0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2K views85 pages

Hand Written Notes of ODE

1. The document discusses various methods for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs), including separable, homogeneous, and reducible to homogeneous. 2. It provides examples of applying these methods to specific ODEs. One example reduces an ODE to the form dy/dx = a(x)y + b(x)/y, making it homogeneous. 3. The methods of separating variables, finding homogeneous ODEs, and reducing to homogeneous form allow some ODEs to be solved using techniques like separation of variables, substitution, and separation of logarithms.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
2K views85 pages

Hand Written Notes of ODE

1. The document discusses various methods for solving ordinary differential equations (ODEs), including separable, homogeneous, and reducible to homogeneous. 2. It provides examples of applying these methods to specific ODEs. One example reduces an ODE to the form dy/dx = a(x)y + b(x)/y, making it homogeneous. 3. The methods of separating variables, finding homogeneous ODEs, and reducing to homogeneous form allow some ODEs to be solved using techniques like separation of variables, substitution, and separation of logarithms.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 85

Ordinary Differential Equation -

① Variable Method
Separable

② Homogeneous die .

ᵈdᵈn=fgY;, ,
where gcn b) =/ 0
,

d.
③ Reducible to Homo .
e.

( Non homo .

diff eghs )
.

ᵈfn=aa%!y
consider the de -

cas % ≠ % ,
,

Put a = ✗ th and y = Y -1K

die = dx a dy = dy

¥=%¥¥¥¥¥ .

:¥::¥i::i
=

Take ahtbk

]
-1C = 0
h =
? K = ?
9h -14kt c
,
= ◦


① becomes
d¥=aa¥+b÷ a homo .
d. e.

v+×dv¥
' Y in terms of ✗
Put Y=v✗
d¥=
QI solve the d. e-
dodgy =Ytk n -2
.

y
-

↳ a non - homo .

eqn
?
Sol Put a ✗ th
=
=
, y =
Y -1k

da = DX , dy = dy

¥×= →

]
htk -2=0
1<=2 4=0
,
-
h -1k -2=0

: ①
d¥=Y¥×
.

↳ a homo .

eqn .

Put

Y=v×
= v1
-

%

i.

v+✗%× =



%×=v÷ ,
- v =

v+i¥
=*-!
fgI+ ,
du
=/d¥ ,
a van .

Sep form
.

-2-12%-2-+1 dv =
log ✗ + log c
v71 )
log ( au
'
→ log ✗ +
log
=
-

log (au -
v2 -11
) -126g ✗ =
log c
'

log fav -
v41 ) .

2)
=
log c
'

/(2%-4×3+1) 2)
'
log .

✗ =
log c

[24×-42-1×2]
'
log =
log c

✗ 2+2×4-42 = C
'

Put ✗ se h a & Y Y
=
K Y -2
-

=
= -

i.
Reg'd soil is

rid + girly -

2) -

( y -252 = C
'
-

¢
-

drtcua-y-aldy-o.SE
-
solve the d. e ( n -4g 9)
-

"
-

dy at
= -

uy -19
Fa a non
homoegn
¥-2
'
-


ase
% -1-3, , -4=17
N= ✗ th
, y =
Y -1k

da=d✗ , dy=dY

d¥= ( ith ) -14141-1<3+9


-

)t+k2
=L -
✗ +44 ) + C- h -141<+9 )
-


t++

]
- h -14k -19=0
h= I 1<=-2
4h -1k -2--0

d¥ =

×y ,
a homo .

egn .

-

Put Y
d¥=v+xᵈ÷
= vx
,

③ * ✗
¥ =
=

¥
=÷;
✗ = -
v

÷
=

gdv =

¥ → variable
separable
form

4¥ ,
dr = -

ᵈ¥
÷→dv ¥ do +
,
=
-


Integrating we get
-

"
i¥a +19¥ =

-5¥ + c

{ v1 + 2- log
-

4 tan ( Itv2 ) log ✗ + c


-

'
( ¥)
-

1×7*2 )
4 tan +
2- log = -

log ✗ + c

'
[¥ )
-

u tan 109
)
-1 = c

*

'

(¥ )
_

4 tan + log €+42 ) = C -


✗ = k h y K
Y
-

= -

= N I
Y -12
-

(1-11) + log fÉÑ→4=


'
④ utañ c

=
case- consider
ᵈʰaa
aan.at?h?y++c-qianon-homoegnIfaa,-=b-b
=

, we get -

7.
::÷:÷
=

Put an +
by = t

E. =
E- solve (2+9+1) da -

car -12g + 3) dy = 0

SEE Cnty -11 ) da =


2 ( at b) +3dg

¥n=n+ →
2 In -19 ) -13

Put t dt
aty
%-
=
'+
E-

date =
Ee -
I

① =) date -

I =ᵗ
at -13

E. ,ᵗ¥ ᵗ+¥E
=
+ i
=

3,1-1-4+-3
=

gᵗ; It = die ,
a van -

Sep form
.
.

