RECENT ADVANCEMENTS AND

DEVELOPMENTS FOR ELECTRIC

VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY

A dissertation work submitted to Osmania University prepared

by
BANDI HARSHITHA
B.E. VII Semester
Roll No. :1005-18-734007
Electrical and Electronics Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

University College of Engineering(A)
Osmania University, Hyderabad-500007
(2021-2022)

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 Contents
Description Page No.
Abstract 3
I.Introduction 3-4
II.Electric Vehicle Categories 4
A.Hybrid Electric Vehicles 5
B.Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 5
C. Battery Electric Vehicles 5
III.Functionality Comparison Analysis 5
IV.Recent Advancement and Developments of Electric
Vehicle Technology 6-9
Conclusion 9
References 10

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ABSTRACT:
Increasing the use of electric vehicles (EVs) has been offered as a double option to
decrease fuel energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), in a wide effort
to mitigate the bad environmental impact and climate change. Recently, the EV industry has
been known as a huge development. This paper covers a broad array of subjects linked to EV
technology, such as the main categories of these vehicles and their technical characteristics:
fuel energy economy, environmental impact and market evolution. Particularly, three
principal categories of EV, mainly hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), plug-in electric
vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) are presented in detailed. Moreover,
the present paper analyses and compares these types of vehicles and both summarizes and
discusses the recent advancements and challenges of EV technology. We can conclude that
HEVs can play an important part in preparing for the transition to fully EVs. The progress at the
battery level will accelerate this transition as long as issues of autonomy, durability, and cost
are resolved.

I.INTRODUCTION:
The automotive industry occupies an important place in most countries given its
place in the lifecycle of communities. In the most cases, vehicles are harmful to the
environment since they consume large amounts of fossil fuels and the sector still has a long
way ahead of itself to mature; also, at bare minimum, reduce GHG[1]. Nowadays worries
regarding climate change and its energy supply safety, are undoubtedly paving the way in
transportation to utilize renewable energy systems (RESs) as opposed to conventional forms of
energy. Additionally, newer EV innovations are prepared and developed to execute
environmental permanence[2]. For sustainable and clean mobility, EVs are the right useful
option and are becoming increasingly assimilated in many cities, all around the world[3]-
[4]. The global number of EVs, is framework in many countries.

The energy consumption is related to General Electric equipment and the usage of
electric vehicles, which in turn, results in increased greenhouse gas emissions, especially in
countries without natural alternative increasing and will probably be more than 35 million by
2022[5] and EV sales per year in The U.S. are estimated to attain 2.4 million by 2024[6]. EV
t e c h n o l o g i e s are nevertheless missing a suitable and complete recycling framework
in many countries. The energy consumption is related to General Electric equipment and
the usage of EVs, which in turn, results in increased GHG, especially in countries without
natural alternative resources[7]. Overhead continues to be a challenge and battery
breakthroughs have yet to reach satisfactory milestones.

This is creating a variety of fluctuations in extremely important areas of

development, for example: consequences of emissions, connectivity and large- scale
commercial launches. There are some problems linked to this technology and the sector is
still working on: EV autonomy, charge-discharge time, battery degradation. battery lifespan
and vehicle speed. The execution of rechargeable batteries in EVs became hugely
grassroots in recent years[8]. Different forms of energy storage, such as NiMH, lead acid
and lithium-ion batteries have been deployed and tested for EVs. Among them, the

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lithium-ion battery has been largely accepted due to its high energy density, high
efficiency and long lifespan. Due to profitable functionality of this battery technology,
several investments have already been made to ameliorate both the resistance and stability of
lithium ion batteries . From a complete cycle analysis prospective, for full clean mobility and to
have zero emissions and unfavorable environmental impact, it is better to charge the vehicles
from RESs. Furthermore, when these vehicles are recharged with electricity generated from
conventional sources, they may produce the same or in some instances, more GHG and
environmental impact as opposed to conventional gasoline vehicles.Using RESs to
charging EVs can reduce an important quantity of GHG and even decrease charging
costs. However, RESs such as wind and solar energy considerably change over time
because of their wider dependence on weather conditions.

