Lab Power System OFF GRID SOLAR PV
Lab Power System OFF GRID SOLAR PV
POWER SYSTEMS
LAB 1
Name :
Group No : Lab
Session :
Date :
Lecturer :
GA’s :
Internal
Successfully Performs
❑(0-1) ❑(2-5) ❑(6-9) ❑(10)
Cannot completes Successfully Successfully Successfully
Experiments
tasks and standard completes experiment completes experiment completes
Without Supervision
procedures procedure with procedures with experiment
moderate supervision minimal supervision procedures
independently
Examiner’s:
Lab: 1 / 2 / 3 /4
(Name & Signature)
Conclusions
❑(0) ❑(1-2) ❑(3-4) ❑(5)
No conclusions Minimum conclusions Conclusions are Conclusions are
are deduced deduced but not deduced very
comprehensive and comprehensively and
accurate accurately
TOTAL
Examiner’s:
LAB 1: OFF GRID SOLAR PV
POWER SYSTEMS
OBJECTIVE
1. To observe the relationship of current, voltage and power in a solar PV cell.
2. To plot the I‐V curve graph of a solar PV cell, and to identify the maximum power point,
the short circuit current, and the open circuit voltage.
3. To explore solar PV cells as renewable energy sources and test their efficiency in converting
solar PV radiation to electrical power.
PRE‐LABQUESTIONS
1. How do solar PV panels work?
2. What happens to solar PV panels in cloudy days?
3. What are the solar PV panel made out of?
4. What make solar PV power an efficient mode of electricity?
LAB 1: OFF GRID SOLAR PV
POWER SYSTEMS
Efficiency of a Solar PV Cell
Theory
The sun produces 3.9 × 1026 watts of energy every second. Of that amount, 1,386
watts fall on a square meter of Earth’s atmosphere and even less reaches Earth’s surface. This
energy can be used to generate electricity without producing pollution or dangerous wastes.
Solar PV cells generate electrical power by converting solar PV radiation into direct current
electricity. Currently solar PV cells generate a tiny fraction of the total global power‐ generating
capacity from all sources. However, it is one of the fastest growing power‐ generation
technologies in the world. Developing solar PV power is a critical part of sustainable energy
policy, particularly as the costs and consequences of burning fossil fuels increase.
Solar PV cell uses the energy in a photon of sunlight to separate a positive charge from a
negative charge. It collects those positive and negative charges on two different terminals so
they can be used to do work in an electric circuit.
Solar PV Cell Efficiency
Solar PV cell efficiency is the ratio of the electrical output of a solar PV cell to the
incident energy in the form of sunlight. The energy conversion efficiency (η) of a solar PV
cell is the percentage of the solar PV energy to which the cell is exposed that is converted into
electrical energy. This is calculated by dividing a cell's power output (in watts) at its maximum
power point (P) by the input light (E, in W/m2) and the surface area of the solar PV cell (A in m2).
P
100 (1)
E A
Solar PV cell’s power output is found by multiplying the cell’s current and the cell’s voltage:
P V I (W) (2)
By convention, solar PV cell efficiencies are measured under standard test conditions
(STC) unless stated otherwise. STC specifies a temperature of 25 °C and an irradiance of 1000
W/m2 with an air mass 1.5 spectrum. These conditions correspond to a clear day with sunlight
incident upon a sun‐facing 37°‐tilted surface with the sun at an angle of 41.81° above the horizon.
LAB 1: OFF GRID SOLAR PV
POWER SYSTEMS
At short circuit shown at Figure 1, the solar PV module produces electric current but
no voltage. At open circuit shown at Figure 2, the solar PV module produces voltage but no
current. Electric power is defined as the product of the current and the voltage. Hence, in both
the short circuit and open circuit, the solar PV module produces no power. Somewhere in
between these two operating points is the Maximum Power point of the solar PV module
where the maximum power possible is being generated. In this experiment the student is to
find the values of voltage and respective current generated by the modules, find the power,
and plot graph.
By taking current and voltage measurements of a solar PV module while supplying power
to a variable resistor, the student determines the current‐voltage relation, or what is called as
IV curve of a solar PV module. The current and voltage of each data set is multiplied together
to yield the corresponding power at that operating point. The power is then plotted as a
function of voltage.
The maximum value of the power curve is at the maximum power point of the solar PV
module. The student should determine the current, the voltage, and the power for the
maximum power of the solar PV module
LAB 1: OFF GRID SOLAR PV
POWER SYSTEMS
In this experiment, we are going to use Solar PV Panel from Sharp ND‐AF310.
