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Geometric Formulas
Triangle Circle Parallelogram

1 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
2 𝑐 = 2𝜋𝑟
Trapezoid Pythagorean Theorem Cylinder

1 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝐴= ℎ(𝑏1 + 𝑏2 ) 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ
2
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟ℎ + 2𝜋𝑟 2
Cone Sphere Rectangular Solid

1 4 𝑉 = 𝑙𝑤ℎ
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 3 𝐴 = 2𝑙𝑤 + 2𝑙ℎ + 2𝑤ℎ
3 3
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟𝑠 + 2𝜋𝑟 2 𝐴 = 4𝜋𝑟 2
Cube Distance Formula

𝑉 = 𝑠3
𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 )2 + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 )2
𝐴 = 6𝑠 2
Sector of a Circle Slope and Intercept
Slope,
𝑦2 − 𝑦1
𝑚=
𝑥2 − 𝑥1

𝑚1 = 𝑚2 (for ∥ lines)
𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃
1 𝑚1 𝑚2 = −1 (for ⊥ lines)
𝐴 = 𝑟2𝜃
2

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Algebra
Exponents and Radicals Properties of Logarithms
𝑎𝑚 ∙ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 ⇌ log 𝑏 𝑦 = 𝑥
𝑚
𝑎 log 𝑏 (𝑥𝑦) = log 𝑏 𝑥 + log 𝑏 𝑦
= 𝑎𝑚−𝑛 (𝑎 ≠ 0) 𝑥
𝑎𝑛 log 𝑏 ( ) = log 𝑏 𝑥 − log 𝑏 𝑦
(𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛 𝑦
(𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑛 log 𝑏 (𝑥 𝑛 ) = 𝑛 log 𝑏 𝑥
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛 log 𝑐 𝑥
( ) = 𝑛 (𝑏 ≠ 0) log 𝑏 𝑥 =
𝑏 𝑏 log 𝑐 𝑏
0
𝑎 = 1 (𝑎 ≠ 0) log 𝑏 𝑏 = 1
1 Complex Number
𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑛 (𝑎 ≠ 0)
𝑎 𝑚 √−𝑎 = 𝑖√𝑎 (𝑎 > 0)
𝑛 𝑛
𝑎𝑚⁄𝑛 = √𝑎𝑚 = ( √𝑎 ) 𝑖 = √−1
√𝑎𝑏 = √𝑎√𝑏 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑖𝑦
Special Products 𝑟 = |𝑧| = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑎(𝑥 + 𝑦) = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑦
(𝑥 + 𝑦)(𝑥 − 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 𝜃 = tan−1 ( )
𝑥
(𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 + 𝑖 sin 𝜃) = 𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑠𝜃
(
(𝑥 − 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑧 = 𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑟∠𝜃
Quadratic Equation and Formula
𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 = 0
−𝑏 ± √𝑏2 − 4𝑎𝑐
𝑥=
2𝑎
Variation
Direct variation: 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑥
𝑘
Inverse variation: 𝑦 =
𝑥

Trigonometry Formulas
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 = tan 𝜃 =
𝑟 𝑟 𝑥
𝑟 𝑟 𝑥
csc 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 180°
Law of Sines: 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵 sin 𝐶
Law of Cosines: 𝑎2 = 𝑏2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏𝑐 cos 𝐴
𝑏2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑐 2 − 2𝑎𝑐 cos 𝐵
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
Hero's Formula for Triangle
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐
𝑠= ; 𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐 )
2

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Trigonometry Identities
Basic Identities Sum/Different Angles:
1 sin(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ± cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
sin 𝜃 =
csc 𝜃 cos(𝛼 ± 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 cos 𝛽 ∓ sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
1 tan 𝛼 ± tan 𝛽
cos 𝜃 = tan(𝛼 ± 𝛽) =
sec 𝜃 1 ∓ tan 𝛼 tan 𝛽
sin 𝜃 1
tan 𝜃 = = Double Angle
cos 𝜃 cot 𝜃
sin 2𝛼 = 2 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼
sin2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃 = 1 cos 2𝛼 = cos2 𝛼 − sin2 𝛼
1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃 cos 2𝛼 = 2cos2 𝛼 − 1
1 + cot 2 𝜃 = csc 2 𝜃 cos 2𝛼 = 1 − 2sin2 𝛼
2 tan 𝛼
tan 2𝛼 =
1 − tan2 𝛼
Reference Angle Half Angle
(1st quadrant): 𝜃 = 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓
𝛼 1 − cos 𝛼
(2nd quadrant): 𝜃 = 180° − 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 sin = ±√
(3rd quadrant): 𝜃 = 180° + 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 2 2
(4th quadrant): 𝜃 = 360° − 𝜃𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝛼 1 + cos 𝛼
cos = ±√
2 2

