ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 0

ENGLISH-4U.DE’S

GRAMMAR BOOK 3

Intermediate level (CEFR A2/B1)

Table of Contents

1. Asking questions 1
2. Adjectives and prepositions 11
3. Conditional clauses 16
4. Future tenses 30
5. Passive voice 34
6. Reported speech 46
7. Present perfect progressive 53
8. Past perfect simple 65
9. Mixed Tenses 78
10. Word Order 89
11. Gerund or infinitive 97
12. Irregular verbs list 101

Copyright notice:
Copyright © by Herwig Rothländer. All Rights Reserved.
The material in this book may be used freely for any non-commercial use.
You may use this book for personal, teaching and classroom use.
You may give copies of this book to your friends, colleagues and students if you don’t change
anything.

© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 1

ASKING QUESTIONS

Who - asking for people and animals: subject: no do, does, did
Jane opened the door. Who opened the door?
Tom helped in the garden. Who helped in the garden?

Who - asking for people and animals: object: do, does, did
They greet their teacher. Who do they greet?
He asked Mary about the burglary. Who did they ask about the burglary?

What - asking for a thing: subject: no do, does, did

His ankle hurt. What hurts?
The flower pot fell on the floor. What fell on the floor?

What - asking for things: object: do, does, did

She usually wears jeans. What does she usually wear?
They built a castle in the sand. What did they build in the sand?

Whose - asking for the 2nd case

This is Peter’s pencil. Whose pencil is this?
Carol’s father was a drummer. Whose father was a drummer?

When - asking for the time

I saw her yesterday. When did you see her?
They came home at midnight. When did they come home?

Where - asking for the place

He flew to Manchester. Where did he fly?
He lives in a big house. Where does he live?

Why - asking for a reason

He stayed at home because he was ill. Why did he stay at home?
They like him because he is always friendly. Why do they like him?

How - asking for the manner

He drove fast. How did he drive?
My holidays were great. How were your holidays?

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 2

How long - asking for a period of time

They stayed there for a week. How long did they stay there?
He lived in London for a year. How long did he live in London?

How many - asking for an exact amount

In this factory work 500 people. How many people work in this factory?
50 kids were at his party. How many kids were at his party?

How much - asking for not exact amount

He gets 10 pounds pocket money a month. How much pocket money does he get a month?
She bought three bottles of wine. How much wine did she buy?

How often - asking for frequency

They play tennis twice a week. How often do they play tennis?
She meets him every Friday. How often does she meet him?

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 3

ASKING QUESTIONS 1

Ask for the underlined words. Form questions in the present simple.

1. The children go to the mall every week.

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. They sell 20 kilos of sugar a day.

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. He does his workout every morning.

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. The boys play football.

_____________________________________________________________________________

5. He lives in a big house.

_____________________________________________________________________________

6. The two women come from Brazil.

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. They usually work carefully.

_____________________________________________________________________________

8. The jacket is 50 dollars.

_____________________________________________________________________________

9. He likes his dog.

_____________________________________________________________________________

10. She goes to the bakery every Sunday morning.

_____________________________________________________________________________

11. They always get to the airport by taxi.

_____________________________________________________________________________

12. They go shopping once a week.

_____________________________________________________________________________
 4

ASKING QUESTIONS 2

Ask for the underlined words. Form questions in the past simple.

1. Jane opened the door.

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. The dog ran over to the children.

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. The cat ate the fish.

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. The flower pot fell on the floor.

_____________________________________________________________________________

5. They met at the station.

_____________________________________________________________________________

6. She found Pamela's key.

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. Two policemen entered the room.

_____________________________________________________________________________

8. They came late because they had caused an accident.

_____________________________________________________________________________

9. The men came a little closer.

_____________________________________________________________________________

10. His car broke down.

_____________________________________________________________________________

11. They took the children home.

_____________________________________________________________________________

12. She ate two packets of crisps.

_____________________________________________________________________________
 5

ASKING QUESTIONS 3

Ask for the underlined words.

1. He gives Harry a nice present.

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. They have got five cats.

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. They wrote down the address.

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. They water our flowers and vegetables.

_____________________________________________________________________________

5. Andy did his homework very quickly.

_____________________________________________________________________________

6. My mum pays for the ticket.

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. He kicked the ball high into the air.

_____________________________________________________________________________

8. They had cameras.

_____________________________________________________________________________

9. Frank bought an expensive car.

_____________________________________________________________________________

10. She ate an apple.

_____________________________________________________________________________

11. This flower smells good.

_____________________________________________________________________________

12. He repaired everything carefully.

________________________________________________________________________________
 6

ASKING QUESTIONS 4

Ask for the underlined words.

1. Tom lived in Chicago.

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. He drank some lemonade.

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. They stayed at a hotel.

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. Sandra went to the hill.

_____________________________________________________________________________

5. They cut the grass.

_____________________________________________________________________________

6. The kids heard a terrifying noise.

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. The guests made an awful mess.

_____________________________________________________________________________

8. The twins watched the movie yesterday.

_____________________________________________________________________________

9. They went home because they were tired.

_____________________________________________________________________________

10. We call Mary very weekend.

_____________________________________________________________________________

11. He stays at a hotel.

_____________________________________________________________________________

12. She took the umbrella because it was raining.

_____________________________________________________________________________
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ASKING QUESTIONS 5
Ask for the underlined words.

1. The students put the books into their bags.

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. She wore black jeans last Tuesday.

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. Tina lives in a small village in Wales.

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. They went up 1860 steps to the top.

_____________________________________________________________________________

5. We took the elevator.

_____________________________________________________________________________

6. I get my pocket money from my dad.

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. This computer game has four levels.

_____________________________________________________________________________

8. I stayed up until twelve.

_____________________________________________________________________________

9. She copied the story.

_____________________________________________________________________________

10. He warmed his hands.

_____________________________________________________________________________

11. Tim and Susan fell in love.

_____________________________________________________________________________

12. We wrote lots of stories for her.

_____________________________________________________________________________
 8

ASKING QUESTIONS 6

Ask for the underlined words.

1. He made a big mistake.

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. They danced till the morning.

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. It began three years ago.

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. He dropped the cup on the floor.

_____________________________________________________________________________

5. The lesson passed quickly.

_____________________________________________________________________________

6. He ran across the street.

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. She said it very politely.

_____________________________________________________________________________

8. I spent my holidays in Switzerland.

_____________________________________________________________________________

9. I play three times a week.

_____________________________________________________________________________

10. My brother teaches me a lot.

_____________________________________________________________________________

11. They gave up on Monday.

_____________________________________________________________________________

12. They started the climb on Sunday morning.

_____________________________________________________________________________
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 9

ASKING QUESTIONS 1
1. Who goes to the mall every week?
2. How many kilos of sugar a day do they sell?
3. What does he do every morning?
4. Who plays football?
5. Where does he live?
6. Who comes from Brazil?
7. How do they usually work?
8. How much is the jacket?
9. Who does he like?
10. Where does she go every Sunday morning?
11. How do they always get to the airport?
12. How often do they go shopping?

ASKING QUESTIONS 2
1. Who opened the door?
2. Where did the dog run?
3. What did the cat eat?
4. What fell on the floor?
5. Where did they meet?
6. Whose key did she find?
7. What did two policemen enter?
8. Why did they come late?
9. Who came a little closer?
10. What broke down?
11. Who did they take home?
12. How many packets of crisps did she eat?

ASKING QUESTIONS 3
1. Who does he give a nice present?
2. How many cats have they got?
3. What did they write down?
4. What do they water?
5. How did Andy do his homework?
6. Who pays for the ticket?
7. Where did he kick the ball?
8. What did they have?
9. Who bought an expensive car?
10. What did she eat?
11. How does this flower smell?
12. How did he repair everything?

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 10

ASKING QUESTIONS 4
1. Where did Tom live?
2. What did he drink?
3. Where did they stay?
4. Where did he go?
5. What did they cut?
6. What did the kids hear?
7. What did they make?
8. When did the twins watch the movie?
9. Why did they go home?
10. Who do you call very weekend?
11. Where does he stay?
12. Why did she take the umbrella?

ASKING QUESTIONS 5
1. Where did the students put their books?
2. When did she wear black jeans?
3. Where does Tina live in Wales?
4. How many steps did they go up to the top?
5. What did you take?
6. What do you get from your dad?
7. What does this computer game have?
8. How long did you stay up?
9. What did she copy?
10. What did he warm?
11. Who fell in love?
12. What did you write for her?

ASKING QUESTIONS 6
1. Who made a big mistake?
2. How long did they dance?
3. When did it begin?
4. Where did he drop the cup?
5. How did the lesson pass?
6. Where did he run?
7. How did she say it?
8. Where did you spend your holidays?
9. How often do you play?
10. Who teaches you a lot?
11. When did they give up?
12. What did they start on Sunday morning?

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 11

ADJECTIVES WITH PREPOSITIONS

nice / kind / good / stupid / silly / intelligent / clever / sensible / (im)polite / rude /
unreasonable OF someone (to do something)
Examples: Thank you it was very nice / kind of you to help me.
It's stupid of her to go out without a coat.

nice / kind / good / (im)polite / rude / (un)pleasant / (un)friendly / cruel TO someone

Examples: She has always been very nice / kind to me.
Why are you so rude / unfriendly to Ann?

angry / furious ABOUT something // WITH someone FOR something

Examples: Why are you so angry about it?
They were furious with me for not inviting them to my party.

pleased / disappointed / satisfied WITH something

Examples: I was pleased with the present you gave me.
Were you disappointed with your examination results?

bored / fed up WITH something

Example: You get bored / fed up with doing the same thing every day.

surprised / shocked / amazed / astonished AT / BY something

Example: Everyone was surprised by /at the news.

excited / worried / upset ABOUT something

Example: Are you excited about going on holiday next week?

afraid / scared / frightened / terrified OF someone / something

Example: Are you afraid of dogs?

proud / ashamed OF someone / something

Example: I'm not ashamed of what I did.

good / bad / excellent / brilliant / hopeless AT (doing) something

Example: I'm not very good at repairing things.

married TO someone
Example: Linda is married to an American.

sorry ABOUT something

Example: I'm sorry about the noise last night.

sorry FOR doing something

Example: I'm sorry for shouting at you yesterday.

be / feel sorry FOR someone

Example: I feel sorry for George.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 12

famous FOR something

Example: Florence is famous for its art treasures.

responsible FOR something

Example: Who was responsible for this noise last night?

interested IN something
Example: Are you interested in art?

fond OF something / someone

Example: Mary is fond of animals.

full OF something
Example: The letter was full of mistakes.

short OF something
Example: I'm a bit short of money.

keen ON something
Example: We stayed at home because Mary wasn't very keen on going out in the rain.

similar TO something
Example: Your writing is similar to mine.

crowded WITH (people...)

Example: The trains in the morning are usually very crowded with students.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 13

ADJECTIVES WITH PREPOSITIONS 1

Complete with the correct prepositions. Fill in for, of, to, about or at.

1. She is brilliant ______________ repairing things.

2. She is nice, but I don´t want to get married ______________ her.

3. It’s very nice ______________ you to lend me your car.

4. He is married ______________ his best friend’s sister.

5. Why are you always so rude ______________ your parents?

6. It wasn´t very polite ______________ him to leave without saying thank you.

7. I can´t understand people who are cruel ______________ animals.

8. I have to stop to talk to you. I’m a bit short ______________ time.

9. She is excellent ______________ skiing.

10. Your shoes are similar ______________ mine, but they are not exactly the same.

11. We´ve got enough to eat. The fridge is full ______________ food.

12. I felt sorry ______________ the children because it rained every day.

13. He said he was sorry ______________ the situation, but there was nothing he could do.

14. She is bad ______________ surfing.

15. Our house is similar ______________ theirs.

16. I feel sorry ______________ him because it wasn’t his fault.

17. It would be clever ______________ you to learn more.

18. France is famous ______________ its wine.

19. The streets were crowded ______________ people.

20. She was very upset ______________ not being invited to the party.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 14

ADJECTIVES WITH PREPOSITIONS 2

Complete with the correct prepositions. Fill in by, for, of, with, on or in.

1. She is very terrified ______________ spiders.

2. We enjoyed our holidays, but we were disappointed ______________ our hotel.

3. I was surprised ______________ the way he behaved.

4. He is very fond ______________ animals.

5. She doesn´t often go out in the night because she´s afraid ______________ the dark.

6. I learn Spanish, but I´m not very satisfied ______________ my progress.

7. I’ve never seen so many people before. I’m astonished ______________ the crowds.

8. Are you afraid ______________ him?

9. I don’t feel sorry ______________ her because her problems are her own fault.

10. He is responsible ______________ what appears in his newspaper.

11. He wasn’t very keen ______________ going to the cinema.

12. I’m angry ______________ him for telling lies about me.

13. I think they were not interested ______________ what I was saying.

14. The police are responsible ______________ maintaining law and order.

15. We are short ______________ workers in our factory at the moment.

16. It would be clever ______________ you to learn more.

17. Are you interested ______________ football?

18. Are you frightened ______________ dogs?

19. She is furious ______________ him for not watering the flowers.

20. It would be stupid ______________ him to go out without a coat because it is cold outside.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 15

ADJECTIVES WITH PREPOSITIONS 1

1. She is brilliant at repairing things.

2. She is nice, but I don´t want to get married to her.
3. It’s very nice of you to lend me your car.
4. He is married to his best friend’s sister.
5. Why are you always so rude to your parents?
6. It wasn´t very polite of him to leave without saying thank you.
7. I can´t understand people who are cruel to animals.
8. I have to stop to talk to you. I’m a bit short of time.
9. She is excellent at skiing.
10. Your shoes are similar to mine, but they are not exactly the same.
11. We´ve got enough to eat. The fridge is full of food.
12. I felt sorry for the children because it rained every day.
13. He said he was sorry about the situation but there was nothing he could do.
14. She is bad at surfing.
15. Our house is similar to theirs.
16. I feel sorry for him because it wasn’t his fault.
17. It would be clever of you to learn more.
18. France is famous for its wine.
19. The streets were crowded of people.
20. She was very upset for not being invited to the party.

