Prostitution and Violence against Women and Children

Prostitution – practice of engaging in relatively indiscriminate sexual activity with someone who is not a
spouse or a friend in exchange for immediate payment in money or other valuables

Types of prostitutes

1. Call girls – highest in hierarchy; work independently; money are theirs only; rich customers
2. Street walkers – lowest in hierarchy; customers are motorists or drivers
3. Escorts – works with manager (bugaw)
4. Brothel workers – works at a brothel: house of prostitutes
5. Bar or casino workers
6. Massage parlor workers – “happy ending” service after a massage

Causes

1. Poverty
2. Lack of education
3. Lack of jobs

Violence against Women – act of gender based violence resulting in physical, sexual or mental
harm/suffering to women

Violence against Children – physical maltreatment, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, neglect or negligent
treatment, commercial and other forms of exploitation resulting in actual or potential harm to child’s
health, survival, development, dignity in context of relationship of responsibility, trust, power

Intimate partner violence – behavior by an intimate ex/partner causing physical, sexual, psychological
harm; physical aggression, sexual coercion, psychological abuse, controlling behaviors

Sexual violence – sexual act, attempt to obtain sexual act, act directed against person’s sexuality using
coercion by any person regardless of relationship to victim in any setting
Impacts

1. Physical impact – STDs, STIs, Pregnancy, death

2. Psychological impact – mental illness
3. Social and economic impact – distrust, unemployment

Education

 Discipline concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools or school like
environments as opposed to various nonformal and informal means of socialization
 Rural development projects and education through parent child relationships

Informal

 Lifelong learning process; each individual acquires attitudes, values, skills and knowledge from
educational influences and resources in his or her own environment or daily experience

Formal

 Structured education system that runs from primary or nursery to university; specialized
programs for vocational, technical and professional training
 Education is not a privilege, it is a right – William J. Clinton

Pre-Colonial Period

 0-1555
  Aim: survival and conformity, enculturation
 Methods: demonstration method, observation/imitation
 Content: broad, indefinite and unwritten, unstructured, research later shows Filipinos have
baybayin alphabet

Spanish Period

 1555-1898
 Royal decree of 1555 mandated the education goals: indoctrination of Christianity, promotion of
Spanish language, imposition of Spanish culture
 Methods: dictation, memorization, moro-moro, cenaculo
 Primary instruction was free but for elite; inadequate, suppressed, controlled education
 Content: Christian Doctrine; intro of parochial schools; severe discipline imposed,
authoritarianism type, teacher dominated
 Royal decree of 1863: Establishment of Education Act of 1863: provided establishment of at
least 1 primary school for boys and girls in each town under responsibility of municipal
government; establish of normal school for male teachers under Jesuit supervision
 Doctrina Christiana
 Ilustrado
 Parokyal
 University of Santo Tomas
 Boys town and girls town
 Boys – math, science, religion; girls – sewing, cooking

American/Commonwealth Period

 1898-1942
 Aim: promote democratic ideals and way of life
 Method: democratic way of teaching
 Religion freedom was enforced; right attitudes, habits, intelligence, democratic ideals, were
emphasized; role of guidance and consultancy
 Creation of Department of Public Instruction and Educational Act of 1901 – aka Act No. 74 of the
Philippine Commission: promulgated to establish a Department of Publish Instruction (1900) to
oversee operations of public schools (section 17 of which created PNU
 A 3 level school system set up elementary, high school, college
 Thomasites – 600 teachers from US
 Protestantism

Japanese Era

 1942-1945
 Japanese Imperial Forces set up war time education aims: fostering new culture based on
consciousness of people as Orientals; elevating morals of people over materialism
 Diffusion of elementary education and promotion of vocational education
 Diffusion of Japanese language and termination of English in schools
 Establishment of vocational, agricultural and technical schools; teaching PE and Japanese songs
  Order No.2 of Japanese Imperial Forces was established to set up war time educational
objectives
 World War 2

Post-War Period up to Present

 1946-2015
 After war and various reforms on educational system: EOs and RAs establishing various agencies
profligate
 Living and working conditions of teachers were addressed
 Civil service eligibility, barrio and provincials schools created
 Education programs to enhance studies and assessments initiated NCEE NSAT etc. aim to
promote national development and values education and implementation of K-12
 Aims: inculcate patriotism/nationalism; foster love of humanity, respect human rights,
appreciate national heroes, rights and duties of citizenship, strengthen ethical and spiritual
values, develop moral character and discipline, encourage critical creative thinking, broaden
science/technology, promote vocational efficiency
 Education is the key to unlocking the world, a passport to freedom – Oprah Winfrey

The Philippine Education System

Article XIV of the 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines

 Laws and service that can increase quality of education in the Philippines
 Section 1: The State shall protect and promote the right of all citizens to quality education at all
levels, and shall take appropriate steps to make such education accessible to all
 Section 5: highest national budget should be allotted to the education sector

