ADDITIONAL THEORY

Gears are used to transmit motion, and therefore power, between one
shaft and another shaft. The function of a gear box is to transmit rotational
motion from a driving prime move to a driven machine. Gear also known as
toothed wheel designed to transmit torque to another gear or toothed
component. Different size gears are often used in pairs, allowing the torque of
the driving gears to produce a large torque in the driven gear at lower speed, or
a smaller torque at higher speed. The large gear known as wheel and the smaller
gear as a pinion.

N1 N2

And another theory of gear is a component within a transmission device

that transmits rotational torque by applying a force to the teeth of another gear
or device. A gear is different from a pulley in that a gear is a round wheel that
has linkages that mesh with other gear teeth, allowing force to be fully
transferred without slippage. Depending on their construction and arrangement,
geared devices can transmit forces at different speeds, torque, or in a different
direction, from the power source. The gear’s most important feature is that gears
of unequal sizes (diameters) can be combined to produce a mechanical
advantage, so that the rotational speed and torque or the second gear are
different from those of the first.
 OBSERVATIONS

 Gear with different size produce different motor speed (rpm)

 Speed motor with the same size or different size gear 0 to 3, the value of speed
motor from result will decrease until the lowest value in the data from the gear 0
to 3.

 The highest speed (rpm) is at gear 1. At gear set 1, 700 motor speeds recorded
160.6 rpm and at gear set 2 on 700 motor speed states at 332.2 rpm.

 Each block gear set are two heavy, it may complicated if the entire group
member are girls.

 Contact tachnometer for gear 3 only detected at speed 300 until 700 rpm at 5
sec
The higher speed produce a smaller torque mean while large torque in the driven
gear produce lower speed.CALCULATION

Calculation for stage gear with different size gear (gear at set 2)

Gear ratio (theoretical)

input speed N 1
Gear Ratio= =
output speed N 2

18
Gear 1= =0.474
38

18 18
Gear 2= × ( gear 1 )= ( 0.474 )=0.109
78 78

18 18
Gear 3= × ( gear 2 )= ( 0.109 )=0.016
118 118

Gear ratio (experiment)

input speed N 1
Gear Ratio= =
output speed N 2

46.7 97.3 149.9 190.3 239.3 282.5 332.3

gear 1=
( + +
100 200 300
+
400
+
500
+
600
+
700 )
=0.479
7

11.0 21.1 32.8 44.7 52.9 66.8 74.2

gear 2=
( 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 )
+ + + + + +
=0.380
7
 2.5 3.7 6.7 6.9 8.4 10.1 11.6
gear 3=
( 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 )
+ + + + + +
=0. 019
7
Calculation for stage gear with same size gear (gear at set 1)

Gear ratio (theoretical)

input speed N 1
Gear Ratio= =
output speed N 2

18
Gear 1= =0.231
78

18 18
Gear 2= × ( gear 1 )= ( 0.231 )=0.053
78 78

18 18
Gear 3= × ( gear 2 )= ( 0.053 )=0.012
118 118

Gear ratio (experiment)

input speed N 1
Gear Ratio= =
output speed N 2

24.1 48.8 70.0 92.6 121.8 136.7 160.6

gear 1=
( + + +
100 200 300 400 500
+ +
600
+
700 )
=0.236
7

12.2 11.6 16.5 21.3 26.1 31.7 38.3

gear 2=
( 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 )
+ + + + + +
=0. 064
7

11.7 7.8 8.1 4.9 6.3 7.4 8.6

gear 3=
( 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 )
+ + + + + +
=0.033
7
DISCUSSION

a. From table 3.1 and 3.2, calculate gear ratio theoretically and
experimentally and compare the results.

Set 1

Gear 1 Gear 2 Gear 3

G.R (theoretical) 0.231 0.053 0.012
G.R (experiment) 0.236 0.064 0.033

Set 2

Gear 1 Gear 2 Gear 3

G.R (theoretical) 0.474 0.109 0.016
G.R (experiment) 0.479 0.380 0.019

On the calculations, the result for both set 1 and set 2 have slightly different
from the theoretical values.
b. what are the input torque and the output torque of the gear system.
Given that the input power pin equal to 20 kW and the efficiency, η
equal to 0.7

