Scribd
Upload
62 views15 pages

3 Data Communication - Internet

The document provides a brief history and overview of the Internet. It discusses how early computer networks developed in the 1960s and 1970s into the Internet we know today. Key events included the creation of ARPANET and development of the TCP/IP protocol. The document also describes how individuals and organizations access the Internet using technologies like dial-up, DSL, cable or wireless networks. It provides an overview of communication protocols and standards organizations that help govern Internet technologies and operations on a global scale.

Uploaded by

Raymond Nochete
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
62 views15 pages

3 Data Communication - Internet

The document provides a brief history and overview of the Internet. It discusses how early computer networks developed in the 1960s and 1970s into the Internet we know today. Key events included the creation of ARPANET and development of the TCP/IP protocol. The document also describes how individuals and organizations access the Internet using technologies like dial-up, DSL, cable or wireless networks. It provides an overview of communication protocols and standards organizations that help govern Internet technologies and operations on a global scale.

Uploaded by

Raymond Nochete
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

THE INTERNET

BRIEF HISTORY
• A network is a group of connected communicating devices such as
computers and printers.
• An internet is two or more networks that can communicate with each
other.
• The Internet is the collaboration of more than hundreds of thousands of
interconnected networks, allowing them to exchange files, send
messages, download graphics and text, and share other resources.
• In the mid 1960s, mainframe computers in research organizations were
stand alone devices
BRIEF HISTORY
• In 1967, at an Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) meeting,
ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) presented its ideas for
ARPANET, a small network of connected computers.
• ARPANET: Each host computer would be attached to specialized
computer called an interface message processor (IMP)
• The IMPs would be connected to one another
• Each IMP had to be able to communicate with other IMPs as well as
with its own attached host
• In 1969, Four nodes (U. California at Los Angeles, U. California at
Santa Barbara, Stanford Research Institute and U. of Utah) were
connected via the IMPs to form a network
BRIEF HISTORY
• Software called the Network Control Protocol (NCP) provided
communication between the hosts.
• In 1973, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn outlined the protocols to achieve
end-to-end delivery of packets
• Thereafter, authorities split two protocols: Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP) and Internetworking Protocol (IP) – TCP/IP
THE INTERNET TODAY
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
• A company that provides individuals and other companies access to the
Internet and other related services such as Web site building and virtual
hosting.
National ISPs
• Provides Internet access in cities and towns nationwide
Regional ISPs
• Provides Internet access in specific geographic area
Local ISPs
• Provides internet access in a city or district
THE INTERNET TODAY

Internet Service Providers Hierarchy


ACCESSING THE INTERNET
Using Telephone Networks
• Most telephone networks have already connected themselves to the
Internet, this can be done in two ways: Dial-up Service and DSL Service
Dial-up Service
• allows connectivity to the internet by connection modem through a
standard telephone line.
• configuring the computer to dial a specific number provided by your
internet service provider (ISP) you are able to access the internet on
your computer
• unfortunately, the dial-up service is very slow, when the line is used for
Internet connection, it cannot be used for telephone connection.
ACCESSING THE INTERNET
DSL Service
• stands for Digital Subscriber Line
• Users get a high speed bandwidth connection from a phone wall jack on
an existing telephone network.
• DSL works within the frequencies that the telephone doesn’t so you can
use the Internet while making phone calls.
Using Cable Networks
• Cable companies have been upgrading their cable networks and
connecting to the Internet
• provides a higher speed connection, but the speed varies depending on
the number of neighbors that use the same cable
ACCESSING THE INTERNET
Using Wireless Networks
• enables enterprises to avoid the costly process of introducing cables into
buildings or as a connection between different equipment locations
• basis of wireless systems are radio waves, an implementation that takes
place at the physical level of network structure
• allow households or businesses connect Internet through wireless WAN
Direct Connection to Internet
• Large organization or the corporation leases a high-speed WAN from a
carrier provider and connects itself to a regional ISP.
• For example, a large university with several campuses can create an
internetwork and then connect the internetwork to the Internet.
PROTOCOLS
Protocols
• Set of rules that govern data communications
• Defines what is communicated, how it is communicated, and when it is
communicated
Key Elements of Protocol
Syntax
• Refers to the structure of the data, meaning the order which they are
presented, i.e., some protocol might expect the first 8 bits of data to
be address of the sender, and the rest of the stream
PROTOCOLS
Key Elements of Protocol
Semantics
• Refers to the meaning of each section of bits
• How are a particular pattern to be interpreted, and what action is to
be taken based on that interpretation?
Timing
• Refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent and how fast
they can be sent, i.e., if a sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the
receiver can process data at only 1 Mbps, the transmission will
overload the receiver and some data will be lost.
PROTOCOLS
Key Elements of Protocol
Semantics
• Refers to the meaning of each section of bits
• How are a particular pattern to be interpreted, and what action is to
be taken based on that interpretation?
Timing
• Refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent and how fast
they can be sent, i.e., if a sender produces data at 100 Mbps but the
receiver can process data at only 1 Mbps, the transmission will
overload the receiver and some data will be lost.
STANDARD ORGANIZATION
International Standards Organization (ISO)
• International organization for standardization
• Creates the set of rules and standards for graphics, document
exchange, and related technologies
Electronic Industries Association (EIA)
• Develop standards to ensure the equipment of different
manufacturers was compatible and interchangeable
Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
• professional organization of electronics, computer and
communications engineers
STANDARD ORGANIZATION
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
• Regulates interstate and international communications by radio,
television, wire, satellite and cable
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
• Oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for
products, services, processes, systems and personnel
Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy
(CCITT)
• Standards organization that develops sets of rules and standards
for telephone and telegraph communications.
STANDARD ORGANIZATION
International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
• Formerly CCITT (oldest organization)
• Coordinate telecommunication operations and services throughout
the world
• ITU-R manages the international radio-frequency spectrum and
satellite orbit resources
• ITU-T standardizes global telecommunications except for radio
• ITU-D helps spread equitable, sustainable and affordable access to
information and communication technologies

You might also like