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Math in The Modern World: Parts of Speech

The document discusses various mathematical concepts including mathematical language, expressions and sentences, sets, functions, problem solving techniques, coding theory, product codes, and binary systems. Some key points covered include the precise and concise nature of mathematical language, the difference between finite and infinite sets, examples of one-to-one and many-to-one functions, Polya's four-step problem solving strategy, and how check digits are used in product codes like ISBN and UPC codes.

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Ken Hechanova
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
172 views14 pages

Math in The Modern World: Parts of Speech

The document discusses various mathematical concepts including mathematical language, expressions and sentences, sets, functions, problem solving techniques, coding theory, product codes, and binary systems. Some key points covered include the precise and concise nature of mathematical language, the difference between finite and infinite sets, examples of one-to-one and many-to-one functions, Polya's four-step problem solving strategy, and how check digits are used in product codes like ISBN and UPC codes.

Uploaded by

Ken Hechanova
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Madanglog, Kenneth H.

Math in the Modern World


CPE221 CM 3 NOTES

MATHEMATICAL
LANGUAGE AND
SITUATION
Language is a form of communication that employs words in a predictable and
structured way. It implies that language must serve a purpose independent of itself.

Characteristics of Mathematical Language


1.Precise –mathematical language can be stated clearly;
2.Concise –it is also stated briefly;
3.Powerful –it can turn complex ideas into simpler forms;
4.Nontemporal –it does not follow tenses; and
5.It has its own vocabulary and parts of speech.

Parts of Speech
There are specific parts of speech used just in English. These include nouns and
adjectives, if you remember. Math also has its own language. These include numerical
values as well as operation, relational, grouping, and variable symbols. I'll give some
samples below; see if you can pick out the appropriate element of speech.

Expression and Sentences


A sentence in English is typically made up of a noun and a verb. A sentence should have a complete
thought to be considered proper.
This justification holds true for both mathematical sentences and expressions. We can tell if a
mathematical sentence has a complete thought or not by looking at the various "parts of speech" that
make up the language.
A simple example of a term that uses numbers and variables is 2x. It makes no attempt to define 2x. This
one is a mathematical expression as a result.
An example of a mathematical sentence is 2x=10. It informs us that 2x = 10 in terms of value. In other
words, 2x has the same value as 10.
Sets
A set is a group of things that are referred to as its elements. For
illustration, consider the set V, which contains every vowel in the
English alphabet. These five letters are together referred to as the
elements of set V and can be written as aV (a is an element of V)
or oV (o is an element of V) (o is an element of V)

Finite and Infinite Sets


Whether a set is finite or infinite depends on how many items are in it. The
number of elements in a finite set is constrained. Since a calculator only
has digits that range from 0 to 9, for instance, the collection of all possible
digits is finite. The set of all positive integers, on the other hand, would be
an illustration of an infinite set. It's because the set has an infinite amount
of items and doesn't come to an end until it reaches 100, 1,000, or even
1,000,000.

Roster Method and Set-Builder Method


Either the roster technique or the set-builder method can be used to write
the elements of a particular set. Consider set A, which has the components
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. The Roster technique lists each element, whereas the Set-
builder method displays the elements based on their shared characteristics.
The roster technique allows us to express it as A=1,2,3,4,5. We can write it
using the set-builder as A=x|xZand1x5 where Z is the set of integers.

Functions
A function is a relation in which a set of inputs is assigned to a
set of outputs. Each input is exclusively tied to one output.
Another way to say it is: A function fassigns every element in
set A, x, to a single element in set B, y. Symbolically, y=f(x).
One-to-one or Many-to-one
Only one-to-one or many-to-one
functions exist. Take set A as the set
of students and set B as the set of
student numbers, for instance. Since a
student cannot have more than one
student number or have a student
number allocated to more than one
student, this is an example of one-to-
one.
In mathematics, the domain is the input, while the
range is the result. An ordered pair's range represents
the y values, while the domain represents the x values.
Test the items listed below to see if they serve as
examples of functions or not.

