MODULE 2

Cell Anatomy
In this module, we focus on structures and functions shared by all cells. We consider specialized
cells and their unique features. The cell is often considered the basic unit of living organisms.
Cells are only one of the several levels of organization in the human body. (atoms – chemicals-
organelles- cells- tissues- organs- organ systems- organisms). Thus, cells are parts of larger units
(tissues and organs) and composed of smaller units (organelles, meaning small organs). Begin
the study of the cell by examining a generalized cell model or chart.
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
When you finish this module, you should be able to
1. Place the cell and its organelles within the scheme of organizational level
2. Identify the major organelles using model chart or micrograph
3. Describe the primary functions of a typical organelle.
4. Understand the anatomical relationship among various cell parts.

Parts of the Cell

Source: https://www.microscopemaster.com/organelles.html

Cell Membrane/Plasma Membrane. The cell membrane is a biological membrane that

separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment, which protects the cell
from its environment. The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer, including
cholesterols that sit between phospholipids to maintain their fluidity at various
temperatures.
Cytoplasm- the material enclosed by the cell membrane. Cytoplasm includes both the
organelles and the liquid inside the cell.
Nucleus – large bubble, double-walled containing the cell’s genetic code. The code is in
the form of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) located in strands called chromatin. Portions of
chromatin accept stains readily, giving the nucleus a very dark appearance.
Nucleolus –the tiny nucleus is a small area within the nucleus for the synthesis of
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Endoplasmic Reticulum - a continuous membrane system that forms a series of flattened
sacs within the cytoplasm
and serves multiple functions, being relevant, particularly in the synthesis, folding,
modification, and transport of proteins. The endoplasmic reticulum is made up of two
subunits – rough endoplasmic reticulum, and smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosomes – are macromolecular machines, found within all living cells, that perform
biological protein synthesis. Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified
by the codons of messenger RNA molecules to form polypeptide chains.
Golgi Bodies - The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or
simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells. Part of the
endomembrane system in the cytoplasm, it packages proteins into membrane-bound
vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination.
Mitochondria - are membrane-bound cell organelles that generate most of the chemical
energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by
the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Lysosomes – are vesicles containing digestive enzymes that digest foreign particles and
worn cell parts.

Microtubules - microscopic hollow tubes made of the proteins alpha and beta-tubulin
that are part of a cell's cytoskeleton, a network of protein filaments that extends
throughout the cell, gives the cell shape and keeps its organelles in place
Microfilaments - also called actin filaments, are protein filaments in the cytoplasm that
form part of the cytoskeleton. They are primarily composed of polymers of actin but
are modified by and interact with numerous other proteins in the cell.
Centrosome - are organelles that serve as the main microtubule-organizing centers for
animal cells. Centrosomes are made from an arrangement of two barrel-shaped clusters
of microtubules, called “centrioles,” and a complex of proteins that help additional
microtubules to form.
Microvilli - each of a large number of minute projections from the surface of some cells.
Increases the membrane’s surface for more efficient absorption.
 Flagella/Cilia - are filamentous protein structures found in bacteria, archaea, and
eukaryotes, though they are most commonly found in bacteria. They are typically used
to propel a cell through the liquid (i.e., bacteria and sperm). However, flagella have
many other specialized functions.

Microscopic Cell Specimen

- many organelles are tiny and can be seen only and examined with a more powerful
microscope.

Interpreting Micrographs
- is a technique for obtaining high-resolution images of biological and non-
biological specimens. It is used in biomedical research to investigate the detailed structure of
tissues, cells, organelles, and macromolecular complexes. Transmission electron microscopy is a
microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form
an image. The specimen is most often an ultrathin section less than 100 nm thick or a
suspension on a grid.

Source: https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-is-Transmission-Electron-Microscopy.aspx
 Activity 2
Cell Anatomy
Name: Castro, Jaser Date: September,
Dominic C. 16, 2022
Section: BSN -B Score:

ACTIVITY
A. Label the parts of a Cell
B.

C.
Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/558235316281382096/

Cytoplasm
Centriole
Lysosomes
Nuclear
envelope
Nucleolus

Mitochondria
Cilium

Nucleoplasm
Cell
Membrane

Rough
endoplasmic
reticulum
 Golgi apparatus

Smooth
endoplasmic
reticulum

Microfilament
Ribosomes
Secretory
Vesicles

D. Matching
a. Cell membrane e. Lysosome
b. Centriole f. Mitochondria
c. Endoplasmic reticulum g. Nucleolus
d. Golgi Apparatus h. Nucleus
i. Ribosomes

1. Nucleus
A double-walled structure containing the cell’s genetic code.

2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
A network of membranous tubes and canals that transport proteins.
Stacks of flattened sacs that process and package proteins.

3. Golgi Apparatus
Stacks of flattened sacs that process and packages proteins.

4. Nucleolus
The site of manufacture of ribosomal RNA

5. Centriole
A cylinder formed by parallel microtubules

6. Ribosomes
An organelle that serves as the site of protein synthesis

7. Lysosomes
A bubble containing digestive enzymes
8. Endoplasmic reticulum
May be “rough” (with ribosomes) or “smooth” (ribosome free)

9. Cell membrane
Allows the communication between the internal and external cell environment

10. Golgi Apparatus

Form secretory vesicles
 E.
F.
G. Fill-In Table
Write the names of the organelles listed in the Matching Section (a-i) in the
appropriate column of the table below

Membranous Non-membranous
Nucleus Nucleolus
Golgi Apparatus Ribosomes
Lysosomes Cell Membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum Centriole
Mitochondria

H. Fill-in Paragraph

The cell membrane is a bilayer made of phospholipid studded with

protein. The membrane’s
moleculesmembrane’s hydrophobic molecule molecules prevent water-soluble
molecules from entering, whereas the hydrophilic e
molecules serve as channels for specific units.
The membrane’s protein molecules may also serve as anchors for microtubules
that form part of the cytoskeleton. The same material forms the primary structural
elements of cellular organelles, such as the Mitochondrion and ER.