ADJECTIVES WITH PREPOSITIONS 2

1. She is very terrified of spiders.
2. We enjoyed our holidays, but we were disappointed with our hotel.
3. I was surprised by the way he behaved.
4. He is very fond of animals.
5. She doesn´t often go out in the night because she´s afraid of the dark.
6. I learn Spanish, but I´m not very satisfied with my progress.
7. I’ve never seen so many people before. I’m astonished by the crowds.
8. Are you afraid of him?
9. I don’t feel sorry for her because her problems are her own fault.
10. He is responsible for what appears in his newspaper.
11. He wasn’t very keen on going to the cinema.
12. I’m angry with him for telling lies about me.
13. I think they were not interested in what I was saying.
14. The police are responsible for maintaining law and order.
15. We are short of workers in our factory at the moment.
16. It would be clever of you to learn more.
17. Are you interested in football?
18. Are you frightened of dogs?
19. She is furious with him for not watering the flowers.
20. It would be stupid of him to go out without a coat because it is cold outside.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 16

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES
How to form and use

Conditional clauses are also called conditional sentences or if sentences. They always have two
parts, a main clause and an if-clause. These two parts are closely connected. The action in the
main part can only happen if a certain condition is taking place. This condition has to be expressed
in the if-clause.
Example: If he comes to my party, I will be happy.
The condition is "If he comes to my party" and the consequence of this condition is "I will be
happy".

You can start a conditional clause with the main clause or the if-clause:
If I have a problem, Susan always helps me. or Susan always helps me if I have a problem.

Zero Conditional

The zero conditional is used with general statements, actions that are certainly happening and
facts. We use it with things that are true. The present tense is used in both clauses.

If there is a problem, I can always talk to Carol.

Present Tense ------ Present Tense

First Conditional - type I

It's possible that something will happen. We use the Conditional I to talk about future situations
that are realistic to happen. We use the present tense in the if-clause and the will-future in the
main clause.

Colin is an intelligent boy. It is April 15th. The exam is on April 23rd. He has enough time to learn
for the exam - he can pass it.

If he studies, he will pass the exam on April 23rd.

Present Tense ------ Will Future

Second Conditional - type II

It's possible, but not very probable. We use the Conditional II to talk about future situations that
are unreal or nearly impossible to happen. We use the past tense in the if-clause and conditional
present in the main clause.

Colin didn't learn. He played football. It's April 22nd. Tomorrow is the exam. It is possible, but not
very probable that he will pass the exam.

If he studied, he would pass the exam.

Past Tense ------ Conditional Present (would + infinitive)

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 17

Third Conditional - type III

It didn't happen and it is impossible now. We use the Conditional III to talk about past situations
that didn't happen. We use the past perfect tense in the if-clause and the conditional perfect in
the main clause.

It's April 23rd. Colin didn't pass the exam.

If he had learned, he would have passed the exam.

Past Perfect ------ Conditional Perfect (would + have + 3rd form)

Using commas in conditional sentences

When the condition is at the beginning of the sentence, you have to separate it from the main
clause with a comma. If the condition is at the back of the sentence, you don't use a comma.

Examples: If he comes to my party, I'll be happy. I'll be happy if he comes to my party.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 18

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 1

Complete with the zero or first conditional.

1. If you don’t tell her the truth, she __________________________ angry with you! (be)

2. Soap __________________________ if you leave it in water. (dissolve)

3. If he rings the bell, the receptionist __________________________. (come)

4. If I study more, I __________________________ the exam. (pass)

5. Plants die if you __________________________ them. (not water)

6. He __________________________ it if she explains him the situation. (understand)

7. Milk __________________________ off if you don’t keep it in a cool place. (go)

8. Ask the teacher if you __________________________. (not understand)

9. If they offer me a job, I __________________________ it. (take)

10. I will have to invite Bob if I __________________________ Linda. (invite)

11. I __________________________ if you want to use the car. (not mind)

12. If Jack meets Tom, he __________________________ him the truth. (tell)

13. If Ella has enough money, she __________________________ a new car. (buy)

14. Children __________________________ upset if they’re being bullied. (get)

15. Stamps can be good fun if you __________________________ collecting things. (enjoy)

16. What will Charlie do if he __________________________ the job? (not get)

17. It can be hard to access the web if you __________________________ a PC at home. (not

have)

18. The heater __________________________ on if you press this switch. (come)

19. If you __________________________ to understand the text, you have to learn the new

words. (want)

20. If you are going out, __________________________ me know. (let)

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 19

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 2

Complete with the first conditional.

1. If I __________________________ enough money, I will buy a new skateboard. (have)

2. If you help your mother, she __________________________ very happy. (be)

3. If Mary __________________________ in the kitchen, she will get more pocket money. (help)

4. She will be angry if you __________________________ the truth. (not tell)

5. You will have to walk if you __________________________ the bus. (miss)

6. If Tom is at home, he __________________________ TV. (watch)

7. The baby __________________________ if you are quiet. (sleep)

8. If he is in San Francisco, he __________________________ Golden Gate Bridge. (see)

9. He __________________________ to the doctor's if he doesn't feel well tomorrow. (go)

10. If he __________________________ his car, he won't get much money for it. (sell)

11. I __________________________ to the USA if I have enough money. (travel)

12. If they __________________________ a car, they will drive to Italy. (buy)

13. If I work harder, I __________________________ the exam. (pass)

14. We __________________________ good marks if we don't learn. (not get)

15. If he tells me the truth, I __________________________ glad. (be)

16. I will travel to the USA if I __________________________ enough money. (have)

17. If I’m offered the job, I think I __________________________ it. (take)

18. If she __________________________ up early, she will catch the bus. (get)

19. If I hear burglars, I __________________________ the police. (call)

20. We will go swimming if it __________________________ warm enough. (be)

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 20

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 3

Complete with the second conditional.

1. If she __________________________ (be) hungry, she would eat something.

2. If he studied, he __________________________ (pass) the exam.

3. I __________________________ (send) you a postcard if I had your address.

4. What __________________________ (happen) if you didn´t go to work tomorrow?

5. She would be terribly upset if I __________________________ (lose) her ring.

6. Many people would be out of work if the factory __________________________ (close).

7. That box __________________________ (look) better if you painted it blue.

8. If he offered me a job, I __________________________ (take) it.

9. If we __________________________ (eat) too much, we would get fat.

10. What would you do if you __________________________ (be) the president of your country?

11. If he hurried, he __________________________ (catch) the train.

12. If he __________________________ (be) here, we would play cards.

13. I __________________________ (tell) you if you asked me.

14. If he __________________________ (ring) the bell, the waiter would come.

15. If you paid him well, he __________________________ (come).

16. We would go for a walk if it __________________________ (be) warmer.

17. If Mary helped in the kitchen, she __________________________ (get) more pocket money.

18. If I were you, I __________________________ (start) now.

19. He would buy that house if he __________________________ (have) some money.

20. If you studied harder, you __________________________ (write) a good test.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 21

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 4

Complete with the first or second conditional.

1. If he __________________________ (have) time, he will come.

2. If I __________________________ (be) you, I wouldn’t do that.

3. I __________________________ (go) to see him if he has time.

4. If you __________________________ (come), you would see her.

5. If he doesn’t go back now, he __________________________ (be) late.

6. If Charles __________________________ (ask) me, I would lend him my tools.

7. What will you do if you __________________________ (lose) the way?

8. They would be glad if the rain __________________________ (stop) soon.

9. If you asked us, we __________________________ (help) you.

10. I __________________________ (go) to the cinema if I had more time.

11. I will call her if I __________________________ (find out) her number.

12. If they __________________________ (be) rich, they would stay in a more expensive hotel.

13. She __________________________ (feel) ill if she eats so much.

14. If you helped her in the garden, she __________________________ (be) happy.

15. If he skis too fast, he __________________________ (break) his leg.

16. What will John do if he __________________________ (not get) the job?

17. They would get drunk if they __________________________ (drink) too much beer.

18. If I __________________________ (invite) Linda, I will have to invite Bob.

19. If I had some money, I __________________________ (buy) a new car.

20. You will get wet if you __________________________ (not take) an umbrella.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 22

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 5

Complete with the first or second conditional.

1. He __________________________ (cause) an accident if he drives too dangerously.

2. If you steal the purse, they __________________________ (arrest) you.

3. I __________________________ (tell) you if you asked me.

4. If she __________________________ (explain) him the situation, he will understand it.

5. I won't visit him if he __________________________ (be) angry.

6. He would go to the cinema if he __________________________ (have) more time.

7. If I find the book, I __________________________ (send) it.

8. If I __________________________ (be) at home, I will learn my words.

9. They __________________________ (feel) better if they took their medicine.

10. If you close the door, nobody __________________________ (see) you.

11. If Sam __________________________ (have) a hammer, he will lend it to me.

12. Susan will help you if she __________________________ (get) more pocket money.

13. If we go to London, we __________________________ (see) the Tower.

14. He __________________________ (wash) his hands if you give him some soap.

15. If it __________________________ (stop) raining, we would play tennis.

16. If she had enough money, she __________________________ (buy) a new car.

17. I will pass the exam if I __________________________ (work) harder.

18. If Nelly rode her bike more carefully, she __________________________ (have) fewer

accidents.

19. If Mr Jones __________________________ (watch) the news every evening, he would know

more about politics.

20. If she sets the alarm clock, she ____________________________ (not oversleep).

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 23

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 6

Complete with the third conditional.

1. Alexander ____________________________ to her if he had met her. (talk)

2. If I ____________________________ at home, I would have watched the movie. (be)

3. If Jack had come to my party, I would have danced with him. (dance)

4. They ____________________________ got lost if they had read the map properly. (not have)

5. I’m sure he ____________________________ his watch, if he had looked for it more carefully.

(find)

6. If we had been in San Francisco, we ___________________________ the Golden Gate Bridge.

(pass)

7. She wouldn’t have been hungry if she ____________________________ her dinner. (eat)

8. If you ____________________________ Harry, we would have been happy. (marry)

9. If my dad ____________________________ his car to you, you’d have got a bargain. (sell)

10. Chloe __________________________ that exam easily if she had attended every lesson. (pass)

11. We ____________________________ to the beach if it had been sunny yesterday. (go)

12. If I had told you about Chantal, you ____________________________ me. (not believe)

13. If I ___________________________ the doctor, she would’ve advised me on what to do. (ask)

14. If I had lent you my lawnmower, you ____________________________ it. (break)

15. I ____________________________ in if I had watched that boring show. (sleep)

16. I ____________________________ shopping in charity shops if I had won the lottery. (not be)

17. If Zoe ____________________________ some money, she would’ve handed it in. (find)

18. If Bill ____________________________ a taxi, he would have been there by now. (take)

19. I ____________________________ Hyde Park if I had gone on the trip to London. (visit)

20. If he ____________________________ his book at school, he might have passed the exam.

(not forget)

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 24

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 7

Complete with the first, second or third conditional.

1. If Mr Brown __________________________ (sell) his car last year, he would have got more

money for it.

2. If Susan takes her driving lessons regularly, she __________________________ (pass) her

driving test.

3. If Charlie __________________________ (not stop) eating these green apples, he’ll soon feel

sick.

4. If you had told me the truth, I __________________________ (help) you.

5. If old Mrs White heard a strange noise, she __________________________ (call) the police.

6. If I __________________________ (have) good luck, I would have won the first prize.

7. If I __________________________ (be) you, I would throw away all this old junk.

8. If I got the earlier bus, I __________________________ (can) come home at 5 o’clock.

9. If mother __________________________ (make) apple pie, I’ll give you a piece.

10. If Peter __________________________ (not leave) earlier, he would miss the bus.

11. If we missed the train, we __________________________ (take) a taxi.

12. If he __________________________ (win) a lot of money, he will fly to Paris.

13. If she is ill, she __________________________ (not come) to our party.

14. We __________________________ (play) tennis if it stopped raining.

15. I __________________________ (phone) her if I knew her number.

16. If they were rich, they __________________________ (stay) at a hotel.

17. I would have been glad if he __________________________ (visit) me in hospital.

18. I would pass the exam if I __________________________ (learn) harder.

19. If the company __________________________ (close), it would be hard for me to find a job.

20. If we had gone to London, we __________________________ (see) the Tower.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 25

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 8

Complete with the first, second or third conditional.

1. If I ______________________________ (eat) your chocolates, I would have felt a bit guilty.

2. She can go early on Fridays if she _______________________ (ask) her manager’s permission.

3. If he had offered me the job, I __________________________ (take) it.

4. If I __________________________ (have) some money, I will buy a new car.

5. If you damage my car, I ___________________________ (be) really annoyed.

6. If he __________________________ (drive) more carefully, he would not cause an accident.

7. We won’t stay indoors if the weather __________________________ (be) fine.

8. She would feel better if she __________________________ (eat) less.

9. If the computer _________________________ (crash), you would lose all your unsaved work.

10. If it __________________________ (rain), I don’t have to water the flowers.

11. She __________________________ (give) you an answer if you had asked her more politely.

12. If he won a lot of money, he __________________________ (fly) to Paris.

13. If you had asked me, I __________________________ (tell) you.

14. If I am at home, I __________________________ (watch) the movie.

15. If I __________________________ (be) you, I would start learning now.

16. If Jack meets Tom, he __________________________ (tell) him the truth.

17. His sister would have been glad if you __________________________ (phone) her.

18. The Millers __________________________ (move) to the seaside if they had had children.

19. If Jack __________________________ (come) to my party, I would have danced with him.

20. If she __________________________ (meet) him, she will talk to him.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 26

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 1

1. If you don’t tell her the truth, she is angry with you!
2. Soap dissolves if you leave it in water.
3. If he rings the bell, the receptionist will come.
4. If I study more, I will pass the exam.
5. Plants die if you don’t water them.
6. He will understand it if she explains him the situation.
7. Milk goes off if you don’t keep it in a cool place.
8. Ask the teacher if you don’t understand.
9. If they offer me a job, I will take it.
10. I will have to invite Bob if I invite Linda.
11. I don’t mind if you want to use the car.
12. If Jack meets Tom, he will tell him the truth.
13. If Ella has enough money, she will buy a new car.
14. Children get upset if they’re being bullied.
15. Stamps can be good fun if you enjoy collecting things.
16. What will Charlie do if he does not get (doesn’t get) the job?
17. It can be hard to access the web if you don’t have a PC at home.
18. The heater comes on if you press this switch.
19. If you want to understand the text, you have to learn the new words.
20. If you are going out, let me know.