Department of Education

 Formulates, implements, coordinates policies, plans, programs, projects in formal and non-
formal basic education
 Supervises elementary and secondary education institutions
 Includes alternative learning system; public and private
 Provides for establishment and maintenance of a system of basic education relevant to goals of
national development

Commission on Higher Education

 Promotes and ensure access to relevant and quality higher education

 Guarantee and protect academic freedom for continuing intellectual growth
 Advance of learning and research
 Development of responsible and effective leadership
 Education of high level professionals
 Enrichment of historical and cultural heritages

Education for All 2015

  Vision and holistic program of reforms that aim to improve access and quality of basic education
for every Filipino by 2015
 Opened alternative learning systems to complement formal schooling to reach and better serve
those in difficult circumstances

K-12 Basic Education Program

 From 10 year basic education program since 1945 to 2015 into Kinder to Grade 12 Program
 Under Enhanced Basic Education Act of 2013 / RA 10533 led by DEPED in 2015
 6 years of primary education, 4 years of Junior High School, 2 years of Senior High School
 Provide sufficient time for mastery of concepts and skills, develop life long learners, prepares
graduates for tertiary education, middle level skills developments, employment,
entrepreneurship
 Age requirement to avoid dropouts

Issues and Challenges

1. Low quality of education in the Philippines

 80% of students fall below minimum level of proficiency for their grade level
 Rated last in reading, 2nd to last in science and mathematics among 79 countries that
participated in Program for International Student Assessment
 In Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study in 2019, placed last in both
mathematics and science among 58 countries in 4 th grade assessment
 In bottom half of the 6 countries in reading, mathematics, writing literacy in Southeast
Asia Primary Learning Metrics in 2019
2. Lack of teachers/qualified teachers
 2018: 21.77% teachers passed the Licensure Examination for Teachers in Elementary
and 41.46% of secondary teachers

3. Teacher’s Salary
 Average annual teachers’ salary inclusive of benefits is $18,160 while ASEAN average is
$27,742
 Brunei tops list with annual teacher salary of $55,263 while Vietnam is at bottom with
$3,877
4. High number of Students per Teacher
5. Budget allotted in Education
  1987 Philippine Constitution: education sector have most allocated budget
 Still lag behind and has smallest budget allocation in education compare to other ASEAN
countries

6. Poverty – UNICEF: 15% increase in number of children living in deprivation/poverty in low and
middle income countries or 150 million children more since pandemic hit earlier this 2020
7. Lack in school Facilities, materials, books
8. High number of school drop out

Different Ways on how to Increase the Quality of Education in the Philippines

1. Voucher Program
 Grade 10/JHS completers to pursue SHS education in non-DEPED schools such as Private
High Schools, Colleges, Universities
 Local Universities and Colleges (LUC), State Universities and Colleges (SUCs), Technical
and Vocational Schools starting SY 2016-2017
2. Alternative Learning System (ALS)
 Parallel learning system that provides opportunities for out of school youth and adult /
OSYA learners to develop basic and functional literacy skills and access equivalent
pathways to complete basic education
3. Special Program for Employment of Students (SPES)
 Assist poor but deserving students and out of school youth to pursue education by
providing income through employment
 Provides valuable experience for better school to work transition
4. Abot-alam program
 Locate and serve out of school youth nationwide and have not completed basic/higher
education or unemployed
5. Livelihood Program
  Improve state of life of low income sector by giving jobs and business chances, health
care access and other forms of assistance
 Enhance community capacity to address issues of poverty

Citizenship

 Relationship between individual and state to which individual owes allegiance and in turn is
entitled to protection
 Not everyone living in a country is a citizen because of foreigners living who may not be
members (alien/foreigners)
 Has grounds or basis and it is enshrined in Philippine Constitution
 Constitution – highest law of a country and contains important laws that every citizen must
follow
 1935 during American/Commonwealth period
 1973 by Ferdinand Marcos Sr.
 1987 used until now by President Aquino

Citizenship in 1987 Constitution

 Article IV
 Section 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines
 Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution
 Those whose fathers or mothers are citizen of the Philippines
 Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers who elect Philippine citizenship
upon reaching age of majority
 Those who are naturalized in accordance with law

Types of Citizenship

1. Natural
 Citizen of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire
Philippine citizenship (section 2)
 Citizen by birth
a. Jus Sanguinis
 Law of the blood
 Blood relationship is basis for this rule
 Children follow citizenship of the parent/s
 Philippines
b. Jus Solis/Jus Loci
 Law of the land
 Place of birth serves as basis for this rule
 Citizen of state where he is born irrespective of parents
 United States
2. Naturalized
 Naturalization – act of formally adopting a foreigner into political body of state and
clothing him with rights and privileges of citizenship
  Renunciation of former nationality and fact of entrance to similar relation towards new
body politic
 Characters of Foreigner who want to become Naturalized Filipino
a. Twenty one years old
b. Lived in the Philippines continuously for 10 years; 5 years if
 Born in the Philippines
 Married a Filipino
 Taught for 2 years in private/public school
 Has a new industry or has made a new invention in the Philippines
c. Good personality
d. Believes in the Philippine Constitution
e. Stable job and property in the Philippines
f. Can speak and write Filipino language
g. Accepts Filipino culture
h. Educates her children in schools that teach Philippine culture and history