List Of Equipment
1. Solar PV Module
Electrical Characteristics
Maximum Power (Pmax)* : 210W
Tolerance of Pmax : +5%/‐0%
Type of Cell : Polycrystalline
Cell Configuration : 72 in
series Open Circuit Voltage (Voc) : 45.01V
Voltage at point of maximum power (Vmpp) : 29.8V
Short Circuit Current (Isc) : 8.67A
Current at point of maximum power (Impp) : 8.29A
Module Efficiency (%) : 15.9%
Maximum System (DC) Voltage : 1000VDC
Temperature Coefficient (Pmax) : ‐0.432%/°C
Temperature Coefficient (Voc) : ‐0.309%/°C
Temperature Coefficient (Isc) : 0.047%/°C
Mechanical Data & Components
Dimension (A x B x C to the right) : 990 x 1960 x 40mm
Cable Length (G) : 43.3”/1100mm
Output Interconnect Cable : 12 AWG with SMK Locking Connector
Hail Impact Resistance : 1” (25mm) at 52 mph (23m/s)
Weight : 41.9 lbs/ 19.0kg
Max Load : 50 psf (2400 Pascals)
Operating Temperature (cell) : ‐ 40 to 194°F/ ‐40 to 90°C
2. Light Source with stand A B
Power : 4 x 500W Halogen Lamp
Stand : Free stand and light angle
C D
LAB 1: OFF GRID SOLAR PV
POWER SYSTEMS (EDB3063)
3. 2 Multimeters
4. Variable Resistor
5. Alligator clips and wire
6. 12VDC Regulator light
7. Pyranometer
8. Temperature Sensor
9. LabQuest 2
LAB 1: OFF GRID SOLAR PV
POWER SYSTEMS (EDB3063)
Procedure to connect Lab Quest to Wi‐Fi network and use data sharing
To set up LabQuest as a Data Sharing source, you will need to connect LabQuest to a Wi‐Fi
Network and enable Data Sharing.
1. Launch the connection App from the Home Screen.
2. Verify Wi‐Fi is enabled (On).
3. Tap the Network Settings gear on the Connections App to open the Network
Configuration dialog box. The Network Configuration dialog box lists any networks that
LabQuest sees, as well as an option to join networks manually or create your own
network.
LAB 1: OFF GRID SOLAR PV
POWER SYSTEMS (EDB3063)
4. Select Create Network.
5. Tap the Network Name field and assign a name to this new network, use group number
as a name (eg: G1).
6. Verify LabQuest is attempting to create a network. The network status should say
“Connecting.”
7. Verify LabQuest has successfully created a network. The network status should have
changed to a numeric IP address.
8. After setting up LabQuest as a Data Sharing source, you can then connect to this LabQuest
Wi‐Fi network with your mobile device, or laptop.
9. Once successfully connected to LabQuest Wi‐Fi network, copy the IP address on your
browser to enable stream the data from LabQuest wirelessly.
LAB 1: OFF GRID SOLAR PV
POWER SYSTEMS (EDB3063)
Experiment Procedures
Part A : The Current‐Voltage Relation or the IV Curve of a Solar PV Module
1. Set the circuit as in the Figure 3 to start measurement.
2. Set the solar PV cell facing towards a source of artificial light, such as halogen lamp.
3. Attach the Pyranometer & Temperature sensor to solar PV panel. Record the data using
the Lab Quest interface logger. Record the data from the beginning of the experiment
until finish. See the instruction on how to connect Lab Quest to your pc or laptop.
4. Measure the Short Circuit Current as shown at Figure 3 by having minimum resistance.
Set resistor to minimum.
Table 1
Resistor Volatge Current Power Temperature Irradiance
No
% V A W ⁰C W/m²
1 Short Circuit
2 10
3 20
4 30
5 40
6 50
7 60
8 70
9 80
10 90
11 100
12 Open Circuit
5. Increase the resistance of the variable resistor by every 10%. Record the new current and
voltage at Table 1.
6. Continue this until the maximum resistance in the variable resistor.
7. Plot the 2 graph of Current Vs Voltage & Power vs Voltage on the same graph sheet.
8. Indicate the maximum power in the power curve, and find the respective voltage
and current.
LAB 1: OFF GRID SOLAR PV
POWER SYSTEMS (EDB3063)
Results from graph
Maximum Power = ……………….
Voltage at maximum power point = ……………….
Current at maximum power point = ……………….
