CHAPTER 5

1. Sequence
- Syntax :
CREATE SEQUENCE sequence
[INCREMENT BY n]
[START WITH n]
[{MAXVALUE n | NOMAXVALUE}]
[{MINVALUE n | NOMINVALUE}]
[{CYCLE | NOCYCLE}]
[{CACHE n | NOCACHE}];
In the syntax:
sequence is the name of the sequence generator
INCREMENT BY n specifies the interval between sequence numbers, where n is an
integer (If this clause is omitted, the sequence increments by 1.)
START WITH n specifies the first sequence number to be generated (If this clause is
omitted, the sequence starts with 1.)
MAXVALUE n specifies the maximum value the sequence can generate
NOMAXVALUE specifies a maximum value of 10^27 for an ascending
sequence and –1 for a descending sequence (This is the default option.)
MINVALUE n specifies the minimum sequence value
NOMINVALUE specifies a minimum value of 1 for an ascending sequence and –
(10^26) for a descending sequence (This is the default option.)
CYCLE | NOCYCLE specifies whether the sequence continues to generate values
after reaching its maximum or minimum value
(NOCYCLE is the default option.)
CACHE n | NOCACHE specifies how many values the Oracle server preallocates and
keeps in memory (By default, the Oracle server caches 20 values.)
- Example:
CREATE SEQUENCE dept_deptid_seq
INCREMENT BY 10
START WITH 120
MAXVALUE 9999
 NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
ALTER SEQUENCE dept_deptid_seq
INCREMENT BY 20
MAXVALUE 999999
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
DROP SEQUENCE dept_deptid_seq;
- Using:
NEXTVAL returns the next available sequence value. It returns a unique value every
time it is referenced, even for different users.
CURRVAL obtains the current sequence value.
Example:
INSERT INTO departments(department_id,department_name, location_id)
VALUES (dept_deptid_seq.NEXTVAL,'Support', 2500);
SELECT dept_deptid_seq.CURRVAL FROM dual;
- Note:
Rules for Using NEXTVAL and CURRVAL
* You can use NEXTVAL and CURRVAL in the following contexts:
• The SELECT list of a SELECT statement that is not part of a subquery
• The SELECT list of a subquery in an INSERT statement
• The VALUES clause of an INSERT statement
• The SET clause of an UPDATE statement
* You cannot use NEXTVAL and CURRVAL in the following contexts:
• The SELECT list of a view
• A SELECT statement with the DISTINCT keyword
• A SELECT statement with GROUP BY, HAVING, or ORDER BY clauses
• A subquery in a SELECT, DELETE, or UPDATE statement
• The DEFAULT expression in a CREATE TABLE or ALTER TABLE statement
2. Index
- Introduction
Is a schema object
• Can be used by the Oracle server to speed up the
retrieval of rows by using a pointer
 • Can reduce disk I/O by using a rapid path access
method to locate data quickly
• Is independent of the table that it indexes
• Is used and maintained automatically by the Oracle server
- Types of Indexes
Automatically: A unique index is created automatically when you define a PRIMARY
KEY or UNIQUE constraint in a table definition.
Manually: Users can create nonunique indexes on columns to speed up access to the
rows.
- Creating an Index
Syntax :
CREATE INDEX index
ON table (column[, column]...);
Example
CREATE INDEX emp_last_name_idx
ON employees(last_name);
- Remove an Index
Syntax:
DROP INDEX index;
Example:
DROP INDEX emp_last_name_idx;
3. Synonyms
Synonyms are database objects that enable you to call a table by another name. You
can create synonyms to give an alternate name to a table.
Simplify access to objects by creating a synonym
(another name for an object). With synonyms, you can:
• Create an easier reference to a table that is owned
by another user
• Shorten lengthy object names
Syntax:
CREATE [PUBLIC] SYNONYM synonym
FOR object;
In the syntax:
PUBLIC creates a synonym that is accessible to all users
 synonym is the name of the synonym to be created
object identifies the object for which the synonym is created
Example:
CREATE SYNONYM emp
FOR employees;

select * from emp;