Advanced IP Addressing

CS-765 A
Aspects Of Systems Administration
Spring-2005
Instructure: Jan Schauman
Stevens Institute Of Technology, NJ.

Prepared By:
Modh, Jay A.
M.S. NIS
SID: 999-14-0352

Date: 05/02/2005
1
Objective

Advanced IP Address Management:
• Subnetting
• Fixed-length subnet masking(FLSM)
• Variable-length subnet masking (VLSM)
• Classless interdomain routing (CIDR)
• Route summarization (Supernatting)
• IP Unnumbered

2
IP Addresses

IP Address consists of 4 binary octets.

Total length of IPv4 Address is 32-bits.

There are Five classes of IP Addresses:
• Class A
• First bit of first octet Starts with 0
• 0000 0000 - 0111 1111  0-127 (decimal)
• Class B
• First 2 bits of first octet starts with 10
• 1000 0000 - 1011 1111  128-191(decimal)
• Class C
• First 3 bits of first octet starts with 110
• 1100 0000 - 1101 1111  192-223(decimal)
• Class D
• First 4 bits of first octet starts with 1110
• 1110 0000 - 1110 1111  224-239(decimal)
• Class E
• First 4 bits of first octet starts with 1111
• 1111 0000 – 1111 1111  239-255(decimal)

3
 Network ID/Host ID

Class A IP Address:
• First Octet Network ID : Max. possible networks : 28 -1 = 127 Exception:
127.0.0.0 is loopback address
• Three Octets Host ID : Max. possible hosts : 224 = 16,777,214

Class B IP Address:
• First 2 Octet Network ID : Max. possible networks : 216=16384.
• Two Octets Host ID : Max. possible hosts : 216 = 65,334.

Class C IP Address:
• First 3 Octet Net. ID: Max. possible networks :224= 16,777,214.
• Two Octets Host ID : Max. possible hosts : 28 = 128.

Class D IP Address:
• Multicast groups.

Class E IP Address:
• Research purposes.

4
Subnet Mask

Breaking one large groups into Smaller Subnetworks.
• Better Logical organization of IP addresses.

A subnet mask is a 32-bit number.
• Itacts as a counterpart to the IP address. Each bit in the mask
corresponds to its counterpart bit in the IP address.

Logical ANDing is applied to the address and mask.
• If a bit in the IP address corresponds to a 1 bit in the subnet mask, the
IP address bit represents a network number.
• If a bit in the IP address corresponds to a 0 bit in the subnet mask, the
IP address bit represents a host number.
• Class A: 255.0.0.0
• Class B: 255.255.0.0
• Class C: 255.255.255.0
• Class D: - - - - - - - - - -
• Class E: - - - - - - - - - -

5
 6 subnets :
Core ISP Note:
Subnet bits=2n– 2 =no. of subnets, n=3. 192.168.1.0/27 &
192.168.1.0/24 192.168.1.224/27 Can not
Max. possible hosts = 25 -2 =30
be used n/w ID or host ID
with all 0’s & 1’s can’t be
used on WAN

FLSM
192.168.1.32/27 192.168.1.96/27 192.168.1.96/27
192.168.1.64/27 192.168.1.128/27 192.168.1.192/27
SM: 255.255.255.224(111 0 0000)

VLSM
192.168.1.64/29 192.168.1.72/29 192.168.1.80/29 192.168.1.88/29
SM: 255.255.255.248(111 1 1000)

VLSM
192.168.1.72/24 192.168.1.76/24 SM: 255.255.255.252(1111 1100)

6
Classless/Classful Routing Protocols

Routers in a variably subnetted network to properly
update each other, they must send masks in their routing
updates.
• Without subnet information in the routing updates, routers
would nothing but the address class and their own subnet
mask to go on.
• Only routing protocols that ignore the rules of address class
and use have classless prefixes work properly with VLSM.
• Classful routing protocols : RIPv1, IGRP, EGP, BGP3
• They don’t send subnet info. in updates, but only the address
class.
• Classless routing protocols: RIPv2, EIGRP, OSPF,
BGP4,IS-IS
• They send subnet information in updates.
• Supports VLSM  CIDR, Supernatting etc..
7
IP Address crisis

IETF re-tooled IPv4 using following
techniques:
• CIDR
• Route Aggregation
• Supernatting
• Summarization

• Replacement of classful addressing with

• Enhanced route aggregation, also known

• Supernetting, which is the combination of

8
Route Summarization

More efficient routing

Reduced number of
CPU cycles when
recalculating a routing
table or when sorting
through the routing table
entries to find a match

Reduced router memory
requirements

9
Private Addressing

TCP/IP is the dominant routed protocol in the world, most network
applications and operating systems offer extensive support for it.

Many private networks exist alongwith public networks, so using any
random IP address would result in wastage of IP address.

RFC 1918 sets aside three blocks of IP addresses for private or
internal use:

A Class A range
• 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255

A Class B range
• 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255

A Class C range
• 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255

10
NAT Network Address Translation

A NAT-enabled device, such as a
UNIX computer or a Cisco router,
operates at the border of a stub
domain .

A host inside the stub domain
wants to transmit to a host on the
outside, it forwards the packet to
the NAT-enabled device. The NAT
process then looks inside the IP
header and, if appropriate, replaces
the inside IP address with a globally
unique IP address.

NAT does the following:
• Receives IP request.
• Checks the current table of network address
translations.
• Replaces the destination address with the
original inside source.

11
IP Unnumbered
(For Classful Routing protocols)
•If the network runs Classful Routing Protocol
than IPunnumbered might be the only solution
to maximize the addresses.
• When a serial interface is configured for
IPunnumbered, it does not need its own
address. This is because it borrows the IP
address of another interface, usually a LAN
interface or loopback interface.

•Configuring IP unnumbered on an interface

• The interface is both serial and

12
 IPv6

IPv6 is an alternative and a solution to
the IPv4 address crisis.

It will not be easy for organizations
deeply invested in the IPv4 scheme to
migrate to a totally new architecture

IPv6 covers issues such as the
following (RFC1752):
• Address depletion
Growth in Routing
• Quality of service
tables so as IP
• Address autoconfiguration addresses
• Authentication
• Security

13
References

http://www.cisco.com/univercd/home/home.htm

http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/701/3.html

CCIE Routing & Switching by Jeff Doyle.

TCP/IP Networking guide, by Comer.

14