-
-

21-+3 =

( Div ident )
23-(31-+4)
=
Comotiene )
+ 43 "

µaÉˢ+T
2-1+-93
( divisor) 1- remainder
43

21-+3
¥
=

3- +
ʰ(3t#

⊕ ⇐ +31¥, ) dt = die

Is fat +
¥+7 =/ die + c

3- t + ÷ ¥ log ✗
(31-+4) = a + c

3- ( set y ) +
4- log ( 3 a -13 y + 4) = he -1C

E- Solve ( 39 -12k -14 ) da -

( Ya -16g + 5) dy=0 .

II
dye =
34+2×+1
4N -16g -15

= 2N -13g -14
-
-

212N -13g)-15

Put get 3y=t


2+3
%n=dt
In

3dg
In
=
¥a -2

dy

¥÷
=
In

¥z=aÉ%
i.

data

-2=3
E.
3,4-+1%+2
=

31-+12,1-+4=5+10
=

=
7- t + 22

at

C¥÷• ) dt ,
= da

.
'

. at +5

-71-+22
=

£7 -

¥ •

¥+22
7-

tsÉ# 21--1 " "

-9=7
17

1¥ -

§ •

¥ ) ,,
dt =
fdr + c

t
f- log (71-+22) a -1C
-
.

=
- ( antsy ) -

÷ log fun -121g -122 )


=
Rtc

14 ( 2k -13g ) 910g ( 14k -121 y -122 ) 49k -1K


-

-21k -142
y 9
log ( 14kt Ily -122 ) K
-

=
Exact di↵erential Equations

1. Partial derivatives
Let z = f (x, y) be a function of two independent random vari-
ables.

Let 2 =
for y ) be
,
a fiinction of two variables n and y -

constant and vary alone then 2 is a function


If n
' '
we
keep y
,

The derivative of W 're 't n


keeping Y constant ,
of n
only .
2
,
as

is called the partial derivative of 2 with respect to n and it is

denoted by
%n or Zn on
fa or
¥n .

Tie , 02
=
lim f Ck -1 An y ) for g) -

oz
, ,

An -30
a-
2 Exact di↵erential Equations

*
Similarly ,
the derivative of 2 writ y ,

keeping n as constant ,
is called the

partial derivative of 2 W -

ret y and
it denoted by
%
is
Zy fyony
or or .

tie
,
%_=¥ym→ of b)

F Find
¥ and
¥y if 2 = n'
y
-

"

¥ ¥a groin GE}
-

= =
y =
any

02
-0g
=
¥n% ) =

ridgy
Y) =
as
Exact di↵erential Equations 3

E Find
0¥ and
¥ if z=n3+3n2y2+sy?

£nCkˢ+3x2y%sy
"

÷ = )

= 3rd
-134212K£ ) +0

= 3k£ -1392×22

=
322-1 6kg2 t

0¥ =

# 231-3237594 )
3
=
0-1 322×2 y +5 ✗ my

6Ñʰy -120 y
3


Note -

=In general fn ,
a
fy are also

functions of Ray and so these

can be differentiated further

Partially w.r.tn a
y .

2 =
flu y )
,

:÷ ÷.
fun d- of "

nay

L V L

¥÷t÷ :-D:#÷ :-D


. .
: ÷→¥%É÷:
Find the first and second
Ex
-

derivatives of Z=x3+y3-3 any .

¥ Eg
-

=
n'+ 93-3 any ]

= 3K£ -10 -
3
AY = 3h13 ay

%y- ¥2B
= -193-3 any )

= 0 + 3b£ -
30k =
3g
2- 3am

022
=
:-. 1¥ )
=

% (32^-309) = 62

8%-2 =

% (%-)
=
¥3923M ) =
by
9,2¥ ¥ (TE ) G- (3×2-39)
=
=

= -

3A

222
=
% ( Ey ) =

fr (392-392) = -3a

-
:
8%2--8%9 .
* If U=f(n , y ) & V= flay ] then
,


#
uv >
=

u%-n+v8÷

ofyluv
>

u%y+v¥y
=

v%-;¥_
② E) =

v%y-;
③ (F)
%
=
4 Exact di↵erential Equations

2. Total di↵erential
Let z = f (x, y) be a function of two independent random vari-
ables.

Let 2 =
foe , y ) be a function of two ind .

