CALCULUS II

TUTORIAL 1 ALL COHORTS 26 AUGUST 2022

1. SUMS AND SIGMA NOTATION

1. Write the following sums using sigma notation

1 2 3 4 1 1 1
i. + + + + ... ii. 1 − + − + ... iii. 5+ 6+ 7 +8+9
2 4 8 16 4 9 16

2. Expand the following sums

4 n
j2 n
i.  i3
i =1
ii. 
j =1 n
3
iii. 3
j=1
i

3. Find the closed form values for the following sums

 ( 6k − 4k + 3 )
n 1,000 n
i. i
i =1
2
+ 2i ii.  ( 2 j + 3)
j =1
iii.
k =1
2

4. Using the definition of areas as limits of sums, find the area A of the region lying
under the straight line y = x + 1 , above the x − axis and between the lines x = 0 and
x = 2.

5. Using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, find the area A of the plane region
lying above the x − axis and under the curve y = 3x − x 2 .

2. RIEMANN SUMS

1. Approximate the area under the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2, −2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 1 with a Riemann sum, using six
sub-intervals and right endpoints.

2. Approximate the area under the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 + 1, −1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 0 with a Riemann using 4 sub-
intervals and left endpoints.
3
3a. Approximate the value of the integral ∫1 𝑥 3 − 3𝑑𝑥 with a Riemann sum, using three sub-intervals
and right endpoints.

b. using five sub-intervals and left endpoints.

c. Compute the exact value of the integral using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.

4. A rectangular canal, 5m wide and 100m long has an uneven bottom. Depth measurements are taken
at every 20m along the length of the canal. Use these depth measurements to construct a Riemann sum
using the right endpoints to estimate the volume of water in the canal.

Distance 0m 20m 40m 60m 80m 100m

Depth 2.0m 1.6m 1.8m 2.1m 2.1m 1.9m

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5. Given the following table, approximate ∫−4 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 using

a. a Right Riemann Sum

b. a Left Riemann Sum

c. Trapezoidal Rule

𝑥 -4 -2 0 2 4 6

𝑓(𝑥) 100 50 -2 15 -17 -100

3. TRAPEZOIDAL RULE
𝑏
The trapezoidal rule determines the definite integral of type ∫𝑎 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥. The region under this curve is
divided into multiple trapezoids and then the area is calculated. It is important to note that F(x) must be
continuous between the intervals [a, b].

The Trapezoidal Formula

Consider 𝐹(𝑥) as a continuous function in the interval [𝑎, 𝑏]. According to the definition, divide this
interval into 𝑛 equal subintervals each of equal width.

𝑏−𝑎
∆𝑥 =
𝑛

𝑥𝑖 = [𝑎, 𝑥0 , 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4 , … 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑏] (all possible values of 𝑥)

𝑏
To approximate the area of the definite integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥, the trapezoidal rule is given by
 𝑏
∆𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ 𝑇𝑛 = [𝑓(𝑥0 ) + +2𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥2 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥3 ) + ⋯ 2𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )]
𝑎 2

Where 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑎 + 𝑖∆𝑥
𝑏
Also, as 𝑛 → ∞, the RHS of the given expression approaches ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

How to Use Trapezoidal Rule

The trapezoidal rule is used to calculate the definite integral of the function F(x). It determines the area
under the region formed by dividing the curve into multiple trapezoids. To calculate the area under the
curve of the function f(x) using the trapezoidal rule follow the steps:

Step I: Write the number of subintervals (n) between “a” and “b”.

Step 2: Calculate the subinterval width,

𝑏−𝑎
∆𝑥 =
𝑛

Step 3: Calculate the values of 𝑓(𝑥0 ), 𝑓(𝑥1 ), 𝑓(𝑥2 )....., 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )

Step 4: Put all these values in the trapezoidal rule formula:

𝑏
∆𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ 𝑇𝑛 = [𝑓(𝑥0 ) + +2𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥2 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥3 ) + ⋯ 2𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )]
𝑎 2

END.

QUESTIONS

1. Approximate the integral of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 on the interval [0,2] using the Trapezoidal Rule.

2. Approximate the integral of 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 on the interval [0,2] using the Trapezoidal Rule.
2
3. The curve 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 is bounded by the x-axis, and the line 𝑥 = 3 and forms a region R. Complete the
table by calculating the value of 𝑦 corresponding to 𝑥 = 0.8 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 = 1.6.

