Introduction On Spectrophotometer

SOUTHEAST
UNIVERSITY
Department of Textile Engineering
“Lab Report”
Course Code : TCS - 412.2
Course Title : Application of Computer in Textile – Lab.
Report No : 06
Report Name : Introduction on Spectrophotometer
Submitted To -
Md. Shamim Alam

Assistant Professor,
Department of Textile Engineering,
Southeast University.
Submitted By -
Name : Zobair Hasan Moon
ID : 2019000400045
Batch : 40th
Section : WPT
Submission Date :
Exp no: 06
Exp Name : Introduction on Spectrophotometer
Introduction : Matching and measuring the color of textile products do not provide
very accurate results as they all are dependent on the visual analysis of the carol. For more
accurate results, textile color measuring instruments like portable spectrophotometer should
be used. A spectrophotometer is a highly advanced instrument that can measure color with
the help of advanced optical principles and color difference formulas. The instrument can
measure and analyze a wide range of color spaces hence is best for accurate
measurement of the textile products.
Fig: Spectrophotometer
Objective of the experiment

 To know about spectrophotometer
 To know the various functions of spectrophotometer
 To know how to use spectrophotometer and color match
Apparatus:
 Medium-end Computer.
 Monitor.
 Keyboard. Mouse.
 Spectrophotometer.
 Stable Electricity Connection.
History of Spectrophotometer
Invented by Arnold O. Beckman in 1940, the spectrophotometer was created with the aid of
his colleagues at his company National Technical Laboratories founded in 1935 which
would become Beckman Instrument Company and ultimately Beckman Coulter. This would
come as a solution to the previously created spectrophotometers which were unable to
absorb the ultraviolet correctly. He would start with the invention of Model A where a glass
prism was used to absorb the UV light. It would be found that this did not give satisfactory
results, therefore in Model B, there was a shift from a glass to a quartz prism which allowed
for better absorbance results. From there, Model C was born with an adjustment to the
wavelength resolution which ended up having three units of it produced. The last and most
popular model became Model D which is better recognized now as the DU
spectrophotometer which contained the instrument case, hydrogen lamp with ultraviolet
continuum, and a better monochromator. It was produced from 1941 to 1976 and the price
for it in 1941 was US$723 (far-UV accessories were an option at additional cost). In the
words of Nobel chemistry laureate Bruce Merrifield, it was "probably the most important
instrument ever developed towards the advancement of bioscience."
Once it became discontinued in 1976, Hewlett-Packard created the first commercially

available diode-array spectrophotometer in 1979 known as the HP 8450A. Diode-array
spectrophotometers differed from the original spectrophotometer created by Beckman
because it was the first single-beam microprocessor-controlled spectrophotometer that
scanned multiple wavelengths at a time in seconds. It irradiates the sample with
polychromatic light which the sample absorbs depending on its properties. Then it is
transmitted back by grating the photodiode array which detects the wavelength region of
the spectrum. Since then, the creation and implementation of spectrophotometry devices
have increased immensely and have become one of the most innovative instruments of our
time.
Functions of spectrophotometer:
➔ Color difference
➔ Metamerism
➔ Pass/fail operation
➔ Fastness rating
➔ Shade library
➔ Cost comparison
➔ Color match production
➔ Reflectance curve
Flow Chart of Color Matching Process with Spectrophotometer
Machine
Description: A spectrophotometer is made up of two instruments: a spectrometer and a