Power output
η=
Power input

Pout
0.7=
20 ×10 3

Pout =14000 N

Set 1 – same size gear

Gear 0,

2 πN 2 π (100)
w= = =10.47 rad /s
60 60

3
P ( 20 ×10 )
T= = =1910.2 Nm ( I nput torque )
w 10.47

2 πN 2 π (24 .1)
Gear 1, w= = =2.52 rad /s
60 60

P ( 14000 )
T= = =55547.31 Nm ( Out put torque )
w 24.1

2 πN 2 π (5.5)
Gear 2, w= = =1.37 rad /s
60 60

P ( 14000 )
T= = =10958.21 Nm ( Output torque )
w 1.37

Gear 3,

2 πN 2 π (1 1.7)
w= = =1.23 rad /s
60 60

P ( 14000 )
T= = =11426.5 Nm ( Output torque )
w 1.23
 Gear Gear Gear Gear
0 1 2 3
N w T N w T N w T N w T
(rpm (Nm) (Nm) (rpm (Nm) (Nm) (rpm (Nm) (Nm) (rpm (Nm) (Nm)
) ) ) )
100 10.4 1910 24.1 2.52 5547 12.2 1.28 10958 11.7 1.23 11426.
7 .2 .3 .2 5
200 20.9 955. 48.8 5.11 2739 11.6 1.21 11525 7.8 0.82 17139.
4 1 .6 .0 8
300 31.4 636. 70.0 7.33 1909 16.5 1.72 8102. 8.1 0.85 16504.
2 5 .9 4 9
400 41.8 476. 92.6 9.70 1443 21.3 2.23 6276. 4.9 1.54 27283.
9 4 .7 5 7
500 52.3 381. 121. 12.7 1097 26.1 2.73 5122. 6.3 0.66 21220.
6 9 8 5 .6 2 7
600 62.8 318. 136. 14.3 977. 31.7 3.32 4217. 7.4 0.77 18066.
3 3 7 2 9 4 2
700 73.3 272. 1 16.8 832. 38.3 4.01 3490. 8.6 0.90 15545.
0 8 2 4 6 37
60.6
av 400 707. 93.5 2078 22.5 7098. 7.8 18169.
g 31 .4 91 6
Set 2 – different size gear

Gear 0,

2 πN 2 π (100)
w= = =10.47 rad /s
60 60

3
P ( 20 ×10 )
T= = =1910.2 Nm ( Input torque )
w 10.47

2 πN 2 π ( 46.7)
Gear 1, w= = =4.8904 rad /s
60 60

P ( 14000 )
T= = =2862.74 Nm ( Output torque )
w 4.8904

2 πN 2 π (11.0)
Gear 2, w= = =1.1519 rad / s
60 60

P ( 14000 )
T= = =12153.65 Nm ( Output torque )
w 1.1519

Gear 3,

2 πN 2 π (2.5)
w= = =0.2618 rad / s
60 60

P ( 14000 )
T= = =53476.06 Nm ( Output torque )
w 0. 2618

Gear Gear Gear Gear

0 1 2 3
N w T N w T N w T N w T
(rpm (Nm) (Nm) (rpm (Nm) (Nm) (rpm (Nm) (Nm) (rpm) (Nm (Nm)
) ) ) )
100 10.4 1910 46.7 4.89 2862 11.0 1.15 12153 2.5 0.26 53476
7 .2 .7 .7 .1
200 20.9 955. 97.3 10.1 1372 21.1 2.21 6336. 3.7 0.39 36132
4 1 9 .9 0 .5
300 31.4 636. 149. 15.6 891. 32.8 3.43 4075. 6.7 0.70 19953
2 5 9 9 9 9 .8
400 41.8 476. 190. 19.9 702. 44.7 4.68 2990. 6.9 0.72 19375
9 4 3 3 5 8 .4
 500 52.3 381. 239. 25.0 558. 52.9 5.54 2527. 8.4 0.88 15915
6 9 3 6 7 2 .5
600 62.8 318. 282. 29.5 473. 66.8 6.99 2001. 10.2 1.06 13236
3 3 5 8 2 4 .7
700 73.3 272. 332. 34.7 402. 74.2 7.77 1801. 11.6 1.21 11525
0 8 2 9 32 8 .0
av 400 707. 191. 1037 43.4 4555. 7.1 24230
g 3 19 .9 3 .7
 c. Calculate the efficiency of gear system (gear set 1 and set 2) of
the following combination gear. Given P¿ =20 kW and system
are idle,

a) Gear 1 to gear 0

Average Speed Gear 0, ( gear set 1∧2 )

100+ 200+300+400+ 500+600+700

speed =
7

N 1=400rp m

Average Speed Gear 1, ( same gear )

( 24.1+ 48.8+70.0+ 92.6+121.8+136.7+160.6 )

speed gear 1=
7

N 2=93.5 rp m

Average Speed Gear 1, ( different gear )

( 46.7+ 97.3+149.9+190.3+239.3+282.5+332.3 )
speed gear 1=
7

N 2=191.19 rp m

efficiency gear 1−0( same gear )