Variables n
ay .

Then the total differential of 2 is defined

d2=%-
'

dnt
%y- dy

-
If Z= flu ,
V W
, ) , then

d2=%u . du -1¥ .
dvt Ew . dw
6 Exact di↵erential Equations

3. Exact di↵erential equation


Definition 3.1.

A d. e. of the form -

Mca , b) die + Nla , y ) dy = 0 -



- -

function of function of

nay nay

is said to be exact if LHS of ④ is a total

differential on exact differential of some

function of N and
Y
.

of ⊕ is the total
Suppose LHS

differential of woe , y ) , then ⊕

becomes dlu) = 0 .

both sides get


Integrating we -

UCK , y > = U= C is the soil of


④ .
Exact di↵erential Equations 7

The following theorem gives a necessary and sufficient con-


dition for a first order first degree di↵erential equation to be an
exact di↵erential equation.
Theorem 3.2.

Consider the d- e

Mcn , b) dnt N (a) b) dy -0 -


Assume that Mln, y) , Ntr , b) ,

0¥ %n , are continuous functions

then earn ④ is exact

0¥ =

8%
~ Working rule to get the solution of an exact di↵erential equa-
tion

"
Sol is :
-

fmcn , b) da +
f (Tenmacontaining)dy=c
not
in "

treating Y as constant
Proof -

Necessary Pant -

- -

⊕ is exact
8% =
8¥ .

N°ᵗ If u is a function of R and Y where Y is a


,

function of a
,
then U is said to be a composite
function of one variable x .

In this case
,
we can define the total or exact

differential of u as -

du
Ee dat
Fy dy ②
=
-

Since ① is exact we can write the LHS of ① as


,

d ( Ucr , y) ) = 0 -

i. ② % diet
¥ dy = 0 - ④

Comparing ① and ②
,
we get -

M
8¥ %
= N =

87g %÷a :÷=É÷y


:
-

= a
8¥ 0÷gy
since
= we get
-

,
,

0¥ =

Sufficient part -

0M ON
= ⊕ is exact .

Ty

let u
=/ M da
,
then
%- = M .

y as constant

%÷ =

87g
%÷y
02h
8%
But and
= =
8¥ ,


we've ,
0¥ = =
:(

Integrating both sides w.re.t.se ( taking y as constant) ,

get
%
we N =
+ f- ( y) where f- ( y ) is a function
,

of y alone .

(fly) is the constant of


)
Integration
Mdk + Ndy % die + [¥ ] dy
'

+ fly)

.
=

[ ¥ die %y- dy ]+ + fly)dy

=
die ) + fly ) dy

= does + d ( ffcysdy )
= d [ utffcydy ] -


i. The egn Mdx -1N dy = 0 is an exact d. e .

From ⑤ ,
we have -

d [ let ffcy ) dy ] = 0

Integrating ,
we get ut / fly> dy = c.

/ Mdk +
/( Terms of N not
containing a) dy = C.

y as constant
8 Exact di↵erential Equations

Problem 3.3. Verify the given di↵erential equation is exact or not.


If so, then solve it.
y sin 2x dx (1 + y 2 + cos2 x)dy = 0. -

Solution:

Here M= y sin an

2
N = -

( I + y -165hr )

%ˢy
/
= sin an (l )

-

=
0+0-12 Cosa .
sink
=
Sinan
= Sin sik

8T 8¥
i. =

⊕ is exact .
Exact di↵erential Equations 9

Contd.

i. soil is -

fmdn +
f( terminal
not
)dy=c
containing
treating
'

b' tennis n

as constant

fysinsndn -11-4+42 )dy=c


yfsinqedx-fcl-y.sn )dy=C
yfcosg.sc) f -1¥ )=c - 's

ycogs
-

y -

Y%=C≈
10 Exact di↵erential Equations

Problem 3.4. Verify the given di↵erential equation is exact or not.


If so, then solve it.
3x (xy 2) dx + x3 + 2y dy = 0.
Solution:

80¥ Here M =
3h Cry 2) -

= 3rd y -
6N

N = a 3+2 y

om
3220 322+0
Fy
=
, 8¥ =

= 3×2 = 322

87g ÷
: =
⊕ is exact
-
.
Exact di↵erential Equations 11

Contd.

"
is
^

a _ 801 ,

/ ( 3m$ y -
6
a) da -112 y dy = C

3lb ( Bx) -63M¥ 21b¥ + = C

}
a
y 3×2-1 y &
¥
-

=
12 Exact di↵erential Equations

Problem 3.5. Verify the given di↵erential equation is exact or not.