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 2

1. If I have enough money, I will buy a new skateboard.

2. If you help your mother, she will be very happy.
3. If Mary helps in the kitchen, she will get more pocket money.
4. She will be angry if you do not tell / don’t tell the truth.
5. You will have to walk if you miss the bus.
6. If Tom is at home, he will watch TV.
7. The baby will sleep if you are quiet.
8. If he is in San Francisco, he will see Golden Gate Bridge.
9. He will go to the doctor's if he doesn't feel well tomorrow.
10. If he sells his car, he won't get much money for it.
11. I will travel to the USA if I have enough money.
12. If they buy a car, they will drive to Italy.
13. If I work harder, I will pass the exam.
14. We will not get / won’t get good marks if we don't learn.
15. If he tells me the truth, I will be glad.
16. I will travel to the USA if I have enough money.
17. If I’m offered the job, I think I will take it.
18. If she gets up early, she will catch the bus.
19. If I hear burglars, I will call the police.
20. We will go swimming if it is warm enough.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 27

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 3

1. If she was hungry, she would eat something.

2. If he studied, he would pass the exam.
3. I would send you a postcard if I had your address.
4. What would happen if you didn´t go to work tomorrow?
5. She would be terribly upset if I lost her ring.
6. Many people would be out of work if the factory closed.
7. That box would look better if you painted it blue.
8. If he offered me a job, I would take it.
9. If we ate too much, we would get fat.
10. What would you do if you were the president of your country?
11. If he hurried, he would catch the train.
12. If he was here, we would play cards.
13. I would tell you if you asked me.
14. If he rang the bell, the waiter would come.
15. If you paid him well, he would come.
16. We would go for a walk, if it was warmer.
17. If Mary helped in the kitchen, she would get more pocket money.
18. If I were you, I would start now.
19. He would buy that house if he had some money.
20. If you studied harder, you would write a good test.

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 4

1. If he has time, he will come.

2. If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.
3. I will go to see him if he has time.
4. If you came, you would see her.
5. If he doesn’t go back now, he will be late.
6. If Charles asked me, I would lend him my tools.
7. What will you do if you lose the way?
8. They would be glad if the rain stopped soon.
9. If you asked us, we would help you.
10. I would go to the cinema if I had more time.
11. I will call her if I find out her number.
12. If they were rich, they would stay in a more expensive hotel.
13. She will feel ill if she eats so much.
14. If you helped her in the garden, she would be happy.
15. If he skis too fast, he will break his leg.
16. What will John do if he does not get the job?
17. They would get drunk if they drank too much beer.
18. If I invite Linda, I will have to invite Bob.
19. If I had some money, I would buy a new car.
20. You will get wet if you don’t take an umbrella.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 28

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 5

1. He will cause an accident if he drives too dangerously.

2. If you steal the purse, they will arrest you.
3. I would tell you if you asked me.
4. If she explains him the situation, he will understand it.
5. I won't visit him if he is angry.
6. He would go to the cinema if he had more time.
7. If I find the book, I will send it.
8. If I am at home, I will learn my words.
9. They would feel better if they took their medicine.
10. If you close the door, nobody will see you.
11. If Sam has a hammer, he will lend it to me.
12. Susan will help you if she gets more pocket money.
13. If we go to London, we will see the Tower.
14. He will wash his hands if you give him some soap.
15. If it stopped raining, we would play tennis.
16. If she had enough money, she would buy a new car.
17. I will pass the exam if I work harder.
18. If Nelly rode her bike more carefully, she would have fewer accidents.
19. If Mr Jones watched the news every evening, he would know more about politics.
20. If she sets the alarm clock, she will not oversleep.

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 6

1. Alexander would have talked to her if he had met her.

2. If I had been at home, I would have watched the movie.
3. If Jack had come to my party, I would have danced with him.
4. They wouldn’t have got lost if they had read the map properly.
5. I’m sure he would have found his watch, if he had looked for it more carefully.
6. If we had been in San Francisco, we would have passed the Golden Gate Bridge.
7. She wouldn’t have been hungry if she had eaten her dinner.
8. If you had married Harry, we would have been happy.
9. If my dad had sold his car to you, you’d have got a bargain.
10. Chloe would have passed that exam easily if she had attended every lesson.
11. We would’ve gone to the beach if it had been sunny yesterday.
12. If I had told you about Chantal, you wouldn’t have believed me.
13. If I had asked the doctor, she would’ve advised me on what to do.
14. If I had lent you my lawnmower, you would have broken it.
15. I would have slept in if I had watched that boring show.
16. I wouldn’t have been shopping in charity shops if I had won the lottery.
17. If Zoe had found some money, she would’ve handed it in.
18. If Bill had taken a taxi, he would have been there by now.
19. I would’ve visited Hyde Park if I had gone on the trip to London.
20. If he hadn’t forgotten his book at school, he might have passed the exam.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 29

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 7

1. If Mr Brown had sold his car last year, he would have got more money for it.
2. If Susan takes her driving lessons regularly, she will pass her driving test.
3. If Charlie does not stop eating these green apples, he’ll soon feel sick.
4. If you had told me the truth, I would have helped you.
5. If old Mrs White heard a strange noise, she would call the police.
6. If I had had good luck, I would have won the first prize.
7. If I were you, I would throw away all this old junk.
8. If I got the earlier bus, I would be able to / could come home at 5 o’clock.
9. If mother makes apple pie, I’ll give you a piece.
10. If Peter did not leave earlier, he would miss the bus.
11. If we missed the train, we would take a taxi.
12. If he wins a lot of money, he will fly to Paris.
13. If she is ill, she will not come to our party.
14. We would play tennis if it stopped raining.
15. I would phone her if I knew her number.
16. If they were rich, they would stay at a hotel.
17. I would have been glad if he had visited me in hospital.
18. I would pass the exam if I learned harder.
19. If the company closed, it would be hard for me to find a job.
20. If we had gone to London, we would have seen the Tower.

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES 8

1. If I had eaten your chocolates, I would have felt a bit guilty.

2. She can go early on Fridays if she asks her manager’s permission.
3. If he had offered me the job, I would have taken it.
4. If I have some money, I will buy a new car.
5. If you damage my car, I will be really annoyed.
6. If he drove more carefully, he would not cause an accident.
7. We won’t stay indoors if the weather is fine.
8. She would feel better if she ate less.
9. If the computer crashed, you would lose all your unsaved work.
10. If it rains, I don’t have to water the flowers.
11. She would have given you an answer if you had asked her more politely.
12. If he won a lot of money, he would fly to Paris.
13. If you had asked me, I would have told you.
14. If I am at home, I will watch the movie.
15. If I was / were you, I would start learning now.
16. If Jack meets Tom, he will tell him the truth.
17. His sister would have been glad if you had phoned her.
18. The Millers would have moved to the seaside if they had had children.
19. If Jack had come to my party, I would have danced with him.
20. If she meets him, she will talk to him.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 30

FUTURE TENSES
There are four different ways in English to talk about the future. You can use the simple future, the
going to - future, the present progressive and the present pimple to write or talk about future
actions. There is often only a little difference between the future tenses, especially between the
going to - future and the present progressive. It also depends on the country and region and on
the communication what future tense is used. In written English the simple future is usually used
while in spoken English we use the going to - future more often.

The simple future (will – future) is used:

• to talk about future actions, we can't influence or control.

• to foretell future actions or to express hopes, expectations, fears, offers, promises, refusals....
Key words: I’m sure, I believe, I expect, I hope, I suppose, I think, I'm afraid, I wonder, I fear, I
worry, I promise, I guess or perhaps, possibly, surely, probably, maybe

• with I / we for spontaneous reactions or making promises

I shall is sometimes used instead of I will.

The going to - future is used:

• to talk about future things you intend to do, plan or decided to do

Examples:
Did you know that Sarah is in hospital? - No, I didn’t. I’ll visit her this afternoon. (spontaneous
reaction »»» will - future)
Yes, I’m going to visit her next month. (planned action »»» going to - future)
• to foretell future actions for which we have proofs that they are going to happen.

The present progressive is used:

• to talk about future things that are fixed, planned or definitely decided
The speaker must refer to the future and not to the present.
Examples: I am visiting my grandparents tomorrow.
What are you doing next Friday?

The present simple is used:

• to talk about times of arrivals and departures of traffic and times of events.
Examples: The train leaves at 10.20.
The bus goes at 8.30.
When does the concert begin?

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FUTURE TENSES 1

Fill in going to or the simple future tense (=will future).

1. I _____________________________ them tomorrow evening. (meet)

2. _____________________________ him for help? (you ask)

3. Susan _____________________________ the bathroom next weekend. (paint)

4. I think he _____________________________ her name. (find out)

5. I _____________________________ a walk in the garden this evening. (take)

6. Let's hope that the wind _____________________________ away the clouds. (blow)

7. Mary _____________________________ a good mark because she has studied hard. (get)

8. Are you sure, you _____________________________ in a tent in your holidays? (sleep)

9. Peter _____________________________ his new bike in the park. (ride)

10. I hope Jane _____________________________ me to her party. (invite)

11. I _____________________________ dad's car tomorrow afternoon. (wash)

12. Mum thinks dad _____________________________ home early tonight. (come)

13. She _____________________________ till Thursday. (probably stay)

14. We _____________________________ our bikes in the park. Can you come with us? (ride)

15. I think Susan _____________________________ in love with Mike. (fall)

16. It's late. I hope we _____________________________ the bus. (not miss)

17. _____________________________ the new words this time, Peter? (you learn)

18. Next summer we _____________________________ at a campsite near a lake. (probably stay)

19. We _____________________________ to Scotland this summer. (go)

20. I promise, I _____________________________ you tomorrow. (phone)

21. Maybe he _____________________________ any time next weekend. (not have)

22. She _____________________________ a baby next April. (have)

23. I hope the train _____________________________ delayed. (not be)

24. They _____________________________ the exam. (probably pass)

25. The sky is cloudy and grey. It _____________________________. (rain)

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 32

FUTURE TENSES 2

Fill in the correct future tense – simple future, going to future or present
progressive.

1. They _____________________________ to New York tomorrow morning. (drive)

2. I hope the weather _____________________________ nice. (be)

3. John _____________________________ to his new CD this evening. (listen)

4. I offered him this job. I think he _____________________________ it. (take)

5. Jane and Sue _____________________________ a present for mum's birthday. (buy)

6. I hope you _____________________________ me with the dishes, Julie. (help)

7. I promise I _____________________________ your secret to anyone. (not tell)

8. Take your umbrella with you. It _____________________________ (rain).

9. They _____________________________ cards this evening. (play)

10. When the weather is fine, we _____________________________ a picnic in our garden.

(probably have)

11. I think the police _____________________________ the burglars. (arrest)

12. They _____________________________ to Seattle next summer holidays. (fly)

13. I _____________________________ 50 people to the party and I hope everyone

_____________________________. (invite / come)

14. That exercise looks difficult. I _____________________________ you. (help)

15. _____________________________ to the football match? (he go)

16. Are you sure they _____________________________ the match? (win)

17. It _____________________________ very cold in the mountains. Take a sweater with you.

(probably be)

18. He _____________________________ tomorrow. (not leave)

19. We think he _____________________________ home late in the night. (come)

20. It's my birthday next Friday. Mum _____________________________ a cake. (bake)

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 33

FUTURE TENSES 1
1. I am going to meet them tomorrow evening.
2. Are you going to ask him for help?
3. Susan is going to paint the bathroom next weekend.
4. I think he will find out her name.
5. I am going to take a walk in the garden this evening.
6. Let's hope that the wind will blow away the clouds.
7. Mary is going to get a good mark because she has studied hard.
8. Are you sure, you will sleep in a tent in your holidays?
9. Peter is going to ride his new bike in the park.
10. I hope Jane will invite me to her party.
11. I am going to wash dad's car tomorrow afternoon.
12. Mum thinks dad will come home early tonight. (come)
13. It will probably be very cold in the mountains. Take a sweater with you.
14. We are going to ride our bikes in the park. Can you come with us?
15. I think Susan will fall in love with Mike.
16. It's late. I hope we will not miss / won't miss the bus.
17. Are you going to learn the new words this time, Peter?
18. Next summer we will probably stay at a campsite near a lake.
19. We are going to go to Scotland this summer.
20. I promise, I will phone you tomorrow.
21. Maybe he will not have / won't have any time next weekend.
22. She is going to have a baby next April.
23. I hope the train will not be / won't be delayed.
24. They will probably pass the exam.
25. The sky is cloudy and grey. It is going to rain.

FUTURE TENSES 2
1. They are driving to New York tomorrow morning.
2. I hope the weather will be nice.
3. John is going to listen to his new CD this evening.
4. I offered him this job. I think he will take it.
5. Jane and Sue are going to buy a present for mum's birthday.
6. I hope you will help me with the dishes, Julie.
7. I promise I will not tell your secret to anyone.
8. Take your umbrella with you. It is going to rain.
9. They are going to play / are playing cards this evening.
10. When the weather is fine, we will probably have a picnic in our garden.
11. I think the police will arrest the burglars.
12. They are flying / are going to fly to Seattle next summer holidays.
13. I am inviting (invite) 50 people to the party, and I hope everyone will come.
14. That exercise looks difficult. I will help you.
15. Is he going to the football match?
16. Are you sure they will win the match?
17. She will probably be very cold in the mountains. Take a sweater with you.
18. He is not leaving / isn't leaving tomorrow.
19. We think he will come home late in the night.
20. It's my birthday next Friday. Mum is going to bake a cake.
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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 34

THE PASSIVE VOICE

How the passive is formed:

FORM OF TO BE + 3rd
SUBJECT ADVERB, ...
FORM
The room is cleaned every day.
They are sold as pets.
A lot of guests are invited to a party.

Put an active sentence into a passive one:

Subject Verb Object

Active: Bats eat insects.

Passive: Insects are eaten by bats.