Binary Operation
An operation known as a binary operation is one that takes
two input components from a set and produces a singular
output that also comes from that set.
Math in the Modern World
CM 4 NOTES
Problem Solving
AND REASONING
Deductive Reasoning and Inductive Reasoning
Inference-making techniques such as deductive reasoning
and inductive reasoning are used to formulate claims about
various mathematical ideas or facts.
Deductive Reasoning
Some people call it "top-down logic." A math formula (such as
area or perimeter, for instance) is an example of a general rule.
It starts with a general case and deduces specific ones.
Additionally, this is a particular circumstance if you are
requested to determine the size and boundaries of your room.

Inductive Reasoning
To arrive at a general rule, one must reason from a particular situation
or cases. Observation, analysis, inference, and confirmation make up the
four phases. Please count to 5, 10, 15, 20, etc. as a benchmark. Each
number is 5 units larger than the one after it, as we could see. As a
result, we can assume that the general norm is to increase the
preceding value by 5 units.
Polya’s Problem Solving Strategy
“A great discovery solves a great problem but there is a grain
of discovery in the solution of any problem. Your problem may
be modest; but if it challenges your curiosity and brings into
play your inventive faculties, and if you solve it by your own
means, you may experience the tension and enjoy the triumph
of discovery.” This was written by George Polya in his book
entitled How To Solve It.

Steps
The following four-step strategy
named after George Polya:
1.Understand the problem
2.Devise a plan
3.Carry out the plan
4.Review the solution
Problem Solving with Patterns
Pascal’s Triangle
Patterns can be related to the Pascal’s Triangle, too.
Let’s consider the number of unique results in our
coin flipping activity. Refer tothe explanation below
then connect the numbers enclosed in parentheses to
the numbers found on the Pascal’s triangle.
Math in the Modern World
CM 5 NOTES
Coding Theory
and Cryptography
Modular Arithmetic Additive inverse -> -5
5 + (-5) = 0 - 0 is the additive
Consider n as a natural number and identity
x and y as two integers. Multiplicative inverse -> 1/5
If the difference between x and y is
exactly divisible by n, then x and y 5 * 1/5 = 1 - 1 is the multiplicative
identity
are congruent modules of n.

Identity and Inverse


Consider the number 5.

Additive identity -> 0


5+0=5

Multiplicative identity -> 1


5*1=5
The number that must be added to
a given number to produce the
identity element is known as the
inverse element. Consider the
number 5.
ISBN
1.First 3 numbers – current number
2.4th digit – country code
3.Remaining digits except the last – author and title
4.Last digit – check digit

Alternating digits starting from the second digit are multiplied


by 3.

Formula:
10 – (sum of all digits except the last
one) mod 10
= 10 – (9+21+8+0+1+9+6+0+1+27+7+0)
mod 10
= 10 – 89 mod 10
=1
Universal
Product Code
UPC Company Prefix
is a 6 to 10-digit number given out by GS1 to distinguish
brand owners who must mark products with UPC
symbols.

Item Reference
assigned by the brand's owner to mention a particular
product.

Check Digit
The 12th digit was calculated using a MOD check digit
calculation using the digits before it.
Alternating digits starting from the first digit is multiplied by
3.

Formula:
10 – (sum of all digits except last one) mod 10
=10 – (0+2+0+3+15+7+3+2+6+6+24) mod 10
= 10 – 68 mod 10
=2
Credit Card

Beginning with the first digit, multiply the


alternating digits by 2. Treat them separately if
the final digit is a two-digit number.
Formula:
10 – (sum of all digits except last the one) mod 10
= 10 – (1+0+2+6+4+1+6+2+2+3+6+4+2+0+2+2+1+8)
mod 10
= 10 – 52 mod 10
=8
BINARY SUM
AND BINARY CODES
Binary System
The binary system, which uses the digits 0
and 1, may correspond to the on-off states
of most devices, is a unique system used
particularly in computer science and logic
designs.

Binary Sum
Remember that in the decimal system, 1 + 1 equals 2.
However, in the binary system, 2 represents the
second place-value rather than a digit.
Decimal
to binary
Steps on how to convert decimal to binary:
1.Divide the number by 2.
2.Get the integer quotient for the next
iteration.
3.Get the remainder for the binary digit.
4.Repeat the steps until the quotient is
equal to 0.

Write 86 to binary
Binary Codes

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