System of Linear Equations (Determinants method / Cramer’s rule)

Second order determinant Third order determinant
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
| | = 𝑎1 𝑏2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1
𝑎2 𝑏2 |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | = 𝑎1 𝑏2 𝑐3 + 𝑎3 𝑏1 𝑐2 + 𝑎2 𝑏3 𝑐1
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 −𝑎3 𝑏2 𝑐1 − 𝑎1 𝑏3 𝑐2 − 𝑎2 𝑏1 𝑐3
2 unknowns:
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2
𝑐1 𝑏1 𝑎1 𝑐1
| | |𝑎 𝑐 |
𝑐2 𝑏2
𝑥= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 2 2
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑎 𝑏1
| | | 1 |
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
3 unknowns:
𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1
𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2
𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3
𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑑1
|𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | |𝑎2 𝑑2 𝑐2 | |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑2 |
𝑑 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎 𝑑3 𝑐3 𝑎 𝑏3 𝑑3
𝑥= 3 ,𝑦 = 3 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
|𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

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Matrices Formulas
Determinant
𝑎 𝑏
If 𝐴 = [ ]
𝑐 𝑑
𝑎 𝑏
Det (𝐴) = | | = 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐
𝑐 𝑑
Inverse matrix
1 𝑑 −𝑏 1 𝑑 −𝑏
𝐴−1 = [ ]= [ ]
Det (𝐴) −𝑐 𝑎 𝑎𝑑 − 𝑏𝑐 −𝑐 𝑎
Determinant
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
If 𝐴 = [𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝑏 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑐2 𝑎2 𝑏2
Det (𝐴) = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | = 𝑎1 | 2 | − 𝑏1 |𝑎 𝑐3 | + 𝑐1 |𝑎3 |
𝑏3 𝑐3 3 𝑏3
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

Sequences & the Binomial Theorem Formulas

Arithmetic Sequences Geometric Sequence
n-term n-term
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑑 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛−1 𝑟
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎1 𝑟 𝑛−1
Sum of n-terms Sum of n-terms
𝑛 𝑎1 (1 − 𝑟 𝑛 )
𝑆𝑛 = (𝑎1 + 𝑎𝑛 ) 𝑆𝑛 =
2 1−𝑟
𝑛 𝑛
𝑆𝑛 = (2𝑎1 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ) 𝑎1 𝑟 − 1)
(
2 𝑆𝑛 =
𝑟−1
Sum of infinite terms
𝑎1
𝑆∞ = , |𝑟| < 1
1−𝑟
Binomial Theorem Formulas
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 𝑛−2 2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 𝑛−3 3
(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 + 𝑛𝑎𝑛−1 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 + 𝑎 𝑏 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑛
2! 3!
When 𝑎 = 1 & 𝑏 = 𝑥
𝑛(𝑛 − 1) 2 𝑛(𝑛 − 1)(𝑛 − 2) 3
(1 + 𝑥)𝑛 = 1 + 𝑛𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑛
2! 3!

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Plane Analytical Geometry Formulas

Circle Parabola
𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑟2 𝑦 2 = 4𝑝𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐸𝑦 + 𝐹 = 0 𝑥 2 = 4𝑝𝑦
Circle, centre (ℎ, 𝑘 ) Parabola, vertex (ℎ, 𝑘 )
(𝑥 − ℎ )2 + (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 𝑟 2 (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 = 4𝑝(𝑥 − ℎ)
(𝑥 − ℎ)2 = 4𝑝(𝑦 − 𝑘 )
Ellipse Hyperbola
2 2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1 − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑦2 𝑥2 𝑦2 𝑥2
+ =1 − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
Ellipse, centre (ℎ, 𝑘 ) Hyperbola, centre (ℎ, 𝑘 )
(𝑥 − ℎ )2 (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 (𝑥 − ℎ ) 2 (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2
+ =1 − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑦 − 𝑘 )2 (𝑥 − ℎ )2 (𝑦 − 𝑘 ) 2 (𝑥 − ℎ )2
+ =1 − =1
𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑎2 𝑏2