Subject Verb by Agent

Subject Verb Object

Active: Tom saw the burglars

Passive: The burglars were seen by Tom

Subject Verb by Agent

Subject of the active sentence → Agent of the passive sentence

Object of the active sentence → Subject of the passive sentence

Tenses:

Tense Active Passive (form of to be + 3rd form)

Present tense invite / see am / is / are invited / seen

Past tense invited / saw was / were invited / seen
Future tense will invite / see will be invited / seen
Present perfect tense have / has invited / seen have / has been invited / seen
Past perfect tense had invited / seen had been invited / seen

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 35

PASSIVE VOICE 1
Fill in the passive form of the verbs in brackets. Use the present simple.

1. This computer __________________________ in the USA. (make)

2. Her dog __________________________ Rover. (call)

3. Lots of new cars __________________________ by train. (transport)

4. Our neighbours' house __________________________ every year. (paint)

5. Jim __________________________ well by the new company owners. (not pay)

6. Today many insects __________________________ by poison. (kill)

7. Baby seals __________________________ on dangerous beaches. (bear)

8. English __________________________ in many parts of the world. (speak)

9. This theme park __________________________ very often on weekdays. (not visit)

10. These watches __________________________ in Switzerland. (make)

11. This helicopter __________________________ for taking people to hospital. (use)

12. All her toys __________________________ in a big box. (keep)

13. The buses __________________________ every week. (clean)

14. The post __________________________ twice a day. (collect)

15. Foreign vegetables __________________________ on this market. (not sell)

16. Whales __________________________ in order to make cosmetics. (hunt)

17. Excellent tea __________________________ by India and Sri Lanka. (export)

18. The corridors __________________________ on weekends. (not clean)

19. Every year a big Christmas tree __________________________ up in our town. (put)

20. The tennis court next to our house __________________________ very often. (not use)

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 36

PASSIVE VOICE 2
Fill in the passive form of the verbs in brackets. Use the present or past simple.

1. He __________________________ (offer) a new job last week.

2. The bridge __________________________ (blow off) yesterday.

3. This novel __________________________ (write) by Hemingway.

4. Flies __________________________ (catch) by spiders.

5. All the trees __________________________ (cut) down yesterday.

6. We __________________________ (tell) to go home now.

7. Their purse __________________________ (steal) in the disco last night.

8. Rain __________________________ (hold) up by fog.

9. He __________________________ (throw) out of the bar a week ago.

10. Pigs __________________________ (use) to find truffles.

11. The old theatre __________________________ (reopen) last Friday.

12. She __________________________ (ask) about the accident by the police yesterday.

13. A lot of food __________________________ (throw) away every day.

14. Mice __________________________ (catch) by cats.

15. I __________________________ (usually invited) to her parties.

16. Policemen __________________________ (often ask) for the way.

17. They __________________________ (teach) French last term.

18. The lawn __________________________ (cut) once a week.

19. The tickets __________________________ (buy) by her last week.

20. The shoes __________________________ (clean) every morning.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 37

PASSIVE VOICE 3

Fill in the passive form of the verbs in brackets. Use the past simple.

1. Many pictures _____________________ (paint) by Picasso.

2. Sue _____________________ (take) to school by her father.

3. His car _____________________ (damage) in an accident.

4. Football _________ first ____________ (play) in England.

5. Some roads _____________________ (destroy) by an earthquake.

6. The window _____________________ (break) by a ball.

7. That cottage _____________________ (build) by a famous architect.

8. One person _____________________ (find) by the helicopter rescue team.

9. Our car _____________________ (sell) yesterday.

10. The key _____________________ (forget) by an old man.

11. The accident _____________________ (see) by two girls.

12. The bank _____________________ (rob) three days ago.

13. The engine _____________________ (invent) by George Stevenson.

14. The lives of many people _____________________ (save) by his dog.

15. Jack _____________________ (invite) to their party.

16. The potatoes _____________________ (load) onto lorries.

17. The robbers _____________________ (arrest) by the police.

18. The parcel _____________________ (send) by mail.

19. The book and the pencil _____________________ (leave) behind.

20. All the magazines _____________________ (sell) yesterday.

© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 38

PASSIVE VOICE 4

Put the following sentences into the passive voice.

1. Nelly ate all the cake.

________________________________________________________________________

2. They opened the windows.

________________________________________________________________________

3. We bought this present.

________________________________________________________________________

4. He sold his flat last summer.

________________________________________________________________________

5. We sang English songs.

________________________________________________________________________

6. My friends saw Marry in the park.

________________________________________________________________________

7. The children found the key.

________________________________________________________________________

8. The police arrested the burglars.

________________________________________________________________________

Fill in the passive form of the verbs in brackets. Use the past tense.

Three days ago, Nepal _____________________ (rock) by a very strong earthquake. About two

hundred people _______________________ (kill) and thousands ______________________ (take)

to the local hospitals. They _______________________ (treat) for shock and their injuries

_______________________ (care for). A lot of houses _______________________ (destroy). The

city hall __________ also ___________ (damage).

© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 39

PASSIVE VOICE 5

Put the sentences into the passive voice.

1. They built these houses in 1902.

_______________________________________________________________________________

2. She bakes a cake every Sunday.

_______________________________________________________________________________

3. He broke the vase yesterday.

_______________________________________________________________________________

4. I clean the shoes every Friday.

_______________________________________________________________________________

5. We wrote the exercise an hour ago.

_______________________________________________________________________________

6. They use this road very often.

_______________________________________________________________________________

7. Thieves stole his car.

_______________________________________________________________________________

8. They cancelled all the flights.

_______________________________________________________________________________

9. Brian told the truth.

_______________________________________________________________________________

10. She always loads the dishwasher.

_______________________________________________________________________________

11. He sometimes does the shopping.

_______________________________________________________________________________

12. The ambulance took Peter to hospital.

_______________________________________________________________________________

© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 40

PASSIVE VOICE 6
Put the following sentences into the passive voice.

1. My grandfather built this house.

__________________________________________________________________________

2. Carol always waters the flowers.

__________________________________________________________________________

3. The boys did the homework.

__________________________________________________________________________

4. Susan wrote this email.

__________________________________________________________________________

5. George has opened a hotel.

__________________________________________________________________________

6. Peter solved this problem.

__________________________________________________________________________

7. An electric fault caused the fire.

__________________________________________________________________________

8. Her mother will clean the room.

__________________________________________________________________________

9. The police arrested three men.

__________________________________________________________________________

10. We haven't seen her since weeks.

__________________________________________________________________________

11. They will pull down the old building.

__________________________________________________________________________

12. Helen found the key.

__________________________________________________________________________

© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 41

PASSIVE VOICE 7

Complete the sentences with the passive forms of the verbs. Use the tense in
brackets.

1. English ___________________________ (speak) all over the world. (Present tense)

2. This quarrel ___________________________ (forget) in a few years' time. (Future tense)

3. My pencil case ___________________________ (steal). (Present perfect)

4. We have ___________________________ (never / beat) at badminton. (Present perfect)

5. This shirt ___________________________ (make) in France. (Past tense)

6. Our dogs ___________________________ (keep) in the house. (Present tense)

7. Her new book ___________________________ (publish) next month. (Future tense)

8. Milk ___________________________ (use) to make butter and cheese. (Present tense)

9. They ___________________________ (take) to school. (Past tense)

10. Not a sound ___________________________ (hear). (Past tense)

11. Some juice ___________________________ (spill) on the carpet. (Present perfect)

12. The thieves ______________________ (arrest) by the police. (Past tense)

13. The homework ___________________________ (correct) by the teacher. (Future tense)

14. Her ring ___________________________ (find) under the bed. (Past tense)

15. I ___________________________ (offer) an interesting job. (Past tense)

16. My brother ___________________________ (just beat) in the race. (Present perfect)

17. He ___________________________ (tell) to wait outside. (Past tense)

18. The fire brigade ___________________________ (phone) soon after the fire broke out. (Past

perfect)

19. The email ___________________________ (answer) tomorrow. (Future tense)

20. The best cookies ___________________________ (sell) here. (Present tense)

© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 42

PASSIVE VOICE 1

1. This computer is made in the USA.

2. Her dog is called Rover.
3. Lots of new cars are transported by train.
4. Our neighbours' house is painted every year.
5. Jim isn’t paid well by the new company owners.
6. Today many insects are killed by poison.
7. Baby seals are born on dangerous beaches.
8. English is spoken in many parts of the world.
9. This theme park isn’t visited very often on weekdays.
10. These watches are made in Switzerland.
11. This helicopter is used for taking people to hospital.
12. All her toys are kept in a big box.
13. The buses are cleaned every week.
14. The post is collected twice a day.
15. Foreign vegetables aren’t sold on this market.
16. Whales are hunted in order to make cosmetics.
17. Excellent tea is exported by India and Sri Lanka.
18. The corridors aren’t cleaned on weekends.
19. Every year a big Christmas tree is put up in our town.
20. The tennis court next to our house isn’t used very often.

PASSIVE VOICE 2

1. He was offered (offer) a new job last week.

2. The bridge was blown off (blow off) yesterday.
3. This novel was written (write) by Hemingway.
4. Flies are caught (catch) by spiders.
5. All the trees were cut (cut) down yesterday.
6. We are told (tell) to go home now.
7. Their purse was stolen (steal) in the disco last night.
8. Rain is held (hold) up by fog.
9. He was thrown (throw) out of the bar a week ago.
10. Pigs are used (use) to find truffles.
11. The old theatre was reopened (reopen) last Friday.
12. She was asked (ask) about the accident by the police yesterday.
13. A lot of food is thrown (throw) away every day.
14. Mice are caught (catch) by cats.
15. I am usually invited to her parties.
16. Policemen are often asked (often ask) for the way.
17. They were taught (teach) French last term.
18. The lawn is cut (cut) once a week.
19. The tickets were bought by her last week.
20. The shoes are cleaned every morning.

© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 43

PASSIVE VOICE 3
1. Many pictures were painted by Picasso.
2. Sue was taken to school by her father.
3. His car was damaged in an accident.
4. Football was first played in England.
5. Some roads were destroyed by an earthquake.
6. The window was broken by a ball.
7. That cottage was built by a famous architect.
8. One person was found by the helicopter rescue team.
9. Our car was sold yesterday.
10. The key was forgotten by an old man.
11. The accident was seen by two girls.
12. The bank was robbed three days ago.
13. The engine was invented by George Stevenson.
14. The lives of many people were saved by his dog.
15. Jack was invited to their party.
16. The potatoes were loaded onto lorries.
17. The robbers were arrested by the police.
18. The parcel was sent by mail.
19. The book and the pencil were left behind.
20. All the magazines were sold yesterday.

PASSIVE VOICE 4

1. All the cake was eaten by Nelly.

2. The windows were opened by them.
3. This present was bought by us.
4. His flat was sold last summer.
5. English songs were sung by us.
6. Mary was seen in the park by my friends.
7. The key was found by the children.
8. The burglars were arrested by the police.

Three days ago, Nepal was rocked by a very strong earthquake. About two hundred people were
killed and thousands were taken to the local hospitals. They were treated for shock and their
injuries were cared for (care for). A lot of houses were destroyed. The city hall was also damaged
(damage).

© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 44

PASSIVE VOICE 5
1. These houses were built by them in 1902.
2. A cake is baked by her every Sunday.
3. The vase was broken by him yesterday.
4. The shoes are cleaned by me every Friday.
5. The exercise was written by us an hour ago.
6. This road is used by them very often.
7. His car was stolen by thieves.
8. All the flights were cancelled by them.
9. The truth was told by Brian.
10. The dishwasher is always loaded by her.
11. The shopping is sometimes done by him.
12. Peter was taken to hospital by the ambulance.

Passive voice 6
1. This house was built by my grandfather.
2. The flowers are always watered by Carol.
3. The homework was done by the boys.
4. This email was written by Susan.
5. A hotel has been opened by George.
6. This problem was solved by Peter.
7. The fire was caused by an electric fault.
8. The room will be cleaned by her mother.
9. Three men were arrested by the police.
10. She has been seen by us since weeks.
11. The old building will be pulled down by them.
12. The key was found by Helen.

© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 45

PASSIVE VOICE 7

1. English is spoken all over the world.

2. This quarrel will be forgotten in a few years' time.
3. My pencil case has been stolen.
4. We have never been beaten at badminton.
5. This shirt was made in France.
6. Our dogs are kept in the house.
7. Her new book will be published next month.
8. Milk is used to make butter and cheese.
9. They were taken to school.
10. Not a sound was heard.
11. Some juice has been spilt on the carpet.
12. The thieves were arrested by the police.
13. The homework will be corrected by the teacher.
14. Her ring was found under the bed.
15. I was offered an interesting job.
16. My brother has just been beaten in the race.
17. He was told to wait outside.
18. The fire brigade had been phoned soon after the fire broke out.
19. The best cookies are sold here.
20. The email will be answered tomorrow.

© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 46

REPORTED SPEECH

1. If the reporting verb is in the past form (said, told...), you must change the tense.

Direct speech Indirect speech Direct Speech Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple go went

Present progressive Past progressive am/is/are going was/were going

Past simple Past perfect went had gone

Past progressive Past perfect progressive was/were going had been going

Present perfect simple Past perfect has/have gone had gone

Present perfect progressive Past perfect progressive has/have been going had been going

Future Conditional I will go would go

Example: Peter said, "Carol is a nice girl." Peter said (that) Carol was a nice girl.

2. When you form the reported speech, you must pay attention that the pronouns
refer to the correct person.

Examples: Susan said, "My parents are clever scientists."

Susan said (that) her parents were clever scientists.

Tom said, "I like PE best."

Tom said (that) he liked PE best.

They said, "We went swimming with our friends."

They said (that) they had gone swimming with their friend.

Betty said, "Sam told me the truth."

Betty said (that) Sam had told her the truth.

Direct speech Indirect speech

She said I - my - me she - her - her
He said I - my - me he - his - him
They said they - their - them we - our - us

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 47

You and your:

They told her / him / me / them / us, "George loves you."

They told her / him / me / them / us (that) George loved her / him / me / them / us.

They told her / him / me / them / us, "George loves your sister."
They told her / him / me / them / us (that) George loved her / his / my / their / our sister.

They told her / him / me / them / us, "You are clever."

They told her / him / me / them / us (that) she / he / I / they / we was / were clever.

3. Expressions of time and place must also be changed.

Direct speech Indirect speech

Time now then

today that day
yesterday the day before
tomorrow the next / following day
last week, month... the previous week, month...
next week, month... the following week, month...