They are generally characterized by intermittency and non- dispatchable

quality. These properties make the process very challenging to coordinate EVs’ charging
with renewable generation and the grid-load. Much research has been made to analyze the
possible impacts on power systems due to the EV charging load. In this work, an
examination has been conducted on EV technology. In Section 2, there is an in-depth
analysis concerning EVs and their technical characteristics, while in Section 3, a comparison
between three types of EVs is exhibited. Section 4 summarizes the recent advancements
and challenges of EV technology and conclusions are finally displayed in the fifth
Section.

II.ELECTRIC VEHICLES CATEGORIES:

Presently, three principle electric categories exist which have succeeded from the
preparation phase to production phase within the manufacturing scope.

Table 1: Electric Vehicle Categories

Vehicle Utilizes Conventional Manner in which to charge

Category Engine battery

on board (internal)
on board internal and/or
external loading
BEV External loading

A. Hybrid electric vehicles

HEV is a category of the hybrid automobiles, which composes of two different
power sources for administering driving power. The two sources of power are the Internal
Combustion Engine (also known as, ICE) and the configuration of the electric motor system
displayed in Fig. 1. The electric motor is intended to acquire sustainable methods of mobility.
By using this method, enhanced economization of fuel is possible which supersedes ICE
usage. Usually, HEVs possess a regular ICE with connected battery pack to its motor.

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B. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
PHEV is a category of hybrid vehicles. It is similar to the HEV in that it has double
motorization, an ICE and battery pack. PHEVs are identified as HEVs that have battery storage
capabilities, which allows its recharging from an external charger and not its braking system.
This gives it the ability to function for a minimum of 20 kilometers while in electric mode.
These types of vehicles can operate on fossil fuels energy and electricity, or both;
consequently, leading to vast advantages inclusive of less oil dependency, enhanced fuel
economization, raised efficiency of power and reduced environmental obstruction.
C. Battery electric vehicles
Energy is normally produced by plug-in rechargeable battery-packs and sometimes
capacitors or flywheels. The manner of charging is the same as PHEVs. The fundamental
systems in BEVs consist of the electric motor, the battery-pack and power controller.
Nowadays a BEV can function by way of BLDC or PMSM and in some cases AC electric
machines.
III.FUNCTIONALITY COMPARISON ANALYSIS:
Table 2 reveals technical specifications of three kinds of EVs, maximum driving
distance depending on the mode of driving of the vehicle. Like HEVs and PHEVs, BEVs have
the potential to offer a substantial reduction in detrimental greenhouse outputs for the
transportation sector. This counters what ICE vehicles offer. Actually, the degree of
GHG reductions from PHEV is much higher than that of BEV. Typical advantages for
well-to-wheel fuel economization are presented in table 3.

Table 2: Analysis and comparison of technical basic characteristics

Vehicle Category Operations mode Battery type Maximum Maximum
driving speed(km/hr)
distance(km)
HEV Charge-assisting NiMH 900-1200(hybrid) 170
PHEV Charge-assisting NiMH 20-60(electric) 160
BEV Charge-depleting Li-ion 120-400 80-200
Table 3: Analysis and Comparison of fuel economization and CO2 emmisions

Electricity Well-to-wheel CO2 emissions

Vehicle
Category Consumption Fuel economy (gCO2/km)
(kwh/km) (1/100km)

HEV NA 4.7 109

PHEV 0.225 5.68 132
BEV 0.175 3.77 88

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IV.RECENT ADVANCEMENTS AND DEVELOPMENTS OF
ELECTRIC VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY:
A.Market evolution
Legal framework normalization of EVs achieves important developments in
2017; sales of new EVs worldwide reached over 1 million units. A series of market
evolution is presented in Fig.4. After the growth rate of sales slowed down in 2016 it could
increase again by an annual growth rate of 54% in 2017 (compared to 38% in 2016). The
two main markets for EV are China and the US. Six countries attained EV market shares of
more than 20 % the recent years in 2017: The Netherlands, Norway, France, Sweden,
The United Kingdom and Germany.