If so, then solve it.
cos 2y 3x2 y 2 dx + cos 2y 2x sin 2y 2x3 y dy = 0.
Solution:

Sol ?
=

0M 3rd ( 2b )
oy-
=
-2 Sinay -

=
-2 sing y -

6 nay

¥n = 0 -

2 Sinay (1) →y /3rd )

=
-2 Sinay -

Gray

8% 0¥ ⊕ is exact .

i. =
Exact di↵erential Equations 13

Contd.

i. Soir is ,

/ (co say 3rd ya ) dnt / cos ay dy


- = C

Cosa y
f da -

3yd fiddle

sings
+
= C

My

ncos
singed
ay
-

+
= C

=
14 Exact di↵erential Equations

4. Equations reducible to exact di↵erential equation


Equations that are not exact, can be made exact, by suitable
multiplication of a function of x and y. Such multiplier is called
an integrating factor (I.F.) of the di↵erential equation.
① Type 4.1. Inspection Method:
Some of the frequently occurring exact di↵erentials are
• dx ± dy = d In ± y )

}
• xdx ± ydy = d(ñ¥I )
• xdy + ydx = d Cny )
xdx + ydy

x2 + y 2
= d
(1091%+92)-1
Verify
xdx + ydy
• p = " !
x2 + y 2

xdy + ydx
• = d (log Imy ))
xy
xdy ydx
• = d ( %)
x2
xdy ydx
• = d ( log ( bae) )
xy
xdy ydx '
• = dtañ ( Ya) )
x2 + y 2

Foronda -

If 2= foe , y) ,
then

d2=%- dnt
8J dy
16 Exact di↵erential Equations

3
Problem 4.2. Solve ydx xdy + 3x2 y 2 ex dx = 0.

KI -
Divide throughout by y2 ,
we
get
-

Y da -
k dy
3rd edda
+ = 0
g-
d (Eg ) + d ( ed ) =
0

d
(Eg + ere ) =
0

Integrating both sides


,
we get -

G- + =
c
t
Exact di↵erential Equations 17
p
Problem 4.3. Solve xdy ydx = x x2 y 2 dx.

"

¥ Given Udy Y da =Ñda


-

ady -

ydn =

nFÉa) da
xdy -

ydx =

xTÉm) da

ndy-n.sc = Eia da

Child = doe

-1¥

÷p# ( ⁿ%→I )
= da
Exact di↵erential Equations 15

Contd..

dsfiñ ( Ya) )
'
= die

[d( ( Hn)) sin-4


'
sin
% ( Had du
-

Fy (
'
+ sin ( Yad ) dy
-

=÷j# ×
ka da
-

÷pñ
+ ✗
÷ dy

=÷pq die +
teds)

4%71 ))
Exact di↵erential Equations 15

Contd..

both side
Integrating
-

'
sin ( Ya )
-

= at C
=

OI

qq.FI) = doe

-1¥
Put
¥
!!ʰ;¥
= t

= da
d( %-) = dt

9¥ = da

sides
Integrating both

'
(
-

in t) = set C

'
sin ( Ya )
-

%
= at
18 Exact di↵erential Equations

Problem 4.4. Solve y (2xy + ex ) dx = ex dy.

?
¥ 2ny&dx+yeⁿda=e"dy
Divides by ya ,
we get -

sikdntyékdx -

eady
= 0
g-
doin +
d(%) = 0

doin -1%1=0
Integrating
v2
-1% = C

,
Exact di↵erential Equations 19

⑨ Type 4.5. Consider the non exact equation M dx + N dy = 0. If


the given di↵erential equation is homogenous and M x + N y 6= 0,
1
then the I.F. is .
Mx + Ny
Problem 4.6. Solve (x2 y 2xy 2 ) dx (x3 3x2 y) dy = 0

"

¥ -

Here m =
nay -

any
2

3-
N = a
going
Mr -1 Ny =
k(n&y -

any2) + y ( m3 -

3k9g )

=
x3y -

2k9g 2+23 y -

32kg2
=
rdy2 =/ 0

'

m¥Ny=¥y2
-
.
I F
- '
=
Exact di↵erential Equations 15

Contd..