Place here there

this that
these those

Example: She said, "I have already seen Carol today."

She said (that) she had already seen Carol that day.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 48

REPORTED SPEECH 1
Put the following sentences into the reported speech.

1. The boys said, "We are on time."

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. Sue said, "He is learning for his exam."

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. Bill said, "I’m going to answer the phone."

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. The girls said, "We’re not doing our homework now."

_____________________________________________________________________________

5. Mother said, "You can help me with the dishes."

_____________________________________________________________________________

6. He said, "I meet him every Friday."

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. Jim told me, "I leave tonight."

_____________________________________________________________________________

8. He said, "I’m watching TV."

_____________________________________________________________________________

9. She told them, "My mother likes roast beef."

_____________________________________________________________________________

10. The patients said, "We buy a newspaper every day."

_____________________________________________________________________________

11. They told me, "We are flying to New York."

_____________________________________________________________________________

12. Mark said, "She likes something to drink."

_____________________________________________________________________________

© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 49

REPORTED SPEECH 2
1. Mr Brown said, "I was watching TV last night."
Mr Brown said (that) ___________________________________________________________.
2. Sandy explained, "I saw an accident at the corner of High Street."
Sandy explained (that) __________________________________________________________.
3. Bob said, "We had a wonderful time at Peter’s party."
Bob said (that) ________________________________________________________________.
4. The farmer said, "I didn’t see her."
The farmer said (that) __________________________________________________________.
5. Will and Tim said, "We were very happy about the present."
Will and Tim said (that) _________________________________________________________.
6. Mr Jones said, "As a young boy I collected stickers."
Mr Jones said (that) ____________________________________________________________.
7. Peter reported, "We played a lot of tennis last year."
Peter reported (that) ___________________________________________________________.
8. Mother said, "I had a headache."
Mother said (that) _____________________________________________________________.
9. The Clarks told us, "We drove to Athens last summer."
The Clarks told us (that) _________________________________________________________.
10. Helen said, "I was watching the late-night show."
Helen said (that) _______________________________________________________________.
11. Peter said, "They were interested in travelling to other countries."
Peter said (that) _______________________________________________________________.
12. Mr Cooper said, "I took my medicine regularly."
Mr Cooper said (that) ___________________________________________________________.
13. Mrs Miller said, "I didn’t feel better."
Mrs Miller said (that) ___________________________________________________________.
14. Sarah said, "My father took me to school every day."
Sarah said (that) _______________________________________________________________.
15. He said to the reporters, "I was a farmer in Cornwall."
He said to the reporters (that) ____________________________________________________.

© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 50

REPORTED SPEECH 3

Put the following sentences into the reported speech.

1. She said, “The sandwich tastes good.”

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. She said, “I went to the cinema.”

____________________________________________________________________________

3. Mark said, “I like coffee with milk.”

____________________________________________________________________________

4. She said, “Helen often gets good marks.”

____________________________________________________________________________

5. The teacher said, “Tim wrote a nice text.”

____________________________________________________________________________

6. She said, “He is ill today.”

____________________________________________________________________________

7. They said, “The children like fish and chips.”

____________________________________________________________________________

8. Emily said, “I have a headache.”

____________________________________________________________________________

9. He said, “I moved there last summer.”

____________________________________________________________________________

10. He said, “I repaired my bike.”

____________________________________________________________________________

11. They said, “Mrs Parker wasn’t at home.”

____________________________________________________________________________

12. They told us, “The boys have listened to music since 10 o’clock.”

____________________________________________________________________________

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 51

REPORTED SPEECH 4

Put the following sentences into the reported speech.

1. Jessica reported, “I saw the accident at the corner of High Street.”

____________________________________________________________________________

2. Bob said, “We had a wonderful time at Peter's party.”

____________________________________________________________________________

3. Harry and Tim said, “We were very happy about the present.”

____________________________________________________________________________

4. Thomas told us, “I played a lot of tennis last year.”

____________________________________________________________________________

5. Helen said, “I’m watching the late-night show.”

____________________________________________________________________________

6. They said, “We learned the new words.”

____________________________________________________________________________

7. The girls said, “The test was easy.”

____________________________________________________________________________

8. The boys said, “We are angry.”

____________________________________________________________________________

9. She said, “The girls ate some toast and drank some tea.”

____________________________________________________________________________

10. He told us, “I will do my homework.”

____________________________________________________________________________

11. They told us, “Thieves stole two paintings.”

____________________________________________________________________________

12. Sarah said, “My father takes me to school every day."

____________________________________________________________________________

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 52

REPORTED SPEECH 5

Put the following sentences into the reported speech.

1. Liam said, “I will arrive in time.”

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. She said, “I met Carol last Friday.”

____________________________________________________________________________

3. They said, “We went to bed early yesterday.”

____________________________________________________________________________

4. She said, “I’ve never been to Japan.”

____________________________________________________________________________

5. They told me, “We were playing in the park.”

____________________________________________________________________________

6. Tom told me, “I meet my friends on the way to school.”

____________________________________________________________________________

7. He told us, “I haven’t met her before.”

____________________________________________________________________________

8. The boys said, “We’ll be at home by 7.”

____________________________________________________________________________

9. Sandra said, “I did some shopping last week.”

____________________________________________________________________________

10. Helen said, “The tickets for the show are very expensive.”

____________________________________________________________________________

11. She said, “I’m reading.”

____________________________________________________________________________

12. Bill said, “I’ve played tennis for years.”

____________________________________________________________________________

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 53

REPORTED SPEECH 6

Put the following sentences into the reported speech.

1. He asked me, “Do you know the man crossing the road?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. She asked them, “When did he go to bed yesterday?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. The children said, “We are waiting for our mother.”

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. They asked her, “Have you met him before?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

5. They told him, “Shut the door!”

_____________________________________________________________________________

6. She asked them, “How long has it been raining?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. He said, “They took me to the next hospital.”

_____________________________________________________________________________

8. They asked, “Who is standing next to Mike?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

9. She asked me, “Are you going out tonight?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

10. She told him, “Give me back my camera!”

_____________________________________________________________________________

11. They said, “We met him at the snack bar.”

_____________________________________________________________________________

12. He asked her, “Have you ever been here before?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 54

REPORTED SPEECH 7

Put the following sentences into the reported speech.

1. They asked us, “Are you going to the cinema this week?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

2. He asked her, “How long have you played football?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

3. She asked me, “Where are you going?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

4. They told her, “Do not lie to us!”

_____________________________________________________________________________

5. He asked them, “Did you work hard yesterday?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

6. They asked him, “When did you get up this morning?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

7. They asked me, “How do you feel today?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

8. She told them, “Stop talking!”

_____________________________________________________________________________

9. She asked her, “Were you busy last week?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

10. He asked me, “Which animal are you afraid of?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

11. They told us, “Listen to the radio!”

_____________________________________________________________________________

12. She asked him, “Why did your car break down?”

_____________________________________________________________________________

© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 55

REPORTED SPEECH 1
1. The boys said (that) they were on time.
2. Sue said (that) he was learning for his exam.
3. Bill said (that) he was going to answer the phone.
4. The girls said (that) they were not doing their homework then.
5. Mother said (that) I could help her with the dishes.
6. He said (that) he met him every Friday.
7. Jim told me (that) he left that night.
8. He said (that) he was watching TV.
9. She told them (that) her mother liked (likes) roast beef. – information is still true
10. The patients said (that) they bought a newspaper every day.
11. They told me (that) they were flying to New York.
12. Mark said (that) she liked something to drink.

REPORTED SPEECH 2
1. Mr Brown said (that) he had been watching TV the night before.
2. Sandy explained (that) she had seen an accident at the corner of High Street.
3. Bob said (that) they had had a wonderful time at Peter's party.
4. The farmer said (that) he hadn't seen her.
5. Will and Tim said (that) they had been very happy about the present.
6. Mr Jones said (that) as a young boy he had collected stickers.
7. Peter reported (that) they had played a lot of tennis the year before.
8. Mother said (that) she had had a headache.
9. The Clarks told us (that) they had driven to Athens the summer before.
10. Helen said (that) she had been watching the late-night show.
11. Peter said (that) they had been interested in travelling to other countries.
12. Mr Cooper said (that) he had taken his medicine regularly.
13. Mrs Miller said (that) she hadn’t felt better.
14. Sarah said (that) her father had taken her to school.
15. He said to the reporters (that) he had been a farmer in Cornwall.

REPORTED SPEECH 3
1. She said (that) the sandwich tasted good.
2. She said (that) she had gone to the cinema.
3. Mark said (that) he liked coffee with milk.
4. She said (that) Helen often got good marks.
5. The teacher said (that) Tim had written a nice text.
6. She said (that) he was ill that day.
7. They said (that) the children liked fish and chips.
8. Emily said (that) she had a headache.
9. He said (that) he moved there last summer.
10. He said (that) he had repaired his bike.
11. They said (that) Mrs Parker had not (hadn’t) been at home.
12. They told us (that) the boys had listened to music since 10 o’clock.
© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 56

REPORTED SPEECH 4
1. Jessica reported (that) he had seen the accident at the corner of High Street.
2. Bob said (that) they had had a wonderful time at Peter's party.
3. Harry and Tim said (that) they had been very happy about the present.
4. Thomas told us (that) he had played a lot of tennis last year.
5. Helen said (that) she was watching the late-night show.
6. They said (that) they had learned the new words.
7. The girls said (that) the test had been easy.
8. The boys said (that) they were angry.
9. She said (that) the girls had eaten some toast and had drunk some tea.
10. He told us (that) he would do his homework.
11. They told us (that) thieves had stolen two paintings.
12. Sarah said (that) her father took her to school every day.

REPORTED SPEECH 5
1. Liam said (that) he would arrive in time.
2. She said (that) she had met Carol the Friday before.
3. They said (that) they had gone to bed early the day before.
4. She said (that) she had never been to Japan.
5. They told me (that) they had been playing in the park.
6. Tom told me (that) he met his friends on the way to school.
7. He told us (that) he hadn’t met her before.
8. The boys said (that) they would be at home by 7.
9. Sandra said (that) she had done some shopping the week before.
10. Helen said (that) the tickets for the show were very expensive.
11. She said (that) she was reading.
12. Bill said (that) he had played tennis for years.

REPORTED SPEECH 6
1. He asked me if I knew the man crossing the road.
2. She asked them when he had gone to bed the day before.
3. The children said (that) they were waiting for their mother.
4. They asked her if she had met him before.
5. They told him to shut the door.
6. She asked them how long it had been raining.
7. He said (that) they had taken him to the next hospital.
8. They asked who was standing next to Mike.
9. She asked them if I was going out that night.
10. She told him to give her back her camera.
11. They said (that) they had met him at the snack bar.
12. He asked her if she had ever been there before.

© 2019 by Herwig Rothländer – www.english-4u.de I free to copy for classroom or personal use
ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 57

REPORTED SPEECH 7
1. They asked us if we were going to the cinema that week.
2. He asked her how long she had played volleyball.
3. She asked me where I was going.
4. They told her not to lie to them.
5. He asked them if they had worked hard the day before.
6. They asked him when he had got (gotten) up that morning.
7. They asked me how I felt that day.
8. She told them to stop talking.
9. She asked her if she had been busy the week before.
10. He asked me which animal I was (am) afraid of.
11. They told us to listen to the radio.
12. She asked him why his car had broken down.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 58

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

The Present Perfect Progressive is used when a long action has started in the past and has just
ended (usually recently) or is still continuing. There has to be a connection to the present. The
verbs have to express a long period of time.

Key words: all day, how long, for, since

How to form the Present Perfect Progressive

I, you, we, they - have been + ing form of the verb

He, she, it - has been + ing form of the verb

Short forms

I've been reading. / They've been listening.

She's been dancing. / He's been watching.

Negation

I, you, we, they - have not (haven't) been + ing form of the verb
He, she, it - has not (hasn't) been + ing form of the verb

They haven't been working in the office all day.

Questions

Have they been helping you since this morning?

Have/Has - subject - been + ing form of the verb

How long has she been working at the office?

Question word - has/have - subject - been + ing form of the verb

Use of the Present Perfect Progressive

Examples:
I have been working all day.
She has been watching TV since 7.30.
Nick has been lying in bed for two days. - He is still in bed or has just got up.
She has been working since 4 o'clock. - She is still working, or she has just stopped working.
How long have they been playing?

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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 1

Put the following sentences into the present perfect progressive.

1. It _________________________________ (rain) for hours.

2. Mike _________________________________ (collect) stamps since 1995.

3. Bob _________________________________ (play) tennis since he was seven.

4. I _________________________________ (wait) for the bus for 15 minutes.

5. How long _____________ your brother ____________________________ (play) guitar?

6. How long _________________________________ (he play) golf?

7. I _________________________________ (work) for this company for seventeen years.

8. How long _________________________________ (it rain)?

9. Mary _________________________________ (study) German for two years.

10. My grandparents _________________________________ (live) in that house since 1962.

11. My mother _________________________________ (cook) for 3 hours.

12. My sister _________________________________ (drive) since 1972.

13. Peter _________________________________ (live) in India since last month.

14. How long _________________________________ (you work) in the garden?

15. They _________________________________ (lie) in the sun for hours.

16. Why is he so tired? He _________________________________ (play) football for two hours.

17. How long _________________________________ (you work) in the garden?

18. Carol _________________________________ (learn) Spanish for four years.

19. Frank and Bill _________________________________ (travel) in Europe for about a month.

20. Samuel _________________________________ (wear) that jeans since Tuesday.

21. How long _________________________________ (you study) English?

22. We _________________________________ (wait) here for three hours.

23. She _________________________________ (watch) too much television lately.

24. I _________________________________ (read) for 3 hours.

25. How long _________________________________ (he wait) for us?

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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 2

Put the following sentences into the present perfect simple or progressive.

1. Jane _________________________________ (write) a letter to a magazine. She

_________________________________ (not finish) it yet.

2. Ben _________________________________ (look) for his pen-knife, but he

_________________________________ (not find) it yet.

3. Jenny _________________________________ (wait) for the bus for half an hour, but it

_________________________________ (not arrive) yet.

4. Nick _________________________________ (play) a computer game for two hours, and he is

still playing.