Figure 1:EV Sales, Market evolution share, in some countries, 2013-2017

Since 2013, EV stock has been increasing and exceeded the 3.1 million vehicle in
2017. Thus far, BEV uptake has always been and is still ahead of PHEV uptake. The EV
market prediction is a well-developed range of deep study with professionals in the topics of
business, finance, economics arid systems engineering. However, the forecasting of EV
market shares in the light- duty vehicles fleet is more complicated due to factors that are
tough to scale by utilizing conventional options of market prediction. Principally, PHEVs
and BEVs are newer automotive technology as can be seen in the last years.

B.Policy support
At this level of EV market assignment, policy support is still invaluable for
reducing hurdles for international adoption. Making EVs much more attractive for
consumers/users, a supportive policy environment is launched to contribute to market rises,

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 minimizing risks for investors, and motivating manufacturing. In this case, manufacturers
are trying to increase and develop EV business on a larger scale and facilitate in their set-
up. Remarkably, these factors enable a wide array of models to users, which is key to
supporting sales augmentation and development. Policy support mechanisms can be
bundled into four principal categories: 1) financial initiations, 2) targets 3) support for
research 4) mandates and regulations. Other instruments for authorizing raises in the value
proposition of EVs are also included. Public supply is equally well-suited to assisting EV
uptake.

C.Technological advancement
1) Batteries progress
Over many years, EVs technology have prolonged their development-sustained
growth and advancements in battery life, efficiency, price, charge time and broad
range. Costs of an EV depend on battery technology. Since 2010, the average charge of batteries
has decreased from $1,000/kWh to approximately$227/kWh, research assistance and scientific
investigation is an essential strategy to achieving cheaper costs and performance progressions.
The Lithium-ion battery technology is used by the most electric automotive manufacturers due
to the high recharge capacity of these batteries, while automotive companies are gradually
solving many of the challenges facing EVs.

Charging time represents the main obstacle; typically, for 300 miles range, for a full
charge the vehicle needs around 7 hours; in this case, EVs users will be dissatisfied. The recent
research in this issue has already made a progress; for 90 miles of range, a minimum of 30
minutes charge is required with DC fast charger. Store Dot, an Israeli company, recently
established a new battery generation call Flash Battery. These batteries will be fully charged in
five minutes and their autonomy reached 300 miles range. This generation of batteries
significantly different from traditional lithium-ion batteries; in accordance with the company,
this technology based on “proprietary organic compounds” and avoids the use of graphite. The
chemical compound that Store Dot has brought.

2) Innovative storage and recharge methods

The progress of EVs technology causes supplementary constraints on the transmission
and distribution grid. Indeed, these vehicles represent a modification of the total energy demand
distribution. Vehicle charging strategies is still in development. Vehicle to grid (V2G) and
energy storage with hydrogen are innovative solutions, to charge the vehicle indirectly, and
integrate RESs.

a) Vehicle to grid technology

The topic of V2G is certainly not far away from the EVs, V2G technology presented as
a system that offers an ability of controllable, duplex electrical energy between the EV and the
electrical network. On average, a vast majority of vehicles remain parked a long period per day on
the same reserved space; the V2G corresponds to the idea, of using the batteries of EVs during
these long parking areas. to store the energy produced, at times when the demand is lower than
the electricity produced and reinject it into the network, when the demand is higher than the
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quantities produced.The developments and uses of this system could help regulate electricity
flows and integrate RESs into the grid, by increasing the reserve capacity of the national grid
operator and by eventually eliminating power plants, used during peak electricity consumption
that produces highly carbonaceous electricity.