Multiply egn ① by
¥ , we get

Fy -

In ) dnt C-% + 3) dy -0 ,

Witten exactd.IT →

From egn ② we've ,


,

M
G- % N
÷ ¥
-

= =
+
-

80M is ,

/⇐ -

F.) du +17g dy =
C

Treating y as constant

2 logy
log a + 3 C
ty ✗u
-
=

t
Exact di↵erential Equations

1. Reducible to exact di↵erential equation - Continued


③ Consider the non exact equation M dx + N dy = 0. If
Type 1.1.
✓ ◆
1 @M @N
= f (x), a function of x alone.
N @y @x
Then, the integrating factor is,
R
f (x)
I.F. = e dx.
2 Exact di↵erential Equations

Consider the non exact equation M dx + N dy = 0. If


Type 1.2.
✓ ◆
1 @M @N
= g(y), a function of y alone.
M @y @x
Then, the integrating factor is,
R
g(y)
I.F. = e dy.
Exact di↵erential Equations 3
⇣ ⌘
Problem 1.3. Solve xy 2
1
e x3 dx x2 ydy = 0 -


80¥ -

In ①, M =
my
2- e

N = -

rly

%y =
ray ) -
o
0¥ = -

any
any
=

i.
0¥ ≠ ÷ ① is not

exact .

0% ¥n
'

=
My
-
. -
4 Exact di↵erential Equations

Contd..

i.
¥187s -0¥ ) yams
=

In
-

=
flu)

i. If = effed "

= e- 469k

÷

.(b÷ ,
-

en"÷)dn -

Eady -0
-


In ② ,
M=Yn÷ -

e¥÷
Yj
N =
-
4 Exact di↵erential Equations

Contd..

Som
.

- .
is ,

11¥ ,
-

¥4 )dn+fody=o
y as constant

yaxñ
;÷ ,
-

j%÷da=c
ya Put÷
¥ᵗdt=c
-

+

E. :
=

_÷+sÉ"=c = d÷=-¥
Exact di↵erential Equations 5

Problem 1.4. Solve (xy 3 + y) dx + 2 (x2 y 2 + x + y 4 ) dy = 0.

KI -

9h ① ,

M =
ny3+y ,
N =
gray 2+22+29
"

0M

Ty
=
3kg2 -11 , 8¥ =
4kg212

i.
dog ≠ ÷ ① is not exact .

G- -0¥ = -

rya -
I

= -

( I + wya )
6 Exact di↵erential Equations

Contd..

tm ( 8% 8¥)=y¥j ( Hmi)
-

ty
=
-

59 (b) dy
e-
'

- -
If =

=
est ↳
=
ew9Y =
y

"

i.
Cly + ya )dn+2(n&y3+ny+y5)
dy -0
-


In ②, M =
My
"
+ y
? N =
22%3+2 my
tags
6 Exact di↵erential Equations

Contd..

"
Sol is
'

-
.

/ ( my " + ya ) da + Says dy = 0

y as constant

¥;
"
y ✗
rig + ya ✗ a + ☆ ✗ C

nay
"

% ±

+ my + =
Exact di↵erential Equations 7

Problem 1.5. Solve (y 4 + 2y) dx + (xy 3 + 2y 4 4x) dy = 0.

"
"
80--1 Here M Y 3+2 "
-

-12 Y N My
=

,
=
y _
ya

81--493+2 8¥ ,
=
93-4

G- 0¥
E- e,
≠ ① is not exact .

M_y ¥x 393+6
: .
-
=

=3 (93+2)

'
:
im (%y- -


)=y¥, ✗ 3193+2)

2g gcy )
=
=
8 Exact di↵erential Equations

Contd..

↳ ↳ ' ᵈY
-
'

. I. f = e- = e- 13dg
3 logy
=
e-

¥
i. ①
( y -12g )dn+ ( ,
n -129
-

g.) dy
= 0


In ②
§
M
-129-4%3
,
=
Y + N = R
, ,

"
Sol is -

/ ( Y g.) die + + fay dy = c

y as constant

my
-121g ,
+ y? C

=
Exact di↵erential Equations 9

Problem 1.6. Solve (6x2 + 4y 3 + 12y) dx + 3x (1 + y 2 ) dy = 0.

KI-

M = 6k£
thy 3+12 Y
N &
= 3N
(1+92) = 3k -13k Y

OM
@ ¥a
&
Fy
=
12 + 1) ,
=
3+392
= 3
(1+92)

8ᵈy ≠ ¥n
i.
① is not exact .

0M

Fy
-

8¥ = 9 City9)
10 Exact di↵erential Equations

Contd..

¥ (%y -

¥n ) # = ✗ 94+99
+ ya ,

%
=

=
f- (a)

i. I. F = elf " 'd "


=
es ? da
3k0gr
=
e.