photometer. The spectrometer is to produce light of any wavelength, while the photometer
is to measure the intensity of light. The spectrophotometer is designed in a way that the
liquid or a sample is placed between the spectrometer and the photometer. The photometer
measures the amount of light that passes through the sample and delivers a voltage signal
to the display. If the absorption of light changes, the voltage signal also changes.
Spectrophotometers come in a variety of shapes and sizes and have multipurpose uses to
them. The different types of spectrophotometers available are all different from one another,
based on their application and desired functionality. The most popular spectrophotometers
are 45 degrees, sphere, and multi-angle spectrophotometers. Another closely related
concept is Spectroscopy, which simply measures the absorption of light from its source and
the intensity of light as well. The basic spectrophotometer instrument consists of a light
source, a digital display, a monochromator, a wavelength sector to transmit a selected
wavelength, a collimator for straight light beam transmission, a photoelectric detector, and a
cuvette to place a sample.
Beer's Law
The use of a spectrophotometer is based upon Beer's Law. Beer's Law is expressed by this
equation:
A = Eb
Where:
A = Absorption (no units)
E = Epsilon, or molar absorptivity, or extinction coefficient with units L mol-1
b = The path length of the sample, or width of the cuvette, in centimeters (cm)
c = concentration of the compound in solution, in mol/L
Here, the absorption is directly proportional to the path length of the sample or width of the
cuvette and is also directly proportional to the sample concentration.
To use Beer's Law to determine the concentration of a sample, a graph is prepared using
known standard solutions, and then the sample reading is placed on this graph to
determine its concentration. This method, however, assumes a straight-line relationship
between Absorption and concentration. This is only valid for solutions that are dilute
enough, or in the range of dilution of the sample. The reading that is obtained from the
spectrophotometer is the Absorption, which is then used in the equation to determine the
concentration of the sample, as follows:
c = A/Eb
Epsilon, or E, is obtained from other known information.
Component used for calibration :
 White Tiles
 Black Trap
 Green Tiles
How calibration is work :

In each time software calculates a correction factor A1 at all wavelengths. If there is also a
zero offset correction at each wavelength A2 the software calculates the correct reflection
factor Rc from each measured reflection factor Rm at all wavelengths. – Rc = RmA1 + A2
This means that the displayed reflection factors Rc are all relative to a perfect diffuser with
a 100% reflection at all wavelengths.
Specification of a Modern Spectrophotometer:

The spectrophotometer used for the measurement of dye solutions is usually a doublebeam
instrument, though of a different structural design than that used for reflectance
measurements. The instrument shines monochromatic light (light of a single wavelength)
onto two identical cells, one of which contains the dye solution and the other the pure
solvent (usually water in the case of water‐soluble dyes), and records the percentage of
light transmitted through the dye solution, compared with that transmitted through the pure
solvent. In the case of a recording spectrophotometer, the essential structural features of
which are shown in Figure 2, the prism slowly rotates so that gradually each wavelength
passes through the narrow slit and on through the cells, so that the transmission spectrum
is obtained, wavelength by wavelength. The recording devices give a continuous plot of
transmission against wavelength
Dye solutions absorb light in the visible region of the spectrum. The amount of light
transmitted (the light which is not absorbed) depends on the color of the dye and the
wavelength of the incident light. In addition to plotting the percentage transmission of a dye
solution against wavelength, spectrophotometers also have the facility to plot the
absorbance against concentration and indeed this is the most usual mode in which
spectrophotometers operate.
Maintenance of a spectrophotometer:
 Dust may change the whiteness of sphere so keep the room dust free and time to
time clean the sphere with a vacuum cleaner but keep in mind it should effect the
color of the sphere.
 Spectrophotometer should handle softly.
 Proper electric stabilization is required.
 During measure of sample, check it and it should be completely immaculate from
undesirable material.
 After procurement, it is necessary to verify its conformation to BCRA tile standard
and it should be verified time to time by a professional
Uses of Spectrophotometer in Textile Industry:

In the textile industry, using a spectrophotometer to capture both color and appearance on
a physical sample has greatly improved quality, consistency, and speed to market. To make
color approvals on-screen, the digital color file must also be color-accurate when it is
imported into the design software. The use of spectrophotometers spans various scientific
fields, such as physics, materials science, chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology.
They are widely used in many industries including semiconductors, laser and optical
manufacturing, printing and forensic examination, as well in laboratories for the study of
chemical substances. Ultimately, a spectrophotometer is able to determine, depending on
the control or calibration, what substances are present in a target and exactly how much
through calculations of observed wavelengths
Conclusion : In the textile industry for color matching, recipe prediction, etc. named the
In this lab experiment, come to know about the most common machine used in
Spectrophotometer. This is an important experiment for a textile engineer.
We must learn about spectrophotometer.

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SOUTHEAST

Md. Shamim Alam

Objective of the experiment

Once it became discontinued in 1976, Hewlett-Packard created the first commercially

Flow Chart of Color Matching Process with Spectrophotometer

Description: A spectrophotometer is made up of two instruments: a spectrometer and a

How calibration is work :

Specification of a Modern Spectrophotometer:

Uses of Spectrophotometer in Textile Industry:

We must learn about spectrophotometer.

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