Figure 2: V2G Technology

For the moment, the V2G remains only experimental. This technology could
represent many advantages in the context of generalization of the EV. Charging a huge
number of electric vehicles at the same time disturb and provide many technical issues for
power system operators, with thus technology the problem is solved.V2G provide network-
balancing services through short loading and unloading cycles. EV batteries disseminate
throughout the network offer a solution to balance its frequency. The V2G operation is
predicted to be solution to decrease the grid electricity costs during peak charge demand. In
the face of these claims, practically, V2G might not be enough due to excessive battery
degradation. In addition, connecting a smart communication system between the electric
grid and EV incurs extra cost. Nevertheless, a comprehensive economic argument in a
good turn of smart chargers,V2G process has yet arisen; this subject is worthy of future
study.

b) Energy storage with hydrogen

Using RESs to charge EVs is promising resolutions for energy cost savings and
GHG reduction, and it will become a popular approach for green and efficient energy
usage. This option is required to charge the EVs directly from RESs to the vehicle,
indirectly with hydrogen integrated energy storage system based on hydrogen storage.
Hydrogen is one of the most abundant elements of the planet and has the highest energy
per mass of any fuel. For the reason that hydrogen produced on a large scale to play a
significant part in the energy transition. Solar energy/H2 hybrid systems are an innovative
solution to the issue of storage RESs.The systems include one or more sources renewable
energy; an electrolyze to produce hydrogen and oxygen; conversely, when the demand
exceeds the capacity of the renewable source, a fuel cell consumes the gases so to provide
the necessary additional energy, to charge the EVs. Hydrogen is considered as the potential
energy vector of the future. By solar hydrogen, it is meant that hydrogen is produced using
RESs particularly solar energy.

Since the beginning of the 90s, several projects using RESs for producing hydrogen
as the main storage medium for renewable energies. Using this energy to electrify isolated
sites and independent network, storing the surplus of renewable energy produced when you
do not know what to do with it. As part of this work, hydrogen has a key role to play in

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terms of mobility, the fantastic thing is that hydrogen can bring to the network several
advantages: congestion management (reduction of consumption peaks), respect of the
voltage plan by regulation, absorption / production of reactive power as required,
resistance to voltage dips, improving the quality of energy.

Figure 3: Solar Hydrogen production and storage process

c) EVs challenges
In spite of EV challenges, another hurdle facing this technology is the warranty
period of the EV’s battery. The most time this warranty is less than the ones of the other
components of the vehicle. the insufficient charging stations represent another challenge in
this field. The battery of the EV is manufactured for a long life, but as with any other type
of battery, it will degrade over time. EV Manufacturers offer warranties to protect EV
users. EV's battery life can be impacted negatively in several ways.
Normally the warranties cover a particular time and a specific board range, and the
expiry when the threshold of one or the other is met. Usually, the warranty guarantees the
battery performance, and it will not degrade past a specific percent of the original charge
capacity.

CONCLUSION:
This paper is a relevant overview of electric automobile technology. The paper
targeted a wide part of subjects linked to EVs, such as the categories of these type of vehicles
and their basic characteristics, fuel energy economization, Co2 emissions, and recent
advancements.
In fact, there are three principal categories of EVs: HEVs, PHEVs and BEVs, which
were presented in details. The difference between these categories of vehicles are that the
last two categories mentioned are recharged externally.
Otherwise, BEV functions only on battery charge and therefore always uses the
charge-depleting mode of operation, demanding huge-power and high-energy battery
packs. Furthermore, PHEVs provide the option of on-board battery charging and the
possibility of charge depleting or charge sustaining modes of operation. Eventually, the
HEVs, which were the first category of EVs to be manufactured, offer higher driving
distance compared to PHEVs -and BEVs, because of the existence of the conventional
internal combustion engine. Well-to-wheel efficiency and fuel economization in order to
account for the impact of electricity consumption. The EV industry is still in development
in many countries. This field needs to be encouraged and supported to be properly
implemented in most countries. In this context, there are many challenges and
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advancements faced the EV’s technology. Vehicle charging strategy is one of the most
important topic that EV technology provides. To have zero emissions batteries should be
charged from RESs for sustainable and clean outcomes.

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[5] N. Tanaka, "Technology roadmap: electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.
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