= 23

IF ✗ ①

(6ns -142%3-1.1 ÉÑy)dr -132411 -199dg


= 0
Exact di↵erential Equations 11

Som is
'

- .

f(625+4×393+12
-

n'
g) du + Jody = C

y as constant

v6 + pity 3+32 "


y
Cf
=

-
12 Exact di↵erential Equations

⑨ Type 1.7. Suppose the equation M dx + N dy = 0 is of the form


yf (xy)dx + xg(xy)dy = 0.
1
If M x N y 6= 0 then, the integrating factor is, I.F. = .
Mx Ny
Problem 1.8. Solve (xy 2 + y)dx (x2 y x)dy = 0.

80¥ -
Here M = nifty = YCHNY )

N =
Ni -

Ry )

0M
Fy
=
2 My -11
, 0¥ = -

any -11

87g ≠ 8¥ ① is not
exact .

① Y try + 1) da -

n
try 1) dy=o
-

y f try ] du -

xgÑy=%
Exact di↵erential Equations 13

Contd..

In ② ,

M =
Y ( my + 1) ,
N = -

Klay 1)
-

Mr -

Ny = nay 7- my + My 2- ay
= 2nd ya ≠ 0

: IF
¥y2
.
=


(31%-1) da + t.gg?dy=o
i.


14 Exact di↵erential Equations

"
i. Sol is ,

117m¥ )d•t±gy=c
y as constant

/ Indie -11 ,d÷y -

2- logy
= C

2- wgu+÷y✗÷
3- logy c
-

log (Eg )
Tay % -_
-
Exact di↵erential Equations 15

Problem 1.9. Solve


xy sin(xy) + y cos(xy) dx + x2 y sin(xy)
2
x cos(xy) dy = 0.

So I ? M
2

=
=
my sin
Cny ) + y cos Cms )

N =
Why sin try ) -

n cos Cny)

0M

yl
'
=
n Y sin cry ) )
Ty
.

+
¥ Y cos cry ) )

& n sin
= x .

y × cos @y ) ✗ a + try )
✗ 2 Y

+ y ✗ -

Sin try ) ✗ he + cos My )


16 Exact di↵erential Equations

Contd..

= nay 2 cos Cny ) + 2 my sin Ky )

my Sinay ) + cos Ms
)
-

=
fray2-1 1) Cos My ) + My sin Ky )

8¥ =
y n Aisin @y ) )

Fa Ck Cos cry ) )

& ✗ cos
=
y × a @y ) ✗ y

+ y sin My ) ✗ 2x

& ✗ Sin Cny ) ✗ y + cos Cny ) )


Exact di↵erential Equations 17

=
nay 2
cos try ) + any sin cry )

My sin Ky ) -
cos Ky )

=
@2-42 1) -
cos
Ky ) + my sin Cny)

-
:
ago ≠ 8¥ ① is not

exact .

① Y ( my sin Cny) + cos Cny ) ) die

1- a
fry sin Cny ) -

cos Cny ) ) dy = O -

Ma N
Y =
any cry )
-

cos
Exact di↵erential Equations 17

' y=geyJ
i. IF =

① ( G- tanks > ¥ )dn +

+É-y)dy=o
TÉ②
80M


. is -

tanks ) +
In )dutf£ydy=c
y as constant

G- / tanks )dn + f- Sdg ÷fY=c


-

G- b- •

log seccay) +
b- Wgn -

3- logy =
C
Exact di↵erential Equations 17

log @ Cny ) ) + log ( Yy ) =


tog k

log [ second Ey ] .

=
log K

§ Sec Cny ) = K

[ ftanltsdt
=
Stanton da an

In
-

=
t

2- Stan
=
4) dt dt = ada

=
3- 1%7%-1 dt
,
Take cost = U

-
sin tdt=dn

t /% 3- log
-

=
Lui +
= -

=
-

2- log ( cos Carl ) -1 ?

)→
CJ
log @ saw +

2- log ( Sec can ] ) -1C


18 Exact di↵erential Equations

Problem 1.10. Solve


xy 2 + 2x2 y 3 dx + x2 y x3 y 2 dy = 0

?
¥ M =
my

+ grey
3

N =
nay -

x3y2

OM
ORRY ?
any + 0¥n 3rd y '
=

Fy any
= -

%g ≠ 8¥
: is
.

① not exact .

① ay
'
( I + any ) die + My 4- ay )dy=o

MR -

Ny =
2k3g
3
+ ✗ 3g 3
=
3k3g 3

¥3
: .
I -
F =
Exact di↵erential Equations 19

Contd..

( I -1 2ND da +

#
'

- .