Part B: Finding the Efficiency of a Solar PV Cell While Driving Regulator Light
1. Measure the length and width of the solar PV cell and find its surface area.
2. Record the results in Table 2.
Table 2
Length of Width of Total of Area of Total area
the the solar PV cell each of the
solar PV solar PV solar PV solar PV
cell (m) cell (m) cell ( m 2 ) panel ( m 2
3. Place the halogen lamp in front of the solar PV panel.
4. Measure the distance from solar PV cell to the flood light lamp with a ruler. Adjust the
distance to 1 meter and turn on the light source.
5. Connect the circuit as shown in the Figure 4.
6. Record the data using Lab Quest, with connect temperature sensor & pyranometer sensor.
Once experiment complete then save the data.
7. Switch on the halogen lamp as below table requirement, record the values in Table 3.
LAB 1: OFF GRID SOLAR PV
POWER SYSTEMS (EDB3063)
Report Organization
The report should follow the following format:
Results
Analysis & Discussion
Conclusions
POWER SYSTEMS
EDB 3063
LAB 2
TRANSMISSION
PARAMETERS
Name :
Group No : Lab
Session : Date
Lecturer :
GA’s :
Internal
Successfully Performs
❑(0-1) ❑(2-5) ❑(6-9) ❑(10)
Cannot completes Successfully Successfully Successfully
Experiments
tasks and standard completes experiment completes experiment completes
Without Supervision
procedures procedure with procedures with experiment
moderate supervision minimal supervision procedures
independently
Examiner’s: Lab: 1 / 2 / 3
Conclusions
❑(0) ❑(1-2) ❑(3-4) ❑(5)
No conclusions Minimum conclusions Conclusions are Conclusions are
are deduced deduced but not deduced very
comprehensive and comprehensively and
accurate accurately
TOTAL
Examiner’s:
OBJECTIVE
To determine the transmission and inverse transmission parameters.
PRE‐LAB QUESTIONS
Figure: Two port representation of transmission line
4. Why inverse transmission parameters are determined?
5. Design a table that includes variables, those should be measured and recorded in order
to achieve transmission and inverse transmission parameters.
Theory
TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS
The transmission line for determining transmission parameters may be represented by a two‐port
network as shown below in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Transmission line representation for transmission parameters
VS AVR BI R
I S CVR DI R
Where, VR : Receiving End Voltage, IR : Receiving End Current, VS : Sending End Voltage,
IS : Sending End Current
The two‐port parameters provide a measure of how a circuit transmits voltage and current
from a source to a load. They are called transmission parameters or A, B, C, and D parameters.
The transmission parameters are determined as:
VS VS
A B C S
D
VR I R 0 IR VR 0 VR I R 0 VR 0
The transmission parameters are called, specifically
A = Open‐circuit voltage ratio, B = Negative short – circuit transfer impedance, C = Open‐circuit transfer admittance,
D = Negative short – circuit current ratio
A and D are dimensionless, B is in Ohms and C is in Siemens. The parameters are obtained by
open‐circuit and short‐circuit test
INVERSE TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS
The transmission line for determining inverse transmission parameters may be
represented by a two port network as shown below in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Transmission line representation for inverse transmission parameters
VR aVS bI S
I R cVS dI S
Where, VR : Receiving End Voltage, IR : Receiving End Current, VS : Sending End Voltage, IS :
Sending End Current
The parameters a, b, c and d are called the inverse transmission parameters. They are
determined as follows
VR
a b VR c R d IR
VS IS 0 IS VS 0 VS I S 0 IR VS 0
The transmission parameters are called, specifically
a = Open‐circuit voltage gain, b = Negative short – circuit transfer impedance, c = Open‐circuit transfer admittance,
d = Negative short – circuit current gain
a and d are dimensionless, b is in ohms and c is in Siemens. The parameters are obtained by
open‐circuit and short‐circuit test
Tasks
Draw the schematic diagram of open‐circuit and short‐circuit test for transmission and
inverse transmission parameters.
Draw the table of all the variables measured and recorded during laboratory experiment
for transmission and inverse transmission parameters.
Calculate transmission parameters (A, B, C, and D) and inverse transmission parameters
(a, b, c, and d) by open‐circuit and short‐circuit tests.
Required Equipment
Model Description Quantity
8821 Power supply unit 1
8329 Three‐Phase Transmission Line 1
8426 AC Voltmeter 2
8425 AC Ammeter 2
9128 Connection Leads
Transmission Parameters
Open‐circuit test: To determine A and C, the output side of the transmission line network
is open‐circuited to make IR = 0. The input side is supplied with source voltage (equal to 400V the
nominal value) keeping the impedance of the transmission line at some value.
