Sas Hes032 7
Sas Hes032 7
Sas Hes032 7
STERILIZATION DISINFECTION
Example: Example:
Last session, you have learned information regarding the control of microbial growth in vitro. Another aspect of controlling
the growth of microorganisms involves the use of drugs to treat infectious diseases; in other words, using drugs to control
the growth of pathogens in vivo.
Chemotherapeutic agents are any drugs used to treat any condition or disease. The chemotherapeutic agents used to
treat infectious diseases are collectively referred to as antimicrobial agents. Thus, an antimicrobial agent is any chemical
(drug) used to treat an infectious disease, either by inhibiting or killing pathogens in vivo.
Semisynthetic antibiotics are antibiotics that have been chemically modified to kill a wider variety of pathogens or
reduce side effects
Bacteriostatic drugs inhibit growth of bacteria, whereas Bactericidal agents kill bacteria.
a single antimicrobial agent is not sufficient to destroy all the pathogens that develop during the course of a disease; thus,
two or more drugs may be used simultaneously to kill all the pathogens and to prevent resistant mutant pathogens from
emerging. Example: multidrug-resistant strains of Mycobaterium tuberculosis.
Some bacteria are naturally resistant to a particular antimicrobial agent because they lack the specific target site for that
drug (e.g., mycoplasmas have no cell walls and are, therefore, resistant to any drugs that interfere with cell wall synthesis).
Intrinsic resistance - resistance to a particular drug that is the result of some naturally occuring property of a bacterial
cell.
Acquired resistance – when bacteria become resistant to a drug that they were once susceptible to.
In addition, Bacteria can acquire resistance to antimicrobial agents as a result of chromosomal mutation or the acquisition
of new genes by transduction, transformation, and, most commonly, conjugation.
Think and Learn: What can you say about this, “All antibiotics are
antimicrobial agents but not all antimicrobial agents are antibiotics”?
1. Which of the following is least likely to be taken into consideration when deciding which antibiotic to prescribe for a
patient?
a. patient’s age
b. patient’s underlying medical conditions
c. patient’s weight
d. other medications that the patient is taking
ANSWER: C
RATIO: All of the other factors are highly considered when administering antibiotic except for the patient's age.
5. Which of the following terms or names has nothing to do with the use of two drugs simultaneously?
a. antagonism
b. Salvarsan
c. Septra
d. synergism
ANSWER: C
RATIO: Among the given choices, salvarsan has nothing to do with the use of two drugs simultaneously.
6. Which of the following is not a common mechanism by which antifungal agents work?
a. by binding with cell membrane sterols
b. by blocking nucleic acid synthesis
c. by dissolving hyphae
d. by interfering with sterol synthesis
ANSWER: C
RATIO: Hyphae dissolution is not a common way by which antifungal drugs function.
9. All the following antimicrobial agents work by inhibiting cell wall synthesis except:
a. cephalosporins.
b. chloramphenicol.
c. penicillin.
d. vancomycin
ANSWER: B
RATIO: All of the given choices work by inhibiting the cell wall synthesis except for chloramphenicol where works by
interfering with the bacteria's production of the proteins needed to grow and multiply
10. All the following antimicrobial agents work by inhibiting protein synthesis except:
a. chloramphenicol.
b. erythromycin.
c. imipenem.
a. tetracycline
d. ANSWER: C
RATIO: Imipenem is in a class of medications called carbapenem antibiotics. It works by killing bacteria.
RATIONALIZATION ACTIVITY (THIS WILL BE DONE DURING THE FACE TO FACE INTERACTION)
The instructor will now rationalize the answers to the students. You can now ask questions and debate among yourselves.
Write the correct answer and correct/additional ratio in the space provided.
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You will now mark (encircle) the session you have finished today in the tracker below. This is simply a visual to help
you track how much work you have accomplished and how much work there is left to do.
You are done with the session! Let’s track your progress.
a. How do you feel about today’s session? __ Happy __ Satisfied __ Sad __ Confused