(I dy

-

my ]
= 0

M is
'

-
.
So -

f ÷y (I + any ) da +
dy =
c

y as constant

÷y / ᵈ÷ ÷ I D: ÷ / G- = c
+ -

b- In✗ + 2 log re log y = K


-

+ log ( %-) = K

F
20 Exact di↵erential Equations

⑤ Type 1.11. Suppose the equation M dx + N dy = 0 is of the form


x y (c1 ydx + c2 xdy) + xk3 y k4 (c3 ydx + c4 xdy) = 0,
k1 k2

where k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 and c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 are constants, then, the inte-


grating factor is, xa y b . The constants a and b are determined such
that the condition for exact equation is satisfied.

Problem 1.12. Solve


x (3ydx + 2xdy) + 8y 4 (ydx + 3xdy) = 0 -

folk ① becomes -

@ my -1895 ) die -1242+24 my " )dy=0


- ②
Multiply ② by seayb ,
we get -

fgaa-tyb-1-gaay.to
-15
)dk

FÉ do -0

-

Exact di↵erential Equations 21

Contd..

M = 3nA -11 yb
-11
+ ggeayb
-15

seats yb +
N = 2 gyaatlyb -14


%y- 8¥
since is exact
, =

{
+
3 sea b + 1) ybt 8 sea Cb + 5) yb
-14

+'
=
2 Cat 2) sea yb -124 ( at 1) seayb -14

Comparing both sides we get -

3 ( btl ) =
a@ + 2) and

8 ( b -15 ) = 24 Cat 1)

2 a -3 b
]
I b
=
a= 1 I
-

=
,

3a -
b =
2
Exact di↵erential Equations 21

Contd..

i. M =
3N&y&+8xy6
N =
2k3g + gyx2y5
"
Sol is
_

.
-

f(3Ñy2+ say 6) du + Jody = C

y as constant

x3y2+yn2y6 =
C
=
22 Exact di↵erential Equations

Problem 1.13. Solve


x (4ydx + 2xdy) + y 3 (3ydx + 5xdy) = 0

¥
(hwy -139 " )dn+(an75ny3)dy = 0

Multiply both sides of ① by rkayb ,

we get -

yb -11+3 nayb 4)
+ '
( una
+
die

great 'yb
• -13
+
( great yb + )dy=O
-

Exact di↵erential Equations 23

Contd..

%-
Since ② is exact = .

{ b-ijyb-3.ua (
+
4nA b+ 4) yb -13

Qca -12) Ratty # scat )nayb


-13
= ,

Com pairing both side we get -

4 ( btl ) =
Gca -12 ) and

3 ( b -14 ) = 5 Ca -11)

2A -

Ub = 0 a -_
2b

5A -
3b = 7

7- b =
7 b
a=③
Exact di↵erential Equations 23

Contd..

i. M =
yn3y2+3nQy5
5a3yY
"
N 2N +
y
=

801h is
'

- .

/ ( 4n3y2+3n9y 5) da -150dg = 0

y as constant

yy2 ✗
sent + 3yˢ×%_ = C

n4y2+n3y5= C

=
Exact differential equation
Practice Problems (Hints and Answer)
Verify the given differential equation is exact or not. If so, then
solve it.
1. 𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Ans: 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦
Solution is, 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶

2. (sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + tan 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0


𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Ans: 𝜕𝑦 = − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
Solution is, − cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 + log 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
3. (1 + 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑦) 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝑥 𝜕𝑁 𝑥
Ans: = − 𝑦2 𝑒 𝑦 = − 𝑦2 𝑒 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑥
Solution is, 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 = 𝐶 𝑦

4. (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + sec 𝑥 sec 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0


𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Ans: 𝜕𝑦 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = sec 2 𝑦 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
Solution is, sec 𝑥 tan 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐶
2 2
5. (𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀 2 2 𝜕𝑁 2 2
Ans: 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = 2 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦
2
Solution is, 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑦 3 = 𝐶
Practice problems: Reducible to exact equation

1. Solve: x dy – y dx + a ( x2 + y2) dx = 0
Hint: dividing by x2 + y2
Ans: tan-1 (y/x) + ax = c
𝑎2 ( 𝑥 𝑑𝑦−𝑦 𝑑𝑥)
2. Solve : x dx + y dy = 𝑥2+ 𝑦2
𝑥2 𝑦2 −1 𝑦
Ans: 2 + 2 = 𝑎2 tan 𝑥
3. Solve: ( x2 + y2 + x) dx – (2x2 + 2y2 – y) dy = 0
Hint: dividing by x2 + y2
1
Ans: 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑐
4. Solve: (xnyn+1+ ay ) dx + xn+1 yn + bx) dy = 0
Hint: dividing by xy
𝑥𝑛𝑦𝑛
Ans: 𝑛 + 𝑎 ln 𝑥 + 𝑏 ln 𝑦 = 𝑐
5. Solve: y dx + ( x + x3 y2) dy = 0
Hint: dividing by 𝑥 3 𝑦 3
−1
Ans: 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − ln 𝑦 = 𝑐
6. Solve: 𝑦(8𝑥 − 9𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥(𝑥 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 2
Hint: 𝑁 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑥
Ans: 2𝑥 4 𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
7. Solve (𝑦 4 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 3
Hint 𝑀 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = − 𝑦
2
Ans (𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 = 𝐶
8. Solve (6𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 3 + 12𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥(1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 3
Hint: 𝑁 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑥
Ans: 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 3 + 3𝑦𝑥 4 = 𝐶
Linear Diffee Equation -