Short‐circuit test: The output port is short‐circuited to make VR = 0. The input port us supplied
with low voltage and adjusted until nominal current (check the rated value of the current on the
three‐phase transmission line board) is attained. By measuring the voltages and current the
required parameters are calculated.
Warning: High voltages are present in this Laboratory! Do not make any connections
with the power on.
The module must be connected to a three‐phase variable 0‐240/415V
power supply, labeled 4, 5, 6 and N.
Open‐circuit test
1) To connect the three‐phase transmission line circuit to the power supply. The terminals
(4, 5, and 6, variable voltage supply) of power supply should be connected to terminals
(1, 2 and 3) of the three‐phase transmission line.
2) Place and ammeter in between the terminals 4 (of the power supply) and 1 (of the
transmission line).
3) Set the value of transmission impedance to zero.
4) Connect a voltmeter in between 4 and 5 or 5 and 6 or 4 and 6 of the power supply to
measure sending end voltage Vs. Since the measured voltages between any two terminals
is equal.
5) Connect a voltmeter in between 4 and 5 or 5 and 6 or 4 and 6 of the 3‐phase transmission
line to measure receiving end voltage VR. (Figure2)
6) Apply the power supply and increase the connected three‐phase supply variable voltage
slowly from zero. All the meters should read positive. If not interchange the terminals
of the respective meters. With the output port open, adjust the voltage of the source so
the line‐to‐line voltage is 400 V.
7) Record the voltages and current values in the table.
8) Turn down the source voltage to zero.
9) Set the line impedance to 200 ohms
10) Repeat the experiment for line impedances of 200, 400, and 600 ohms.
Short‐circuit test
1) Using the same setup as mentioned above, but short the terminals 4, 5 and 6 of the
transmission line through an ammeter. (Figure 3)
2) Apply the power and increase the connected three phase voltage slowly and very
carefully from zero until nominal current is reached. Record the results in the table.
3) For ’0’ transmission impedances do not go to nominal voltage. Just take 0.5V at this value
the current around 5A.
4) Turn the voltage to zero and shut the power supply.
5) Repeat the experiment for different line impedances.
TABLE I. MEASURMENTS
Impedance Open-circuit test Short-circuit test Transmission parameters
VS IS IR VR VS IS IR VR A B C D
volt amp amp volt volt amp amp volt ( ) Siemens
0 0 0
200 0 0
400 0 0
600 0 0
Inverse Transmission Parameters
Open‐circuit test: To determine “a” and “c”, the input port is open‐circuited to make Is = 0. The
output port is supplied with source and voltage of 220 V is applied keeping the impedance
of the transmission line at some value.
1) Connect the circuit to the power supply. The terminals 4, 5, and 6 of power supply
should be connected to 4, 5 and 6 of the three‐phase transmission line.
2) Set the value of transmission impedance to zero.
3) Place and ammeter in between the terminals 4 (of the power supply) and 4 (of the
transmission line).
4) Connect a voltmeter in between 1 and 2 or 2 and 3 or 1 and 3 of the transmission line to
measure receiving end voltage VR. The input port is left open.
5) Connect a voltmeter in between 4 and 5 or 5 and 6 or 4 and 6 of the power supply to
measure sending end volta g e VS.
6) Apply the power supply and increase the connected three‐phase supply slowly from zero.
All the meters should read positive. With the input port open, adjust the voltage of the
source so the line‐to‐line voltage is 400 V.
7) Record the voltages and current values in the table.
8) Turn down the source voltage to zero
9) Set the line impedance to 200 ohms
10) Repeat the experiment for line impedances of 200, 400, and 600 ohms.
Short‐circuit test
1) Using the same setup as mentioned above, short the terminals 1, 2 and 3 of the
transmission line through an ammeter.
2) Apply the power and increase the connected three phase voltage slowly and very
carefully from zero until nominal current is reached. Record the results in the table
3) For ’0’ transmission impedances do not go to nominal voltage. Just take 0.5V at this value
the current around 5A.
4) Turn the voltage to zero and shut the power supply.
5) Repeat the experiment for different line impedances.
TABLE II. MEASURMENTS
Inverse Transmission
Impedance Open-circuit test Short-circuit test
parameters
VS IS IR VR VS IS IR VR a b b d
volt amp amp volt volt amp amp volt ( ) Siemens
0 0 0
200 0 0
400 0 0
600 0 0
ReportOrganization
The report should follow the following format:
Results
Analysis & Discussion
ConclusioN