𝑥 0 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2

𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑒0 𝑒 0.16 𝑒 1.44 𝑒4

Using a trapezoidal rule, calculate the approximate value for the region R using all the values of the
above table.
2 1
4. Use the Trapezoidal rule with 𝑛 = 8 to evaluate ∫0 (1+𝑥)2
. Calculate the approximate value of 𝑛.
5. Calculate the approximate value of the area under the curve 𝑓(𝑥) = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 =
3 using the trapezoidal rule with 𝑛 = 4 subintervals. Also, calculate the % error of the approximation.
4
6. Use the Trapezoidal Rule to approximate ∫1 √1 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥 with 𝑛 = 9.

7. Find the area under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 between the lines 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 3 using the trapezoidal rule,
taking step size 2.
4
8. Use the Trapezoidal Rule to approximate ∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 with 𝑛 = 2.

2
9. Approximate the integral ∫0 (1 + cos(2√𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 by using the trapezoidal rule with 𝑛 = 1,2 and 4
subintervals.

4. SIMPSON’S RULE

Simpson's Rule is a numerical method that approximates the value of a definite integral by using quadratic
functions. This method is named after the English mathematician Thomas Simpson (1710−1761).
Simpson's Rule is based on the fact that given three points, we can find the equation of a quadratic
𝑏
through those points. To obtain an approximation of the definite integral ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 using Simpson's Rule,
we partition the interval [a, b] into an even number n of subintervals, each of width
𝑏−𝑎
∆𝑥 =
𝑛

On each pair of consecutive subintervals [𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑥𝑖 ], [𝑥𝑖 , 𝑥𝑖+1 ], we consider a quadratic function 𝑦 =
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 such that it passes through the points (𝑥𝑖−1 , 𝑓(𝑥𝑖−1 )), (𝑥𝑖 , 𝑓(𝑥𝑖 )), (𝑥𝑖+1 , 𝑓(𝑥𝑖+1 )).
If the function 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on [𝑎, 𝑏], then
𝑏
∆𝑥
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ≈ [𝑓(𝑥0 ) + 4𝑓(𝑥1 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥2 ) + 4𝑓(𝑥3 ) + 2𝑓(𝑥4 ) + ⋯ + 4𝑓(𝑥𝑛−1 ) + 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )]
𝑎 3

The coefficients in Simpson's Rule have the following pattern:

END.

QUESTIONS

1. Take the integral of 𝑦 = −1.25𝑥 2 + 8.5𝑥 − 2.25 from 1 to 5. Verify that it has the same value as the
Simpson’s Rule formula for the three points (1,5), (3,12) and (5,9).

2. Verify Simpson’s Rule using the quadratic 𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 12 on the interval [−1, 5]

3. Verify Simpson’s Rule using the cubic 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 − 2 on the interval [0, 2]

4a. Find the integral of 𝑦 = 3𝑥 on [−3,11]. Also use Simpson’s Rule. Compare the answers.
b. Repeat for 𝑦 = √𝑥 on [4,16]

c. Repeat for 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 on [1, 5]

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5. Use Simpson’s Rule with 𝑛 = 4 to approximate the integral ∫0 √𝑥𝑑𝑥

6. A function 𝑓(𝑥) is given by the table of values. Approximate the area under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
between 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 4 using Simpson’s Rule with 𝑛 = 4 subintervals.

𝑥 0 1 2 3 4

𝑓(𝑥) 2 7 12 10 5

7. A function 𝑓(𝑥) is given as a table of values. Approximate the area under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) from
𝑥 = −4 and 𝑥 = 8 using Simpson’s Rule with 𝑛 = 6 subintervals.

8. Approximate the area under the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) between 𝑥 = −1 and 𝑥 = 5 using Simpson’s Rule
with 𝑛 = 6 subintervals.
9. Approximate the area under the curve 𝑦 = 3𝑥 between 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑥 = 2 using Simpson’s Rule with
𝑛 = 4 subintervals.

2 𝑑𝑥
10. Approximate the integral ∫1 𝑥
using Simpson’s Rule with 𝑛 = 2 subintervals.

5. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS

6. IMPROPER INTEGRALS

For each of the following, determine if the integral is proper or improper. If it is improper,

explain why. Do not evaluate any of the integrals.

2 𝑥 2 1 2
1. ∫0 𝑥 2 −5𝑥+6
𝑑𝑥 2. ∫1 2𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥 3. ∫1 ln(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