5. Mike _________________________________ (not finished) painting his car yet. He

_________________________________ (work) on it for two weeks.

6. Amanda _________________________________ (not come) home yet. She

_________________________________ (shop) in town since 10 o'clock.

7. Mike's car _________________________________ (make) strange noises. Nick and Jane

_________________________________ (clean) all the parts.

8. Ben _________________________________ (draw) cartoons for two hours. He

_________________________________ (not finish) yet.

9. Greg _________________________________ (wait) for Jenny in town. Jenny

_________________________________ (not arrive) yet.

10. Jane _________________________________ (knit) a pullover. She

_________________________________ (not finish) yet.

11. It _________________________________ (rain) all day, and it

_________________________________ (not stop) yet.

12. Mr Blake _________________________________ (make) tests all evening, but he

_________________________________ (not find) a perfect one yet.

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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 3

Put the following sentences into the present perfect simple or progressive.

1. How often _________________________________ (you clean) the windows this year?

2. I _________________________________ (work) all day

and _________________________________ (just come) home from the office.

3. The girls _________________________________ (be) at school since 7 o'clock.

4. I _________________________________ (wait) for the train for half an hour, but it

still _________________________________ (not arrive) yet.

5. I _________________________________ (not watch) the new movie yet.

6. She _________________________________ (not cook) anything yet because

she _________________________________ (talk) to her neighbour all the time.

7. Amanda _________________________________ (play) seven tournaments this year.

8. It _________________________________ (snow) a lot this week. I hope it will stop soon.

9. Mike _________________________________ (travel) since he finished school.

10. She _________________________________ (work) for the company since she graduated

from university.

11. Ben, where have you been? I _________________________________ (wait) for you since 2

o'clock.

12. Many tourists _________________________________ (visit) this museum.

13. It _________________________________ (rain) all week. I hope it will stop by Saturday.

14. She _________________________________ (perform) in eight movies since she began

acting.

15. Jane _________________________________ (work) on the computer for hours, and

_________________________________ (not finish) yet.

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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 4

Put the following sentences into the present perfect simple or progressive.

1. It _________________________________ all day. (rain)

2. How long _________________________________ for me? (you wait)

3. I _________________________________ my girlfriend for two months. (know)

4. I _________________________________ my homework. Now I can go out. (do)

5. I _________________________________ my homework for three hours. (do)

6. What _________________________________ all afternoon? (she do)

She _________________________________ that book you lent her, but

she _________________________________ it yet. (read / not finish)

7. Amanda is a famous film star. She _________________________________ about ten films.

(make)

8. What countries _________________________________? (you already visit)

9. Mike _________________________________ a cold since last Thursday. (have)

10. I'm tired. _________________________________ very hard today. (work)

11. Susan _________________________________ to reach you by phone several times. (try)

12. He _________________________________ with Kate. (never dance)

13. Someone _________________________________ my chocolate. (eat)

14. How long _________________________________ as a lawyer? (she work)

15. We _________________________________ here for eight years. (live)

16. How long _________________________________ TV this afternoon? (they watch)

17. _________________________________ a mountain? (you ever climb)

18. They _________________________________ the car since three o' clock and they

_________________________________ yet. (repair / not finish)

19. He _________________________________ at the airport. (already arrive)

20. How long _________________________________ for Linda? (he wait)

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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 1

Put the following sentences into the present perfect progressive.

1. It has been raining for hours.

2. Mike has been collecting stamps since 1995.
3. Bob has been playing tennis since he was seven.
4. I have been waiting for the bus for 15 minutes.
5. How long has your brother been playing guitar?
6. How long has he been playing golf?
7. I have been working for this company for seventeen years.
8. How long has it been raining?
9. Mary has been studying German for two years.
10. My grandparents have been living in that house since 1962.
11. My mother has been cooking for 3 hours.
12. My sister has been driving since 1972.
13. Peter has been living in India since last month.
14. How long have you been working in the garden?
15. They have been lying in the sun for hours.
16. Why is he so tired? He has been playing football for two hours.
17. How long have you been working in the garden?
18. Carol has been learning Spanish for four years.
19. Frank and Bill have been travelling in Europe for about a month.
20. Samuel has been wearing those jeans since Tuesday.
21. How long have you been studying English?
22. We have been waiting here for three hours.
23. She has been watching too much television lately.
24. I have been reading for 3 hours.
25. How long has he been waiting for us?

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 2

Put the following sentences into the present perfect simple or progressive.

1. Jane has been writing a letter to a magazine. She has not finished it yet.
2. Ben has been looking for his pen-knife, but he has not found it yet.
3. Jenny has been waiting for the bus for half an hour, but it has not arrived yet.
4. Nick has been playing a computer game for two hours, and he is still playing.
5. Mike has not finished painting his car yet. He has been working on it for two weeks.
6. Amanda has not come home yet. She has been shopping in town since 10 o'clock.
7. Mike's car has been making strange noises. Nick and Jane have cleaned all the parts.
8. Ben has been drawing cartoons for two hours. He has not finished yet.
9. Greg has been waiting for Jenny in town. Jenny has not arrived yet.
10. Jane has been knitting a pullover. She has not finished yet.
11. It has been raining all day, and it has not stopped yet.
12. Mr Blake has been making tests all evening, but he has not found a perfect one yet.

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PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 3

Put the following sentences into the present perfect simple or progressive.

1. How often have you cleaned the windows this year?

2. I have been working all day and have just come home from the office.
3. The girls have been at school since 7 o'clock.
4. I have been waiting for the train for half an hour, but it still hasn't arrived yet.
5. I haven't watched the new movie yet.
6. She hasn't cooked anything yet because she has been talking to her neighbour all the time.
7. Amanda has played seven tournaments this year.
8. It has been snowing a lot this week. I hope it will stop soon.
9. Mike has been travelling since he finished school.
10. She has been working for the company since she graduated from university.
11. Ben, where have you been? I have been waiting for you since 2 o'clock.
12. Many tourists have visited this museum.
13. It has been raining all week. I hope it will stop by Saturday.
14. She has performed in eight movies since she began acting.
15. Jane has been working on the computer for hours, and she hasn't finished yet.

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 4

1. It has been raining all day.
2. How long have you been waiting for me?
3. I have known my girlfriend for two months.
4. I have done my homework. Now I can go out.
5. I have been doing my homework for three hours.
6. What has she been doing all afternoon? She has been reading that book you lent her, but
she hasn't finished it yet.
7. Amanda is a famous film star. She has made about ten films.
8. What countries have you already visited?
9. Mike has had a cold since last Thursday.
10. I'm tired. I have been working very hard today.
11. Susan has tried to reach you by phone several times.
12. He has never danced with Kate.
13. Someone has eaten my chocolate.
14. How long has she been working as a lawyer?
15. We have been living here for eight years.
16. How long have they been watching TV this afternoon?
17. Have you ever climbed a mountain?
18. They have been repairing the car since three o' clock and they haven't finished yet.
19. He has already arrived at the airport.
20. How long has he been waiting for Linda?

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PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

If you tell a story it's sometimes necessary to tell about actions that had happened before the past
tense. To express the time when these actions happened you have to use the past perfect.

How to form: had (not) + 3rd form

Key words: after, before

Examples:

She needed help because someone had stolen her car.

He passed the test because he had studied a lot.
After she had done her homework, she visited me.
When I came home, they had already eaten.
They had sold everything before they moved to Glasgow.

Forming Questions:

Had she done her homework when you visited her?

Had they already eaten when you came home?
Had he sold everything before he moved?

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PAST PERFECT QUESTIONS

Rearrange the words in each sentence to make a question in past perfect tense.

1. had the lights off you all switched

____________________________________________________________ before going to bed?

2. Road lived Jeremy in had Cromer

____________________________________________________________ for seven years?

3. the their pupils completed had work

________________________________________________________ before going out to play?

4. John left already had

____________________________________________________________ before you got

home from work?
5. sold things the had precious she all

____________________________________________________________ when he came back

from his journey?
6. made call had Liam phone a

____________________________________________________________ by the time his boss

appeared?
7. a ever you had career considered

____________________________________________________________ as a chef before you

left school?
8. you to gone just bed had

____________________________________________________________ when your parents

phoned last night?
9. had that seen already you movie

____________________________________________________________?
10. already the been airport had they at

____________________________________________________________ before the flight had

been cancelled?

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PAST PERFECT

Complete the following sentences with the past perfect simple.

1. After they ____________________________ a cup of tea, they had some cake. (have)

2. He told me that he ____________________________ lions the day before. (see)

3. After they ____________________________ lunch, they drank a cup of tea. (finish)

4. Before he went to bed, he ____________________________ to his favourite songs. (listen)

5. My little sister ____________________________ all the jam tarts before her parents came

home. (eat)

6. After he ____________________________ the police, he called the ambulance. (call)

7. He told his teacher that he ____________________________ to do his homework. (forget)

8. After they ____________________________ all the famous sights, they went to a restaurant.

(see)

9. He asked me which animals I ____________________________ in Africa. (hunt)

10. After Columbus ____________________________ America, he returned to Spain. (discover)

11. Before she typed her letters, she ____________________________ a cup of coffee. (have)

12. After the train ____________________________, they went for a sightseeing tour. (arrive)

13. He ____________________________ to watch TV when the telephone rang. (start)

14. My little brother opened the box after he ____________________________ the key. (get)

15. After he ____________________________ school, he started to work at the butcher's. (finish)

16. When he was young, he ____________________________ a good swimmer. (be)

17. After they ____________________________ for their holidays, their friends arrived. (leave)

18. They ____________________________ everything before they moved to Glasgow. (sell)

19. After she ____________________________ the windows, she washed the curtains. (clean)

20. Before he mowed the lawn, he ____________________________ some roses. (pick)

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PAST PERFECT QUESTIONS

1. Had you switched off all the lights before going to bed?
2. Had Jeremy lived in Cromer Road for seven years?
3. Had the pupils completed their work before going out to play?
4. Had John already left before you got home from work?
5. Had she sold all the precious things when he came back from his journey?
6. Had Liam made a phone call by the time his boss appeared?
7. Had you ever considered a career as a chef before you left school?
8. Had you just gone to bed when your parents phoned last night?
9. Had you already seen that movie?
10. Had they already been at the airport before the flight had been cancelled?

PAST PERFECT

1. After they had had a cup of tea, they had some cake.
2. He told me that he had seen lions the day before.
3. After they had finished lunch, they drank a cup of tea.
4. Before he went to bed, he had listened to his favourite songs.
5. My little sister had eaten all the jam tarts before her parents came home.
6. After he had called the police, he called the ambulance.
7. He told his teacher that he had forgotten to do his homework.
8. After they had seen all the famous sights, they went to a restaurant.
9. He asked me which animals I had hunted in Africa.
10. After Columbus had discovered America, he returned to Spain.
11. Before she typed her letters, she had had a cup of coffee.
12. After the train had arrived, they went for a sightseeing tour.
13. He had started to watch TV when the telephone rang.
14. My little brother opened the box after he had got / had gotten the key.
15. After he had finished school, he started to work at the butcher's.
16. When he was young, he had been a good swimmer.
17. After they had left for their holidays, their friends arrived.
18. They had sold everything before they moved to Glasgow.
19. After she had cleaned the windows, she washed the curtains.
20. Before he mowed the lawn, he had picked some roses.

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PAST TENSE OR PAST PERFECT 1

Complete the following sentences with the past simple, past progressive or past
perfect simple.

1. After they _____________________ a cup of tea, they _____________________ some cake.

(have / have)

2. They _____________________ the flat two years ago. (buy)

3. When I _____________________ TV, the lights _____________________ (watch / go out)

4. She _____________________ me that she _____________________ a lion. (tell / see)

5. He _____________________ to France last year. (go)

6. After he _____________________ the ambulance, he _____________________ the police.

(call / call)

7. She _____________________ her hair when her baby _____________________ to cry. (wash /

start)

8. After he _____________________ hard, he _____________________ ill. (work / feel)

9. He _____________________ the room when I _____________________ the facts. (leave /

explain)

10. Dad _____________________ the box after he _____________________ the key. (open / find)

11. While he _____________________ computer games, she _____________________ (play /

read)

12. They _____________________ everything before they _____________________ to Glasgow.

(sell / move)

13. My sister _____________________ me yesterday evening. (visit)

14. When I _____________________ the room, Mary _____________________ home. (clean /

come)

15. After he _____________________ school, he _____________________ to work. (finish / start)

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PAST TENSE OR PAST PERFECT 2

Complete the following sentences with the past simple, past progressive or past
perfect simple.

1. When they _____________________ (sleep), thieves _____________________ (break) in and

_____________________ (steal) their paintings.

2. After he _____________________ (repair) his bike, he _____________________ (drive) to his

grandparents.

3. Before she _____________________ (have) dinner, she _____________________ (work) in

the garden.

4. I _____________________ (see) him yesterday in front of the cinema.

5. When they _____________________ (listen) to music, they _____________________ (hear) a

loud noise.

6. He _____________________ (not visit) me before he ____________________ (fly) to Greece.

7. My sister _____________________ (hear) a loud cry from outside and

_____________________ (rush) out.

8. While she _____________________ (learn) for her test, her brother _____________________

(play) football with his friends.

9. We _____________________ (not play) chess last Sunday.

10. He _____________________ (go) shopping after he _____________________ (phone) me.

11. When we _____________________ (meet) Jane at the party, she _____________________

(wear) a red dress.

12. She _____________________ (not drive) fast when the accident _____________________

(happen).

13. The boys _____________________ (break) a window when they _____________________

(play) football in the garden.

14. Mary _____________________ (not work) yesterday. She _____________________ (be) ill.

15. After she _____________________ (help) me with the housework, she

_____________________ (go) to meet her friends.

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PAST TENSE OR PAST PERFECT 1

1. After they had had a cup of tea, they had some cake.
2. They bought the flat two years ago.
3. When I was watching TV, the lights went out.
4. She told me that she had seen a lion.
5. He went to France last year.
6. After he had called the ambulance, he called the police.
7. She was washing her hair when her baby started to cry.
8. After he had worked hard, he felt ill.
9. He left the room when I had explained the facts.
10. Dad opened the box after he had found the key.
11. While he was playing computer games, she was reading.
12. They had sold everything before they moved to Glasgow.
13. My sister visited me yesterday evening.
14. When I was cleaning the room, Mary came home.
15. After he had finished school, he started to work.