( 2 π N 2 T 2 ×60 )
η=
( 2 π N 1 T 1 ×60 )
¿
[ 2 π ( 93.5 )( 2078.4 )( 60 ) ]
[2 π ( 400 ) ( 707.31 )( 60 ) ]

¿ 0.69

efficiency gear 1−0(different gear )

( 2 π N 2 T 2 ×60 )
η=
( 2 π N 1 T 1 ×60 )

¿
[ 2 π ( 191.19 ) ( 1037.91 )( 60 ) ]
[ 2 π ( 400 )( 707.31 ) ( 60 ) ]

¿ 0.70

b) Gear 2 to 0

Average Speed Gear 2, ( same gear )

( 12.2+ 11.6+16.5+21.3+26.1+31.7 +38.3 )

speed gear 2=
7

N 2=20.79 rp m

Av erage Speed Gear 2, ( different gear )

( 11.0+21.1+32.8+ 44.7+52.9+66.8+74.2 )
speed gear 2=
7

N 2=43.36 rp m

efficiency gear 2−0(same gear )

 ( 2 π N 2 T 2 ×60 )
η=
( 2 π N 1 T 1 ×60 )

¿
[ 2 π ( 20.79 )( 7098.91 ) ( 60 ) ]
[ 2 π ( 400 )( 707.31 ) ( 60 ) ]

¿ 0.5216

efficiency gear 2−0(different gear )

( 2 π N 2 T 2 ×60 )
η=
( 2 π N 1 T 1 ×60 )

¿
[ 2 π ( 43.36 ) ( 4555.3 ) ( 60 ) ]
[ 2 π ( 400 ) ( 707.31 )( 60 ) ]

¿ 0.6981
 c) Gear 3 to 0

Average Speed Gear 3 , ( same gear )

( 11.7+ 7.8+ 8.1+4.9+6.3+ 7.4+8.6 )

speed gear 3=
7

N 2=6.16 rp m

Av erage Speed Gear 2, ( different gear )

( 2.5+3.7+6.7 +6.9+8.4+ 10.1+ 11.6 )

speed gear 3=
7

N 2=7.13 rp m

efficiency gear 3−0( same gear )

( 2 π N 2 T 2 ×60 )
η=
( 2 π N 1 T 1 ×60 )

¿
[ 2 π ( 6.16 )( 18169.6 )( 60 ) ]
[ 2 π ( 400 ) (707.31 ) ( 60 ) ]

¿ 0.3956

efficiency gear 3−0( different gear)

( 2 π N 2 T 2 ×60 )
η=
( 2 π N 1 T 1 ×60 )

[ 2 π (7.13) ( 24230.7 )( 60 ) ]
¿
[ 2 π ( 400 )( 707.31 ) ( 60 ) ]
¿ 0.6106
QUESTION

a. Beside that compound gear train, give another type of gearbox

constructions and also describe the applications.

Worm gearbox – worm gears

Worm gears are able to withstand high shock loads, low in noise level and
maintenance-free but are less friction than other gear types. Worm gear can be
used in right angle configuration. The worm gearbox configuration allows the
worm to turn the gear with ease; however, the gear cannot turn the worm. The
prevention of the gear to move the worm can be used as a braking system.
When the worm gearbox is not active, it is held in a locked position. In additional,
worm gears are used in applications in mining, rolling mills, presses and
escalator drive system. In elevators, worm gears can often be found in the
machinery of common elevators because of their compact size and non-
reversible properties. As the gear/load cannot transmit motion back through the
worm/hoist, using this type of gear can act as a secondary braking system. This
means the load cannot free fall and load speed is easily regulated.
CONCLUSION

From the experiment, the objective have been achieved which are
describe the different type of gear system and some of their application. Other
than that, we are able to improve our knowledge about the concept of gears
system, type of gears and it related function and its applications. Furthermore,
from the calculations, all the efficiency has been stated.

When we do this experiment, we faced some problem that was to get

accurate rpm and to hold the tachnometer. The problem from that, make a
reading in error readings. Furthermore, the technometer accuracy are not in
good condition especially pointing reflector for low speed gear.

My suggestion is improve the quality of technometer such as do

maintenance. In this way, it may give on accurate reading in other experiment.
REFERENCE

1. En.wikipedia.org/wiki/worm-drive
2. www.holroyd.com/blog/worm-gear-applications-uses/
3. www.anaheimautomation.com/manuals/forms/gearbox-guide
4. www.scrib.com/doc/20622467/computerized-gear-system
5. www.gearsandstuff.com/type-of-gear.htm