Basic Derivatives Formulas

Limit lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎

Derivative by definition If 𝑦 = 𝑓 (𝑥)

𝑑𝑦 𝑓 (𝑥 + ℎ ) − 𝑓 (𝑥 )
= lim { }
𝑑𝑥 ℎ→0 ℎ
Derivatives of polynomials 𝑑𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑛
=0 = 𝑛𝑥 𝑛−1
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑐𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑(𝑢 + 𝑣)
=𝑐 = 𝑢′ + 𝑣′
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Product Rule 𝑑
(𝑢𝑣 ) = 𝑢𝑣 ′ + 𝑢′ 𝑣
𝑑𝑥
Quotient Rule 𝑑 𝑢 𝑢 ′ 𝑣 − 𝑢𝑣′
( )=
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 𝑣2
Chain Rule 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑢
= ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑥
Derivatives of power 𝑑 𝑛 𝑑𝑢
(𝑢 ) = 𝑛𝑢𝑛−1 ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Newton’s method formula 𝑓 (𝑥𝑛 )
𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥𝑛 −
𝑓′(𝑥𝑛 )

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Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

Original Rule Generalized Rule (Chain Rule)

𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sin 𝑥 ) = cos 𝑥 (sin 𝑢) = cos 𝑢 ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(cos 𝑥 ) = − sin 𝑥 (cos 𝑢) = − sin 𝑢 ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(tan 𝑥 ) = sec 2 𝑥 (tan 𝑢) = sec 2 𝑢 ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(csc 𝑥 ) = − csc 𝑥 ∙ cot 𝑥 (csc 𝑢) = − csc 𝑢 ∙ cot 𝑢 ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(sec 𝑥 ) = sec 𝑥 ∙ tan 𝑥 (sec 𝑢 ) = sec 𝑢 ∙ tan 𝑢 ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(cot 𝑥 ) = −csc 2 𝑥 (cot 𝑢) = −csc 2 𝑢 ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(sin−1 𝑥 ) = (sin−1 𝑢 ) = ∙
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(cos −1 𝑥 ) = − (cos −1 𝑢 ) = − ∙
𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 √1 − 𝑢2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(tan−1 𝑥 ) = (tan−1 𝑢 ) = ∙
𝑑𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 2
1 + 𝑢 𝑑𝑥

Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions & Exponential Functions

Original Rule Generalized Rule (Chain Rule)

𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢
(log 𝑥 ) = log 𝑒 (log 𝑢) = log 𝑒 ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 1 𝑑 1 𝑑𝑢 𝑢′
(ln 𝑥 ) = (ln 𝑢) = ∙ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢 𝑑𝑥 𝑢
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(𝑏 ) = 𝑏 𝑥 ln 𝑏 (𝑏 ) = 𝑏𝑢 ln 𝑏 ∙
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥 𝑑 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 ) = 𝑒 𝑢 ∙ = 𝑢′ ∙ 𝑒 𝑢
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

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Integration Formulas
𝑥 𝑛+1
𝑛
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 ; (𝑛 ≠ −1) ∫ csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = csc 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑛+1
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 | + 𝐶 ∫ tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑙𝑛|cos 𝑥 | + 𝐶
𝑥

∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|sin 𝑥 | + 𝐶

∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 | + 𝐶

∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ csc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 | + 𝐶

1 𝑥
∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 +𝐶
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎
1 1 𝑥
∫ csc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −co𝑡 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫ 2 2
𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 + 𝐶
𝑎 +𝑥 𝑎 𝑎
Integration by part:
∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − ∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

Trapezoidal Rule
𝑏
ℎ
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ≈ (𝑦 + 2𝑦1 + 2𝑦2 + ⋯ + 2𝑦𝑛−1 + 𝑦𝑛 )
𝑎 2 0
Simpson’s Rule
𝑏
ℎ
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ≈ (𝑦 + 4𝑦1 + 2𝑦2 + 4𝑦3 + 2𝑦4 ⋯ + 4𝑦𝑛−1 + 𝑦𝑛 ); 𝑛 even
𝑎 3 0