PAST TENSE OR PAST PERFECT 2

1. When they were sleeping, thieves broke in and stole their paintings.
2. After he had repaired his bike, he drove to his grandparents.
3. Before she had dinner, she had worked in the garden.
4. I saw him yesterday in front of the cinema.
5. When they were listening to music, they heard a loud noise.
6. He had not visited me before he flew to Greece.
7. My sister heard a loud cry from outside and rushed out.
8. While she was learning for her test, her brother was playing football with his friends.
9. We did not play chess last Sunday.
10. He went shopping after he had phoned me.
11. When we met Jane at the party, she was wearing a red dress.
12. She was not driving fast when the accident happened.
13. The boys broke a window when they were playing football in the garden.
14. Mary did not work yesterday. She was ill.
15. After she had helped me with the housework, she went to meet her friends.

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PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT 1

Complete the following sentences with the past simple or past perfect simple.

1. After they _____________________ (see) the Tower, they _____________________ (go) to

Westminster Abbey.

2. He ___________________ (ask) me which animals I ______________________ (see) in Africa.

3. After Columbus _____________________ (discover) America, he _____________________

(return) to Spain.

4. Before they _____________________ (move) to Liverpool, they _____________________

(sell) everything.

5. After he _____________________ (work) very hard, he _____________________ (fall) ill.

6. She ___________________ (open) the box after she _____________________ (find) the key.

7. They _____________________ (go) to a restaurant after they _____________________ (sail).

8. Before they _____________________ (start) the party, they _____________________ (invite)

some friends.

9. After she _____________________ (wash) the curtains, she _____________________ (clean)

the windows.

10. They _____________________ (go) for a sightseeing tour after the bus

_____________________ (arrive).

11. Before he _____________________ (mow) the lawn, he _____________________ (pick)

some roses.

12. After he _____________________ (finish) school, he _____________________ (work) for a

magazine.

13. They _____________________ (drink) a cup of tea after they _____________________

(finish) lunch.

14. My friend _____________________ (ask) me for her telephone number before he

_____________________ (phone) her.

15. My sister _____________________ (eat) all the chocolate before my parents

_____________________ (come) home.

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PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT 2

Complete the following sentences with the past simple or past perfect simple.

1. After they _____________________ (open) the window, it _____________________

(become) colder.

2. After we _____________________ (see) the film, we _____________________ (go) to bed.

3. After he _____________________ (leave), she _____________________ (start) to cry.

4. As soon as it _____________________ (start) to rain, she _____________________ (take) her

umbrella.

5. He ____________________ (play) cards after he ____________________ (do) his homework.

6. Before she _____________________ (thank) me, she _____________________ (take) my

present.

7. We _____________________ (see) the robbers after they _____________________ (leave)

the bank.

8. She _____________________ (comb) his hair after she _____________________ (brush) her

teeth.

9. Before we _____________________ (go) out, we _____________________ (put) on our new

shoes.

10. They ____________________ (go) swimming after it _____________________ (stop) raining.

11. When we _____________________ (arrive) there, the ceremony _____________________

(already start).

12. Father _____________________ (start) to wash the car after mother

_____________________ (go) out.

13. After she _____________________ (got) her new dress, she _____________________ (show)

it her parents.

14. He _____________________ (fall) from the balcony after he _____________________ (take)

away the railing.

15. She _____________________ (eat) the cake after she _____________________ (ask).
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PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT 3

Complete the following sentences with the past simple or past perfect simple.

1. He _____________________ (work) in a supermarket before he _____________________

(work) as a postman.

2. She _____________________ (feed) the dog as soon as she _____________________ (do)

her homework.

3. My sister _____________________ (live) in England before she _____________________

(move) to Belgium.

4. After he _____________________ (eat) all the sandwiches, he _____________________

(drink) some orange juice.

5. We _____________________ (be) tired because we _____________________ (work) all day.

6. As I _____________________ (miss) the bus, I _____________________ (walk) home again.

7. After they _____________________ (install) the file, they _____________________ (can) go

on working.

8. He ____________________________ (just start) to watch TV when the telephone

_____________________ (ring).

9. Before she ___________________ (go) to bed, she ____________________ (listen) to music.

10. After he _____________________ (lose) all his money, he _____________________ (be) as

poor as a church mouse.

11. She _____________________ (have) a cup of coffee before she _____________________

(write) the letter.

12. My sister _____________________ (eat) all the jam before our parents

_____________________ (come) home.

13. Tom __________________ (be) very angry because Ann __________________ (shout) at him.

14. She _____________________ (go) home again as soon as she _____________________ (do)

her shopping.

15. They _____________________ (go) to a sightseeing tour after the bus

_____________________ (arrive).

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PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT 4

Complete the following sentences with the past simple or past perfect simple.
1. John _____________________ (play) with the children after he _____________________
(have) dinner.
2. The farmer _____________________ (harvest) the apples before he
_____________________ (take) them to his neighbour to make cider.
3. After it ____________________ (stop) raining, the match ____________________ (can) start.
4. After George _____________________ (swallow) his medicine, he _____________________
(begin) to feel much better.
5. Before he _____________________ (become) president, he _____________________ (work)
as an actor.
6. The tourists _____________________ (jump) into the pool as soon as they
_____________________ (unpack) their suitcases.
7. They _____________________ (sell) their flat, before they _____________________ (move)
to the Netherlands.
8. He _____________________ (work) as a tourist agent after he _____________________
(finish) school.
9. After he _____________________ (call) the police, he _____________________ (call) the
ambulance.
10. We _____________________ (leave) the cinema as soon as the movie
_____________________ (end).
11. After Mary _____________________ (get) her new school uniform, she
_____________________ (be) very happy.
12. He _____________________ (meet) some friends after he _____________________ (study)
for the test.
13. When we _____________________ (arrive) at home, she _____________________ (already
do) the washing.
14. She _____________________ (need) help because someone _____________________ (steal)
her money.
15. She ___________________ (do) her homework before she ___________________ (visit) me.

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PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT 1

1. After they had seen (see) the Tower, they went (go) to Westminster Abbey.
2. He asked (ask) me which animals I had seen (see) in Africa.
3. After Columbus had discovered (discover) America, he returned (return) to Spain.
4. Before they moved (move) to Liverpool, they had sold (sell) everything.
5. After he had worked (work) very hard, he fell (fall) ill.
6. She opened (open) the box after she had found (find) the key.
7. They went (go) to a restaurant after they had sailed (sail).
8. Before they started (start) the party, they had invited (invite) some friends.
9. After she had washed (wash) the curtains, she cleaned (clean) the windows.
10. They went (go) for a sightseeing tour after the bus had arrived (arrive).
11. Before he mowed (mow) the lawn, he had picked (pick) some roses.
12. After he had finished (finish) school, he worked (work) for a magazine.
13. They drank (drink) a cup of tea after they had finished (finish) lunch.
14. My friend had asked (ask) me for her telephone number before he phoned (phone) her.
15. My sister had eaten (eat) all the chocolate before my parents came (come) home.

PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT 2

1. After they had opened (open) the window, it became (become) colder.
2. After we had seen (see) the film, we went (go) to bed.
3. After he had left (leave), she started (start) to cry.
4. As soon as it had started (start) to rain, she took (take) her umbrella.
5. He played (play) cards after he had done (do) his homework.
6. Before she thanked (thank) me, she had taken (take) my present.
7. We saw (see) the robbers after they had left (leave) the bank.
8. She combed (comb) his hair after she had brushed (brush) her teeth.
9. Before we went (go) out, we had put (put) on our new shoes.
10. They went (go) swimming after it had stopped (stop) raining.
11. When we arrived (arrive) there, the ceremony had already started (already start).
12. Father started (start) to wash the car after mother had gone (go) out.
13. After she had got (got) her new dress, she showed (show) it her parents.
14. He fell (fall) from the balcony after he had taken (take) away the railing.
15. She ate (eat) the cake after she had asked (ask).

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PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT 3

1. He had worked (work) in a supermarket before he worked (work) as a postman.
2. She fed (feed) the dog as soon as she had done (do) her homework.
3. My sister had lived (live) in England before she moved (move) to Belgium.
4. After he had eaten (eat) all the sandwiches, he drank (drink) some orange juice.
5. We were (be) tired because we had worked (work) all day.
6. As I had missed (miss) the bus, I walked (walk) home again.
7. After they had installed (install) the file, they could (can) go on working.
8. He had just started (just start) to watch TV when the telephone rang (ring).
9. Before she went (go) to bed, she had listened (listen) to her favourite CD.
10. After he had lost (lose) all his money, he was (be) as poor as a church mouse.
11. She had had (have) a cup of coffee before she wrote (write) the letter.
12. My sister had eaten (eat) all the jam before our parents came (come) home.
13. Tom was (be) very angry because Ann had shouted (shout) at him.
14. She went (go) home again as soon as she had done (do) her shopping.
15. They went (go) to a sightseeing tour after the bus had arrived (arrive).

PAST SIMPLE OR PAST PERFECT 4

1. John played (play) with the children after he had had (have) dinner.
2. The farmer had harvested (harvest) the apples before he took (take) them to his neighbour to
make cider.
3. After it had stopped (stop) raining, the tennis match could (can) start.
4. After George had swallowed (swallow) his medicine, he began (begin) to feel much better.
5. Before he became (become) president, he had worked (work) as an actor.
6. The tourists jumped (jump) into the pool as soon as they had unpacked (unpack) their
suitcases.
7. They had sold (sell) their flat, before they moved (move) to the Netherlands.
8. He worked (work) as a tourist agent after he had finished (finish) school.
9. After he had called (call) the police, he called (call) the ambulance.
10. We left (leave) the cinema as soon as the movie had ended (end).
11. After Mary had got (get) her new school uniform, she was (be) very happy.
12. He met (meet) some friends after he had studied (study) for the test.
13. When we arrived (arrive) at home, she had already done (already do) the washing.
14. She needed (need) help because someone had stolen (steal) her money.
15. She had done (do) her homework before she visited (visit) me.

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TENSES

PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

1st form / he, she, it + s // they go, he goes am / is / are + verb + ing // I am going

It’s used with habits and general statements It’s used when something is happening at the moment.
Key words: always, often, usually, every, never, Key words: look, listen, now, at the moment
generally, seldom, rarely, hardly ever, sometimes,
normally

PAST SIMPLE PAST PROGRESSIVE

2nd form // he went, they played was / were + ing form // he was going

It’s used to tell or talk about a past action. It’s used to tell or talk about a long action in the past.
Key words: yesterday, last, ago, in 1970 Key words: while, when

WILL FUTURE GOING TO FUTURE

will + 1st form (N.: won't) // he will be, she will go am / is / are + going to + verb
He is going to play tennis tomorrow.

It’s used to talk about the future. It’s used to talk about a future action that is planned.
Key words: tomorrow, next Key words: tomorrow, next

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

have / has + 3rd form // she has gone have / has + been + ing form // he has been
going

It’s used when a past action started in the past and It’s used like the simple form, but only with long actions.
has just finished or is still happening.
Key words: already, just, ever, never, yet, for, since Key words: how long, all day, for, since

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

had + 3rd form // she had gone had been + ing form // he had been going

It’s used when an action happened before another It’s used like the simple form, but only with long actions.
action.
Key words: after, before Key words: how long, before, after

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 79

TENSES 1
Write down the sentences. Use the correct forms of the verbs.
N = negation / Q = question

They (invite) Linda to the party.

Present tense: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

Past tense: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

Future: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

Present perfect: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

They (be) happy.

Present tense: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

Past tense: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

Future: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

Present perfect: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 80

TENSES 2
Write down the sentences. Use the correct forms of the verbs.
N = negation / Q = question

He (leave) in the afternoon.

Present tense: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

Past tense: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

Future: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

Present perfect: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

The children (play) tennis.

Present tense: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

Past tense: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

Future: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

Present perfect: _________________________________________________________

N: _______________________________________________________

Q: _______________________________________________________

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 81

TENSES 1
Present tense: They invite Linda to the party.
N: They don’t (do not) invite Linda to the party.
Q: Do they invite Linda to the party?
Past tense: They invited Linda to the party.
N: They didn’t (did not) invite Linda to the party.
Q: Did they invite Linda to the party?
Future: They will invite Linda to the party.
N: They will not (won’t) invite Linda to the party
Q: Will they invite Linda to the party?
Present perfect: They have invited Linda to the party.
N: They haven’t (have not) invited Linda to the party.
Q: Have they invited Linda to the party?

Present tense: They are happy.

N: They aren’t (are not) happy.
Q: Are they happy?
Past tense: They were happy.
N: They weren’t (were not) happy.
Q: Were they happy?
Future: They will be happy.
N: They will not (won’t) be happy.
Q: Will they be happy?
Present perfect: They have been happy.
N: They haven’t (have not) been happy.
Q: Have they been happy?

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 82

TENSES 2

Present tense: He leaves in the afternoon.

N: He doesn’t (does not) leave in the afternoon.
Q: Does he leave in the afternoon?
Past tense: He left in the afternoon.
N: He didn’t (did not) leave in the afternoon.
Q: Did he leave in the afternoon?
Future: He will leave in the afternoon.
N: He will not (won’t) leave in the afternoon.
Q: Will he leave in the afternoon?
Present perfect: He has left in the afternoon.
N: He hasn’t (has not) left in the afternoon.
Q: Has he left in the afternoon?

Present tense: The children play tennis.

N: The children don’t (do not) play tennis.
Q: Do the children play tennis?
Past tense: The children played tennis.
N: The children didn’t (did not) play tennis.
Q: Did the children play tennis?
Future: The children will play tennis.
N: The children will not (won’t) play tennis.
Q: Will the children play tennis?
Present perfect: The children have played tennis.
N: The children haven’t (have not) played tennis.
Q: Have the children played tennis?

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 83

MIXED TENSES 1
Fill in the correct tenses.
1. Look! It __________________ (snow) now.

2. She ______________________ (have) the flue last winter.

3. Last night I _________________ (read) a book when suddenly I _______________ (hear) a

scream.

