CHAPTER 4: HUMAN PERSON IN THEIR ENVIRONMENT

CHAPTER 1: DOING PHILOSOPHY

In this lesson, I learned about the definition of philosophy and how philosophy can be used in our lives
and our lifestyles. The word "philosophy" comes from the Greek philos (love) + sophia (wisdom),
meaning literally "love of wisdom. In this chapter, we tackled the four famous philosophers and their
philosophies The first one is Socrates—"the unexamined life is not worth living." In his philosophy, he
said that life without knowing its purpose is not worth living. The second is Aristotle. "We are what we
repeatedly do. Excellence, then, is not an act but a habit. " It is said that what we do in our daily
activities is what we call our habits. The third one is Plato. "The beginning is the most important part of
the work." He said that the beginning of what we do in our daily tasks is the most important part of the
act. The last one is by John Locke. "No man's knowledge here can go beyond his experience." John
Locke once stated that for the human race to acquire knowledge, they must experience different
things. Without seeing, feeling, smelling, or hearing, man cannot learn. I also learned in this lesson
about the 4 major branches of philosophy.
*METAPHYSICS
*EPISTEMOLOGY
*LOGIC
*ETHICS
* METAPHYSICS , Metaphysics has two parts. General metaphysics ontology while special
metaphysics ,COSMOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY OR ANTHROPOLOGY, AND NATURAL THEOLOGY OR
THEODICY.
Ontology comes from the Greek word ONTO (being or that which is) Logos (knowledge or study) It is
concerned with the study of existence and being. While in special metaphysics we have cosmology,
which is Kosmos(world). Logos(study) It is the study of the world or universe.
Psychology,Psyche(Soul,Mind)Logos (study) It is Study of the nature and dynamics of the human person
as a whole,And last is theodicy, Theos( GOD) It is the study of god
* EPISTEMOLOGY - The term “epistemology” comes from the Greek word “episteme” and “logos”.
Epistemology is the theory of knowledge. It is concerned with the mind’s relation to reality.
*LOGIC - Logos=study Science of correct thinking. Study of the principles and criteria of a valid
argument. Distinguish good reasoning and bad reasoning.
*ETHICS - Ethos= custom or habit. Morality of human actions. It is the study of How human persons
ought to:
*Act
*Search for a definition ofa right conduct
*Good life
Philosophy was born because of ignorance.

A philosopher is like a child who has an inquisitive

mind who never stops asking questions and

finding answers.
 CHAPTER 2: METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
In this lesson, I learned about truth and opinion and how they can relate to philosophy. I also learned
about the method of philosophizing and realized that the methods of philosophy lead to wisdom and
truth. But, before we get into truth and opinion and philosophizing methods, let's take a quick look at
what is knowledge and who is the philosopher that says I think before I am. Knowledge is often defined
as a belief that is true and justified. René Descartes is the philosopher who says, "Cogito ergo sum,"
which in English means "I think, therefore I am." "If you are a real seeker after truth, it is necessary
that  at least once in your life you doubt, as far as possible, all things." 
*TRUTH – when we says truth it is the quality or state of being true that which is true or in accordance
with fact or reality.
*It is supported by elements called "facts". When you say that something is factual, it is based on
reality, based on evidence and cannot be disproved.
*factual *universal
*undisputed *exact
*objective *constant
*OPINION - a view or judgment formed about something, not necessarily based on fact or
knowledge. he beliefs or views of a large number or majority of people about a particular thing.
* There are statements that may either be true but may not be necessarily valid. An opinion differ
from one person to another. The truthfulness of an opinion is not put into question since it may differ
from time to time and situation to situation.
THREE COMMON TYPES OF OPINIONS
1. Positions on Controversial Issues
2. Predictions about things in the future
3. Evaluations of people, places and things
*METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING - A method of philosophizing is a process of determining the truth or
drawing conclusions from a statement using various philosophical methods such as Socratic,
Dialectic, Scientific, and Historical.
SUMMARIZED
* SOCRATIC METHOD- Developed by the Greek philosopher, Socrates, the Socratic Method is
a dialogue between teacher and students, instigated by the continual probing questions of the
teacher, in a concerted effort to explore the underlying beliefs that shape the students views and
opinions.
* DIALECTIC -  is a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view
about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned argumentation.
--- The aim of dialectics, as a process of the dialogue, is the clarification of controversial notions
and arguments with other people.
* SCIENTIFIC - the testing of universal statements offered as scientific laws by comparing
deductive consequences of laws with statements of observational facts about the world.
Karl Popper (1965) calls it the method of "conjectures and refutations."
--- The Scientific method, also called empirical method, is a process of determining truth or
knowledge through experimentation, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis or
theory testing.
* HISTORICAL - the question of the nature, and the possibility, of a sound historical
method is raised within the sub-field of epistemology. The study of historical method and of
different ways of writing history is known as historiography.
--- refers to the collection of techniques and guidelines that historians use to research and write
 CHAPTER 3: THE HUMAN PERSON AS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT
In this lesson, I learned about MAN, PERSON, and HUMAN PERSON and an EMBODIED SPIRIT. When we
say MAN, it is generally and commonly defined to represent the entire human race, not only boys and
girls. person It refers to an individual who possesses self-awareness, self-determination, a rational mind,
and the capacity to interact with others and with himself or herself. Simply a person is the kind of entity
that has the moral right to make its own life choices and to live its life without (unprovoked)
interference from others. HUMAN PERSON It is an embodied spirit. When we say "human person," this
is where the two sayings come from—where man came from. From the biblical perspective, we came
from Adam and Eve. And for science, we came from an ape under the class name Mamallia. When we
says embodied spirit The most direct connotation that comes to mind when we say something is
embodied is that it is being materialized or incarnated. Hence, when we say "embodied spirit," we
normally think of a spirit being incarnated; however, the idea of the human person as an "embodied
spirit" does not necessarily refer to the incarnation or materialization of a spirit as an immaterial entity.
The embodiment of the spirit in the context of Christian philosophy ( as is well known, the concept of
the "embodied spirit" is specific to Christian philosophy ) specially refers to the inseparable union of
body and soul By this, we mean that the body is not separate from the soul, just as the soul is not
separate from the body. As an embodies spirit, human beings demonstrate these the following
qualities" Self- awareness refers to person having a clear perception of oneself, including his of her
thoughts, emotions, identity, and actions. When we says HUMAN PERSON IS AN EMBODIED SPIRIT This
means that we cannot separate the two and they go hand-in-hand in making us who we are. Whatever
affects the body also affects the spirit, and this unique trait of the person enables him or her to
experience both the physical world and the spiritual world.
And in this lesson I also learned the word transcendence, TRANSCENDENCE means that Transcendence
is the ability to surpass one's limitations. It said that it is the ability of us to do what we are not capable
of doing it but we can do it if we try, "trans" meaning "go beyond" "scandare" meaning "climb"
St. Thomas Aquinas, a philosopher and one of the greatest theologian in the Catholic Church in the 13 th
century, said that "Of all creatures, human beings have the unique power to change themselves and
things for the better."
Transcendence is your ability to surpasss your limits.