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Series Formulas
The Maclaurin series expansion of a function:
′
𝑓 ′′ (0) 2 𝑓 ′′′ (0) 3 𝑓 (𝑛) (0) 𝑛
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓 (0) + 𝑓 (0)𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 + ⋯+ 𝑥
2! 3! 𝑛!
Taylor series expansion of a function:
𝑓 ′′ (𝑎) 𝑓 (𝑛) (𝑎)
𝑓 (𝑎) = 𝑓(𝑎) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑎) + (𝑥 − 𝑎 )2 + ⋯ + (𝑥 − 𝑎 )𝑛
2! 𝑛!
Fourier series expansion of a function:
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 cos 𝑥 + 𝑎2 cos 2𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑥 + ⋯
𝑏1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑏2 sin 2𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝑥
where
1 𝜋
𝑎0 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
2𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋
𝑎𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) cos 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋
1 𝜋
𝑏𝑛 = ∫ 𝑓 (𝑥) sin 𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 −𝜋

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First order differential equations

Separation variables method:
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔(𝑦)
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑔(𝑦)
Integration factor method:
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑦 = 𝑄(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
Integration factor, 𝐼 (𝑥) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑃(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Then
𝐼(𝑥) ∙ 𝑦 = ∫ 𝐼(𝑥) ∙ 𝑄(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Second order differential equations

Second-order homogenous differential equations:
𝑎𝑦 ′′ + 𝑏𝑦 ′ + 𝑐𝑦 = 0
Characteristic equation (CE):
𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑏𝑟 + 𝑐 = 0
General solution:
Case 1: Characteristic equation has two real roots, 𝑟1 & 𝑟2
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑟1𝑥 + 𝐵𝑒 𝑟2𝑥
Case 2: Characteristic equation has a repeated real root, 𝑟
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐴𝑒 𝑟𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥𝑒 𝑟𝑥 = (𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥)𝑒 𝑟𝑥
Case 3: Characteristic equation has complex roots, 𝑟 = 𝛼 + 𝑖𝛽
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝛼𝑥 {𝐴 cos(𝛽𝑥) + 𝐵 sin(𝛽𝑥 )}

Second-order Non-homogenous differential equations:

𝑎𝑦 ′′ + 𝑏𝑦 ′ + 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)
General solution:
𝑦 = 𝑦𝑐 + 𝑦𝑝
Complementary Solution, 𝑦𝑐 corresponding homogeneous equation.

Particular Solution, 𝑦𝑝 by Method of Undetermined Coefficients:

Non-homogenous Term Form of Particular Solution
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑎𝑒 𝑘𝑥
𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑥
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑎 sin(𝑘𝑥) 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = 𝐶1 sin(𝑘𝑥) + 𝐶2 cos(𝑘𝑥)
𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑎 cos(𝑘𝑥) 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = 𝐶1 sin(𝑘𝑥) + 𝐶2 cos(𝑘𝑥)
𝑛 𝑛
𝑛−𝑖
𝑓 (𝑥) = ∑ 𝑎𝑛−𝑖 𝑥 𝑦𝑝 (𝑥) = ∑ 𝐶𝑛−𝑖 𝑥 𝑛−𝑖
𝑖=0 𝑖=0

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Statistics Formulas
Arithmetic mean Standard (𝑧) score
∑𝑥𝑖 𝑓𝑖 𝑥−𝜇
𝑥̅ = 𝑧=
∑𝑓𝑖 𝜎
Standard deviation Standard error of 𝑥̅
𝜎
𝜎𝑥̅ =
∑ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅ )2 √𝑛
𝑠=√ Standard error of 𝑝̂
𝑛−1

𝑛(∑𝑥 2 ) − (∑𝑥)2 𝑝 (1 − 𝑝 )
𝑠=√ 𝜎𝑝̂ = √
𝑛 (𝑛 − 1) 𝑛

Least-squares Linear Regression Formulas

𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
𝑛(∑𝑥𝑦) − (∑𝑥)(∑𝑦) ∑𝑦 − 𝑚(∑𝑥)
𝑚= 𝑏=
𝑛(∑𝑥 2 ) − (∑𝑥)2 𝑛
Correlation coefficient, r
𝑛(∑𝑥𝑦) − (∑𝑥)(∑𝑦𝑖 )
𝑟=
√𝑛(∑𝑥 2 ) − (∑𝑥)2 √𝑛(∑𝑦 2 ) − (∑𝑦)2

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Table of the standard normal cumulative distribution function 𝜱(𝒛)

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Table of Laplace Transforms

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