Civic Engagement

 Individual and collective actions of citizens designed to identify and address public issues
 Individual volunteering, joining organizations, participating in elections
 In health, environment, education, livelihood, public services

Civic Consciousness

 Social consciousness co-existing with concept of citizen

 Every citizen has duty to help government and society to be orderly, developed, progressive
 Cooperation of each member of community for the good of majority is essential

Political Participation

 Broad range of activities through which people develop and express opinions on the world and
how it is governed; try to take part in and shape decisions that affect their lives
 Range from developing thinking about disability or other social issues at individual or family
level
 Joining disabled people’s organization or other groups and organizations
 Campaigning at local, regional, national level
 To the process of formal politics: voting, joining a political part, standing for election

Political efficacy is the mindset that an individual’s voice does not have an influence on the
government’s actions. Political efficacy caused a decrease in the participation of the younger population
leading to a lower number of voters registered of ages 18 to 29.

6 forms

1. Vote
2. Contact legislators
3. Volunteer in campaigns
4. Protest
 5. Get involved with non-partisan organizations
6. Stay informed

Doctrina Christiana – first book printed in the Philippines which was used to aid priests for Christian
teachings

Prostitution – practice of engaging in relatively indiscriminate sexual activity in exchange for money

Education – discipline concerned with methods of teaching and learning in schools

Formal education – structured education system that runs from primary school to university

Baybayin – one of the precolonial writing systems used by early Filipinos

Citizenship – membership of a country as prescribed by law

Naturalization – act of adopting a foreigner into the political body of the state with the rights and
privilege of citizenship

Constitution – highest law of a country and it contains the important laws that every citizen must follow

Political participation – activities through which people develop and express their opinions on the world
and how it is governed

Political efficacy – feeling that political and social change is possible and individual citizens play a part
bringing this change

Jus Sangguinis means that citizenship is based on the place of birth regardless of the nationality of
his/her parents – False; Jus Solis

Voting is defined as the activity of choosing someone or something in an election – True

Article IV Section 1 of the constitution allows foreigners who decide to become Filipino citizens under
the Naturalization – True

Voucher Program is a parallel learning system that provides opportunities for out of school youth and
adult learners – False; Alternate Learning System

Lino’s parents are an Ilocano and a Kabitenyo who met each other in their work in UAE as helpers. Is
Lino Filipino? – True

ALS is intended for grade 10 completers who wish to pursue Senior High School SHS education in non-
DepEd schools – False; Voucher Program

Jus Solis means that citizenship is based on the nationality of one’s parents regardless of his/her place of
birth – False; Jus Sangguinis

Spanish period focuses on the indoctrination of Christianity as the main goal of the education system –
True
EFA is a vision and exclusive program of reforms that aim to give access to quality of higher education
for Filipino – False; exclusive = holistic, higher = basic

The pre-colonial period focuses its educational settings aim only on survival and conformity – True

Which of the following can’t be considered as a contribution to the education system during the Spanish
Colonial Period:

Parochial schools, Schools for boys and girls, Indoctrination of the catholic teachings, Democratic way of
teaching – Democratic way of teaching

Which of the following is not considered a Filipino citizen according to the 1987 Constitution of the
Philippines:

Those who are naturalized in accordance with the law, Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of
the Philippines, Those citizens of the Philippines at the time this Constitution was being written, Those
born before Jan. 17, 1973 whose mothers are Filipinos – Those citizens of the Philippines at the time this
Constitution was being written

Which of the following choices shows the characteristics should a foreigner possess in order to undergo
naturalization:

He has lived in the Philippines continuously for 3 years, He is twenty-one years old, His parents should
be both Filipino citizens, He has a stable job and property in his birth country – He is twenty-one years
old

Which of the following shows an example of Political Participation:

Ana is helping a political campaign for Mayor Bayaw Dimayuga, Razel joins a community clean-up drive
in Pasig River banks, Jade initiated a community pantry during the pandemic in their barangay, Ryan
raised money for the production of face masks for the frontliners – Ana is helping a political campaign
for Mayor Bayaw Dimayuga

Which of the following choices is not an example of the effects on the women and children who
experienced violence:

Suicide, Anxiety and depression, Sexually transmitted diseases, Poverty – Poverty

The first qualification of Filipino voter is 18 years of age or older – True

Josephine is Canadian police who married a Filipino banker. Is she a Filipino by nationality – No, she is
not a Filipino

Being aware of socio-political issues is a demonstration of being a responsible citizen of the Philippines –
True

Ada’s mom is a Filipino and her dad is a Canadian. Is she a natural-born Filipino – Yes, she is a Filipino

K12 program aims to enhance learners’ basic skills, produce less competent citizens and prepare
ephemeral learning – False; less competent = more competent, ephemeral = life long