Nirma University

Institute of Technology
Mechanical Engineering Department
Thermal Insulation Design

1. Calculate the rate of heat flow through the wall of a refrigerated van of 1.5 mm of B1
steel sheet at outer surface, 100 mm plywood at the inner surface and 2 cm of
glass-wool in between, if the temperatures of the inside and outside surfaces are -
15°C and 24°C respectively. Take thermal conductivities of steel, glass-wool and
plywood as 23.2 W/m°C, 0.014 W/m°C and 0.052 W/m°C respectively. What will
be changes in heat flow if temperature of outer surface is 34 oC and 44oC. If heat
flow is to be kept as of outer surface what is increase in thickness of insulation for
outer surface temperature 34oC and 44oC

A flat wall of a furnace is made up of fire brick, insulating brick and building brick B2
2. of thicknesses 25 cm, 12.5 cm and 25 cm respectively. The inside wall is at a
temperature of 600°C and the atmospheric temperature is 20°C. If the heat transfer
coefficient for the outside surface is 10 W/m2oC, calculate: (i) heat loss per m2 of
wall area; (ii) temperature of the outside wall surface of the furnace. Take :: k firebrick
= 1.4 W/m 0C; k insulating brick= 0.2 W/m 0C;

A fumace wall consists of 200 mm of refractory fire clay brick, 100 mm of kaolin EN
3. brick and 6 mm of steel plate. The fire side of the refractory is at 1150°C and the
temperature at the outside surface of the wall is 30°C. An accurate heat balance
over the fumace shows the heat loss from the wall to be 300 W/m2. It is known that
there may be thin layers of air between the layers of brick and steel. To how many
millimeters of kaolin are these air layers equivalent? The thermal conductivities
are as follows :k refectory fire clay brick = 1.7 W/m 0C k kaolin brick= 0.17 W/m 0C k steel = 17
W/m 0C

A furnace wall consists of 12.5 cm wide refractory brick and 12.5 cm wide B1
4. insulating fire brick separated by an air gap. The outside wall is covered with 1.2 B2
cm thick plaster. The inner surface wall is at 1100°C and room temperature is EN
25°C. Calculate the rate at which heat is lost per m2 area of wall surface.
hcf(heat transfer coefficient from outside wall surface) =17 W/m2oC
Rair(resistance of air gap) = 0.16 °C/W
k refractory brick = 1.6 W/m°C W
k insulation brick = 0.3 W/m°C W
k plaster = 0.14 W/m°C .
Also calculate the temperature of outside wall surface.

A 2000 W heater element of area 0.04 m2 is protected on the backside with B1

5. insulation 50 mm thick of k = 1.4 W/m°C and on the front side by a plate 100 B2
mm thick with thermal conductivity of 45 W/m°C The backside is exposed to air EN
at 5°C with convection coefficient of 10 W/m2oC and the front is exposed to air at
15°C with convection coefficient including radiation of 250 W/m2oC. Determine:
i) The temperature of the heater element;
ii) The heat flow into room under steady state conditions

6. Calculate the rate at which heat is being lost to the surrounding per unit length of B1

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 an insulated steam pipe having the following dimensions and specifications :
di = 3 cm, dQ - 3.4 cm for the pipe Thickness of insulation = 1 cm
hi = 10 W/m2oC and ho = 10 W/m2oC
k (pipe) = 15 W/m°C and k (insulation) = 0.5 W/m°C
ts (steam) = 100°C and ta (atmosphere) = 25°C

7. A 15 cm outer diameter steam pipe is covered with 5 cm of high temperature B2

insulation (k=0.85 W/m°C) and 4 cm of low temperature insulation (k = 0.72
W/m°C). The steam is at 500°C and ambient air is at 40 0 C . Neglecting thermal
resistances of steam and air sides and metal wall, calculate, the heat loss from 1000
m length of the pipe.

An insulated steam pipe of 160 mm inner diameter and 180 mm outer diameter is EN
8. covered with insulation of 40 mm thickness and carries steam at 200°C.
k (pipe) = 29 W/m°C and k (insulation) = 0.23 W/m°C
hi = 11.6 W/m2oC and
ho = 23.2 W/m2oC.
If the temperature of the air surrounding the pipe is 25°C, calculate the rate of heat
loss to the surrounding from the pipe of 5 m length. Also find the interface
temperatures also.

9. A steam pipe having 20 mm outer diameter is to be covered with two layers of B1

insulation each having a thickness of 10 mm. The average thermal conductivity of B2
one material is five times that of the other. Assuming that the inner and outer EN
surface temperatures of the composite insulation are fixed, show that the heat
transfer will be reduced by approximately 30% percent when a better insulating
material is next to the pipe than when it is away from the pipe.

10. A cast iron central heating pipe has an inner diameter of 100 mm and wall
thickness of 5 mm. The pipe feeds a radiator with water at a temperature of 90°C
and inner wall temperature of the pipe may be assumed equal to the water
temperature. Calculate the outer surface temperature of the pipe and heat transfer
rate per metre length of pipe in a room at 20°C.
k
Take (pipe material) = 52 W/m°C and a = 20 W/m2oC h
11. Hot air at a temperature of 60°C is flowing through a steel pipe of 100 mm diameter. The
pipe is covered with two layers of different insulating materials of thicknesses 50 mm and
30 mm, and their corresponding thermal conductivities are 0.23 and 0.37 W/m°C. The
inside and outside heat transfer coefficients are 58 and 12 W/m 2oC. The atmosphere is at
25°C. Find the rate of heat loss from a 50 m length of pipe. Neglect the resistance of steel
pipe. By assuming suitable thermal conductivity of still justify assumption made is right or
wrong?

12. A steam main 250 mm in diameter and 225 m long is covered with 50 mm of high B
temperature insulation (k
= 0.095 W/m°C) and 40 mm of low temperature insulation 1
k
( =0.065 W/m°C). The inner and outer surface temperatures as measured are 400°C
and 50°C respectively. Calculate :
(i) The total heat loss per hour,
(ii) The total heat loss per m2 of outer surface,
(iii) The heat loss per m2 of the pipe surface, and

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 (iv) The temperature between the two layers of insulations.
Neglect heat conduction through pipe material.

13 A steel pipe of 100 mm bore and 7 mm wall thickness, carrying steam at 260°C, is B2
insulated with 40 mm of an insulated high temperature diatomaceous earth
covering. This covering is in turn insulated with 60 mm of asbestos felt. The
atmospheric temperature is 15°C. If the heat transfer coefficients for the inside and
outside surfaces are 550 and 15 W/m2oC, respectively, and the thermal
conductivities of steel, diatomaceous earth and asbestos felt are 50, 10.09 and 0.07
W/m°C respectively, calculate :
(1) The rate at which heat is lost by steam per metre length of the pipe, and
(2) The temperature of the outside surface.

14. A steam pipe of 160 mm inside diameter and 5 mm thick (k

= 58 W/m°C) is covered B3
with first layer of insulating material 30 mm thick (k
= 0.17 W/m°C) and second layer
of insulating material 50 mm thick (k
= 0.093 W/m°C). The temperature of steam
passing through the pipe is 300°C and ambient air temperature surrounding the pipe is
30°C. Taking inner and outer heat transfer coefficients 30 and 5.8 W/m 2oC respectively,
find the heat lost per metre length of pipe.

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