76 14 14 14.11 0.79 15 15 15.12 0.80 16 16 16.13 ost 7 7 17.13 0.76 18 18 18.14 0.78 19 19 19.15 0.79 20 20 20.16 0.80Report Assignment The range 0 - 150mA (P2183 Blectronic Insramentatons Voltage, Vin Measured current,| Calculated value,Vo % error, Iv) wa) ” %) 10 7.0 10.58 58 1 76 11.49 4.45 12 8.0 12.10 0.83 13 9.0 13.61 4.69 14 9.0 13.61 2.78 15 10.0 15.12 0.80 16 11.0 16.63 3.94 7 114 17.24 141 18 12.0 18.14 0.78 19 13.0 19.65 3.42 20 13.6 20.56 2.80 The range Voltage, Vin Measured current,| Calculated value,Vo % error ) ww ” %) 10 3.6 10.88 8.80 1 40 12.09 9.91 12 4.0 12.09 0.75 13 44 13.3 2.31Report Assignment (P2183 Blectronic Insramentatons 14 5.0 15.12 8.0 15 5.2 15.72 4.80 16 5.6 16.93 5.81 17 60 18.14 671 18 6.0 18.14 0.78 19 64 19.35 1.84 20 7.0 21.17 5.85 The calculation of the Vo, When Vin = 10V Vo=—- x(range)xk, in 10 ~ 08.12 = 10.08, x(100mA).x0.989K When Vin = 11V. __ ia 98.12u =11,09V Vo x(100mA)x0.989k The calculation of the percentage error, When Vin = 10V,Report Assignment BEND 2183 Electronic Instramentations Yn-Xn Yn | 100% = 10-10.08 | 996 1.8% When Vin = 11V, 1-11.09 ‘oerror || x100% = 0.81% For range 0~- 150mA The calculation of the Vo, When Vin = 10V L —— atrange)sR, To Mrangedx TH 98.12 =10.58V x(150mA) x0.989k When Vin = 11V. 16m © 98.12 =L1.49V x(150mA)x0.989k The calculation of the percentage error,Report Assignment BEND 2183 Electronic Instramentations When Vin = 10V, Ya=X") 100% Yn 1 100% When Vin = 11V, Seerror UA) 1009 ul For range 0~ 300mA The calculation of the Vo, When Vin = 10V L —— atrange)sR, To Mrangedx Vo 3.640 98.124 = 10.88V x(300mA)x0,989k When Vin = 11V. _ 40m © 98.12 =12.00V x(300mA)x0.989k The calculation of the percentage error,Report Assignment BEND 2183 Electronic Instramentations When Vin = 10V, Seerror AY*=X" | 100% Yn JOE 1088 | 100% 80% When Vin = 11V, =12, Seerror 120) 1009 i 1%Report Assignment BEND 2183 Electronic Instramentations 7.0 DISCUSSION/ ANALYSIS The shunt re: stance was very small relative to the intemal resistance of the micro-ammeter. A high voltage that passes through the shunt resistor may cause the resistor but. Therefore, no connection was made from the resistors directly to the high voltage supply. A resistor which has a high resistance is connected to the shunt resistor in parallel to avoid the burning of resistors occur. A Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) was used to design an ammeter, Before design the ammeter, intemal resistance of the PMMC was measured to do the calculation. The PMMC galvanometer constitutes the basic movement of a de ammeter. ce the coil winding of a basic movement is small and light, it ean carry only very small currents. When large currents are to be measured, it is necessary to bypass a major part of the current through a resistance called a shunt. The shunt resistance used may consist of a length of constant temperature resistance wire within the case of instrument. Thi sneral requirements of a shunt are as follows. a. The temperature coefficient of the shunt and instrument should be low and nearly identical b. The resistance of the shunt should not vary with time. c. Itshould carry the current without excessive temperature rise. 4. It should have a Tow thermal emf, ‘The current range of the de ammeter may be further extended by a number of shunt and itis known as multirange ammeter. A switch can be connected in the circuit to choose the range desired. The switch used to connect in the circuit must be a low resistance and high current carrying capacity, since its contacts are in series with Low resistance, To prevent the ammeter broken when use, the highest current range was, used to measure current first, then decrease the range until good upscale reading is obtained. When an ammeter was inserted in a circuit, it always increases the resistance of the circuit and reduces the current in the circuit. This effect was known as the ammeter insertion effects. To reduce the insertion effects, the resistance used to design the ammeter should be as low as possible. 8.0 CONCLUSION 9Report Assignment BEND 2183 Electronic Instramentations After doing this assignment, itis found that the ammeter was design by using a PMMC. Beside that, to measured a large current, the ammeter can be designed with a resistor connect parallel with the PMMC or known as shunt, In this assignment, a basic shunt DC muttirange ammeter using PMMC was designed. Beside that, before design the ammeter, internal resistance of the PMMC was ‘measured first. When designing the multirange ammeter, some requitements as shown in the discussion were considered, this is to make sure the ammeter that had designed have an accurate and a precise reading, The insertion effects which the ammeter will increases the resistance of the circuit when connected in the circuit thus decreases the current flow in the circuit also considered in the design. That is the resistor used to design the ammeter is the resistor with a low resistance. 9.0 REFERENCES Book Sources: i, Kalsi H.S., “Electronic Instrumentation”, Second Edition, Tata ‘McGraw Hill, 2004. Internet Sources: i. Ammeter hUtp:/fen wikipedia. org/wiki/Ammeter i, Ammeter Design http://www allaboutcircuits.com/vol_1/chpt_8/2.html iii, Ammeter impact on measured circuit http:/Awww.allaboutcitcuits.com/vol_I/ehpt_8/5.html iv. AMP[Shunt Ammeter Circuit http:/home.cogeco.ca/~rpaisley4/CircuitIndex hum! v. Construction of Voltmeter or Ammeter From a GalvanometerReport Assignment BEN 2183 Blectrone lstramentations .purdue.edw/~clark/Courses/Physics271 /Exp4/ex p4.himl vii DC Ammeter +hutp://tpub.com/content/neets/14188/esv/14188_82.htm