ᵈʰda + PER ) Y =
Q (a) -

OR

die
+ PCYIK =
Q (y )
Ty

" 'd "


Let be the I. F.

ESP '" d"


Multiply both sides of ① by l

we get -

es Ponda ( ESP "'d


? ESP "'d
? goes
.

dyq + pen , )y =

"

/ Pc"
)
da
( e
' "ᵈ
( ESP ? y ) JP Cmdr
g. = e .

Doe)

both sides t
Integrating w r
- - -

r
,

Spend
?
=/ ESP ' " 'd
e.
y [ ? goes] die

+ c

y .

I F
-

=
II. F) CQ (a) 5) da +c

t
¥ Solve
data + y seen = tana .

-

So In _

It ere per ) = seok

Que ) = tank

I. F =
e) PH > da
=
esse cud n

to 9 (Seca ttanr)
=
e

= secret tana

So 1h

. .
is -

Y € F)
.
. =

/ € F)•

Blas da + c
y (secret tann) =/ tank (secrettamada
+c

y ( seen + tan a) =/Ken tann


.

+ tank )
da

+ c

Y (seen + tame) = seen +


Keck -

Ddr
+c

y [ seen + tana) =
secret tana -

at

=
'

etañ ?
¥ Solve (1-1×2) dga + y =

Fa ¥n =ÉT÷
"
¥ +

per )
¥vf
=

eiᵈ÷ws
'

i. I -
F =
=
etat (a)

-
^

.
801h is -

y.etan-%fe-I.ie?-.etan-k:+c
'
Put tan t
-

Cr ) =

'
(a)
date = etañ ✗
¥2
'
tan ca ]
e
da = dt

""
y .
etañ =

ft dt

¥ + c

(eᵗañ,[{
'

y . etañ a'
=
'
solve City2) da (tan a) dy
_

=
y
-
.
-

SOI -

we can write -

die I

tariff
-

% % +
,
=

ᵗ¥%- , linear
d. e.

¥2
Here Pln ) =
1

am
1-9-14
=
"
SPC b) dy
- .
I. A =
e.

e) 1¥92
'

etan
-

(g)
= =

So In is
^

. -
-

' "
tan
(g)
get ?
an "

ᵗYI÷•dy
x .
e =

+ c

Put tañcy ) = t

Ey ¥52 =

dt =

ftp.
'
etan
-

Y
a. =
ftetdt + c

=
teᵗ -

fetdttc
= teᵗ - et + c

=
et Ct -

1) + c

= etan"Y( tan '


D -1C
y
-

-
'

(
tan y
'
1) cetan y
-

a = -


Bes diff equation -

d- e
A
data +
pay =
Que ) Yn -

is reducible to the Leibnitz 's linear

equation is called a Bernoulli 's


,

diff

egn.me#d:
.

Divide both sides of ① by yn .

,
we get -

¥ dᵈʰ 1- PCH .

¥ ,
=
Qtr ) -

Cn -

1)

yin
Put t = =
y
,

data = -

Cn -

1)
Indulge
dta cⁿy Foe
-

¥ F. =

÷ % ,

, ) date + t Pca] =
0k)

g- (n 1) tpcn ) Cn 1) 01N
-

=
-
-
-

linear d. eqn.int .
E- Solve adf.ge/-y--x3y6 -

? ①
dug + ¥ = ray 6
-

'
Divide by y we get -

y%ᵈdʰa +
⇐) Y = x2 _

put
¥
t
¥n= ¥ The
=

¥ E. = -

÷ Ex

③ -

b- dtga + (ta) y = v2

Ex -

(2) y =
-

sa ? a 1- d. e.
Here per ) =

-5g
I. F e- 55¥ 5 logic
=
= e-

÷
: .
So In is -

'
t
(¥ ) ) sa date
-

= .

¥5
= -
s .

/ ᵈ÷ + c

÷ys -÷n + c
=

÷g
=

÷ + c

You might also like