4. Carol ________________________ (already start) her new job.

5. Last week my rabbit __________________ (run) away, and I __________________ (find) it yet.

6. The teacher _____________________ (write) sentences on the board while the children

___________________ (fill) the gaps.

7. Water ___________________ (boil) at 100 degrees Celsius.

8. What _________ Peter ____________ (do) at the moment? He _______________ (have) a

bath.

9. I _________________ (go) to the theatre yesterday evening.

10. _______ you ever ___________ (write) a letter to Sue? Yes, I ______________ (write) her

yesterday.

11. When I ____________________ (wait) for the bus, I ____________________ (see) an accident.

12. George often ____________________ (work) on Sundays.

13. ______________ you ________________ (do) your homework yet?

14. He _________________ (have) a bad accident last evening.

15. Sandra _____________________ (get) a bad mark on her last maths test.

16. Tom _____________________ (repair) the car now.

17. Excuse me, __________ you ___________________ (speak) English?

18. Where ______ (be) Peggy? She ___________________ (leave) an hour ago.

19. I ___________ (be) very nervous last Saturday because I ________ never ___________ (fly)

before.

20. How often ________ you _________ (play) tennis? I usually _______________ (play) once a

week.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 84

MIXED TENSES 2
Fill in the correct tenses.

1. __________ John ever _____________ (win) a prize at a race?

2. I _____________________ (fall) asleep yesterday when I _______________________ (watch)

TV.

3. George ____________ never __________________ (be) to Canada.

4. Tom is back to England. He ___________________ (be) to Italy for three weeks.

5. We ______________________ (do) a lot last Sunday.

6. I sometimes __________________ (go) to the cinema.

7. Nick ____________________ (work) hard yesterday.

8. I ____________________ (find) my ring yet which I ________________ (lose) at the party

yesterday.

9. They ______________________ (build) this castle in 1762.

10. Would you like to have something to eat? No, thank you I _____________________ (just have)

dinner.

11. Sue _____________________ (get) up at 6 o´clock every day.

12. Look! Sue _______________________ (run) down the street.

13. This house _____________________ (cost) 35.000 pounds in 1980.

14. Cats __________________ (catch) mice.

15. ___________ you _____________ (meet) Bill yesterday?

16. When he ________________ (arrive), we __________________ (have) dinner.

17. __________ he ___________________ (already arrive) in Los Angeles?

18. I ____________________ (see) him since last Wednesday.

19. Father ________________ (smoke) his pipe while mother __________________ (prepare)

lunch.

20. Look, it _____________________ (snow)

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 85

MIXED TENSES 3
Fill in the correct tenses.

1. I usually __________________________ (take) the bus to school.

2. Yesterday morning I ___________________________ (get) up at 6.30.

3. We needed some money so we ___________________________ (sell) our car.

4. He asked me, “_________ she ever ___________________ (be) to Spain?”

5. My mother asked us, “What ___________ Peter ____________________ (do) now?”

6. Please don´t make so much noise. I _______________________________ (study).

7. We can leave. Samantha _______________________________ her car keys. (just find)

8. Carol often _____________________________ (learn) with her father.

9. Now Ron _____________ (phone) Jill again. It _________________________ (be) the third

time he ___________________________ (phone) her this evening.

10. It ____________________________ (rain) now. It _______________________________

(begin) raining two hours ago. So, it _______________________________ (rain) for two hours.

11. She asked me, “_______________ you _________________________ (hear) from Tom?”

12. “___________ it __________________ (rain)?” she always _____________________ (ask) me.

13. I asked my brother, “___________ you _______________________ (go) out last night?”

14. New York ___________________________ (be) one of the largest cities of the world.

15. This house ____________________________ (cost) 350.000 pounds in 1980.

16. While Tom ____________________________ (play) tennis, Ann

__________________________ (take) a shower.

17. Mike _____________________ (play) chess. How long __________________________ (play)?

18. “__________ you ______________________ (speak) English?” she was asked.

19. When they ______________________________ (work) in the garden, the phone

__________________________ (ring).

20. After they __________________________ (have) their breakfast, they

______________________ (go) shopping yesterday.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 86

MIXED TENSES 4
Fill in the correct tenses.

1. She often ________________________ trouble with her parents. (have)

2. Richard ________________________ two bottles of orange juice last night. (drink)

3. Last week they ________________________ a new car and

________________________ the old one. (buy / sell)

4. After he ________________________ TV, he went to bed yesterday. (watch)

5. Little Toby ________________________ his hands. They are clean now. (just wash)

6. Last evening when he ________________________ a book his mother

________________________ him. (read / call)

7. I think we ________________________ to Spain for our holidays next summer. (go)

10. We always ________________________ her to wash her hands, but she never

________________________ it. (tell / do)

11. This is the most exciting film I ________________________! (be / ever see)

12. If I ________________________ you, I would try to marry this pretty girl. (be)

13. In spring birds ________________________ and in summer they

________________________ nests. (sing / build)

14. Every year the number of students who come to Britain ________________________.

(increase)

15. If you ________________________ us, we would have met you at the station. (call)

16. Every morning old Mr. Sharp ________________________ from a small boat. (fish)

17. Last Saturday when we went to the Millers, they ________________________ cards. (play)

18. Look at this picture. This ________________________ the Prime Minister's home. (be)

19. Yesterday we ________________________ anything because of the thick fog. (cannot see)

20. We can leave. Samantha ________________________ her car keys. (just find)

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 87

MIXED TENSES 1
1. Look! It is snowing now.
2. She had the flue last winter.
3. Last night I was reading a book when suddenly I heard a scream.
4. Carol has already started her new job.
5. Last week my rabbit ran away, and I haven’t found it yet.
6. The teacher was writing sentences on the board while the children were filling the gaps.
7. Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.
8. What is Peter doing at the moment? He is having a bath.
9. I went to the theatre yesterday evening.
10. Have you ever written a letter to Sue? Yes, I wrote her yesterday.
11. When I was waiting for the bus, I saw an accident.
12. George often works on Sundays.
13. Have you done your homework yet?
14. He had a bad accident last evening.
15. Sandra got a bad mark on her last maths test.
16. Tom is repairing the car now.
17. Excuse me, do you speak English?
18. Where is Peggy? She left an hour ago.
19. I was very nervous last Saturday because I have never flown before.
20. How often do you play tennis? I usually play once a week.

MIXED TENSES 2

1. Has John ever won a prize at a race?

2. I fell asleep yesterday when I was watching TV.
3. George has never been to Canada.
4. Tom is back to England. He has been to Italy for three weeks.
5. We did a lot last Sunday.
6. I sometimes go to the cinema.
7. Nick worked hard yesterday.
8. I haven’t found my ring yet which I lost at the party yesterday.
9. They built this castle in 1762.
10. Would you like to have something to eat? No, thank you I have just had dinner.
11. Sue gets up at 6 o’clock every day.
12. Look! Sue is running down the street.
13. This house cost 35.000 pounds in 1980.
14. Cats catch mice.
15. Did you meet Bill yesterday?
16. When he arrived, we were having dinner.
17. Has he already arrived in Los Angeles?
18. I haven’t seen him since last Wednesday.
19. Father is smoking his pipe while mother was preparing lunch.
20. Look, it is snowing.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 88

MIXED TENSES 3

1. I usually take the bus to school.

2. Yesterday morning I got up at 6.30.
3. We needed some money, so we sold our car.
4. He asked me, “Has she ever been to Spain? “
5. My mother asked us, “What is Peter doing now?”
6. Please don´t make so much noise. I am studying.
7. We can leave. Samantha has just found her car keys.
8. Carol often learns with her father.
9. Now Ron is phoning Jill again. It is (be) the third time he has phoned her this evening.
10. It is raining now. It has begun raining two hours ago. So, it has been raining for two hours.
11. She asked me, “Have you heard from Tom?”
12. “Is it raining?” she always asks me.
13. I asked my brother, “Did you go out last night?”
14. New York is one of the largest cities of the world.
15. This house cost 350.000 pounds in 1980.
16. While Tom was playing tennis, Ann was taking a shower.
17. Mike is playing chess. How long has he been playing?
18. Do you speak English?” she was asked.
19. When they were working (work) in the garden, the phone rang.
20. After they had had their breakfast, they went shopping yesterday.

MIXED TENSES 4

8. She often has trouble with her parents.

9. Richard drank two bottles of orange juice last night.
10.Last week they bought a new car and sold the old one.
11.After he had watched TV, he went to bed yesterday.
12.Little Toby has just washed his hands. They are clean now.
13.Last evening when he was reading a book his mother called him.
14.I think we will go to Spain for our holidays next summer.
21. We always tell her to wash her hands, but she never does it.
22. This is the most exciting film I have ever seen!
23. If I was/were you, I would try to marry this pretty girl.
24. In spring birds sing and in summer they build nests.
25. Every year the number of students who come to Britain increases.
26. If you had called us, we would have met you at the station.
27. Every morning old Mr. Sharp fishes from a small boat.
28. Last Saturday when we went to the Millers, they were playing cards.
29. Look at this picture. This is the Prime Minister's home.
30. Yesterday we couldn’t see anything because of the thick fog.
31. We can leave. Samantha has just found her car keys.

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 ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 89

WORD ORDER

Yesterday Nick bought a pair of skis in Innsbruck.

In Innsbruck Nick bought a pair of skis yesterday.
He bought a pair of skis
He practiced hard on a ski slope yesterday.
In the morning he always has lessons on a ski slope
After dinner he usually meets a friend at the bar

Adverb of Subject Adverb of Verb Object Adverb of Adverb of Adverb of

place, time indefinite manner place time
time

NOTE: If there are two adverbs of time the precise one is first!
Example: He is going to have a skiing lesson at 10 a.m. on Monday.

NOTE: A verb is sometimes two or more words! Then the adverb of indefinite time has to be put
between them:

verb 1 adverb verb 2

I can never remember his name.
Ann doesn’t usually smoke
Are you definitely going to the party?
Your car has probably been stolen
He has never tried skiing

NOTE: Adverbs of indefinite time go before have to!

Example: We always have to wait a long time for the bus.

NOTE: Adverbs of indefinite time go after am, is, are, was or were!
Example: You are never on time.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 90

WORD ORDER 1
Write down the sentences into correct order.

1. always / at nine o'clock / out of the garage / in the morning / drives / his car / he

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

2. he / to town / after breakfast / often / Mrs Hodges / takes

____________________________________________________________________________

3. a parking place / near the shops / they / find / rarely

____________________________________________________________________________

4. sometimes / in a garage / Mr Hodges / his car / parks

____________________________________________________________________________

5. fly / with my parents / to Florida / sometimes / I / in winter

____________________________________________________________________________

6. late / came / last year / she / often / to school / in spring

____________________________________________________________________________

7. often / have / at about three o'clock / a cup of tea / they / at the hotel / in the afternoon

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

8. meet / at the sports ground / they / after dinner / always / their friends

____________________________________________________________________________

9. enjoys / very much / swimming / in our pool / always / in the morning / she

____________________________________________________________________________

10. hardly / last year / could / ski / he

____________________________________________________________________________

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 91

WORD ORDER 2
Write down the sentences into correct order.

1. hardly / the / feeds / My / ever / dog / brother

____________________________________________________________________________

2. sister / ironing / sometimes / My / the / does

____________________________________________________________________________

3. I / vacuum / never / the / do / cleaning

____________________________________________________________________________

4. a / go / with / often / walk / dog / for / We / our

____________________________________________________________________________

5. room / Sundays / usually / I / tidy / my / on

____________________________________________________________________________

6. the / unload / in / the / sometimes / afternoon / dishwasher / I

____________________________________________________________________________

7. after / on / my / I / sister / look / weekends / sometimes / younger

____________________________________________________________________________

8. never / the / She / cooking / does

____________________________________________________________________________

9. mother / On / the / my / always / washing / does / Mondays

____________________________________________________________________________

10. out / once / put / I / dustbins / week / usually / the / a

____________________________________________________________________________

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 92

WORD ORDER 3
Write down the sentences into correct order.

1. is / near / school / there / new / a / our / cinema

____________________________________________________________________________

2. got / my / problem / I / with / have / homework / a

____________________________________________________________________________

3. when / a / helps / she / thinks / problem / trouble / Mary / has / doll / her / a

____________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

4. well / think / your / very / I / don't / father / drives

____________________________________________________________________________

5. to / we / On / a / restaurant / sometimes / Sundays / go

____________________________________________________________________________

6. circus / went / with / we / ago, / the / two / my / to / parents / months

____________________________________________________________________________

7. did / very / the / trick / well / magician / his

____________________________________________________________________________

8. after / Jim / sister / Mother / look / asked / his / to / younger

____________________________________________________________________________

9. her / Cindy / you / I / found / can / tell / that / have / necklace

____________________________________________________________________________

10. way / on / bike / Mike / on / already / been / his / to / his / school / has

____________________________________________________________________________

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 93

WORD ORDER 4
Write down the sentences into correct order.

1. o’clock / by / are / sure / make / you / eight / here

____________________________________________________________________________
2. Ireland / liked / much / in / was / month / very / I / and / last / there / it / I

____________________________________________________________________________
3. arrested / murder / man / the / who / a / of / was / police / guilty

____________________________________________________________________________
4. George / bus / morning / work / the / every / to / takes

____________________________________________________________________________
5. news, / phoned / immediately / When / I / heard / her / the / I

____________________________________________________________________________
6. shopping / Monday / open / mall / next / will / the / new

____________________________________________________________________________
7. minutes / name / remembered / after / her / few / I / a

____________________________________________________________________________
8. tried / before / you / this / Have / ever

____________________________________________________________________________
9. days / going / for / Boston / week / to / I’m / few / next / a

____________________________________________________________________________
10. see / party / you / Tom’s / Friday / didn’t / at / last / I

____________________________________________________________________________
11. alarm / immediately / got / rang, / the / of / the / When / bed / out / I

____________________________________________________________________________
12. were / while / couldn’t / find / for / We / for / but / looking / a / it / it

____________________________________________________________________________

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WORD ORDER 5

Write down the sentences into correct order.

1. party / met / This / girl / Friday / the / last / at / is / I / Nora’s

____________________________________________________________________________
2. usually / golf / morning / every / play / They / Sunday

____________________________________________________________________________
3. are / new / end / shopping / at / centre / my / the / a / street / building / They / of

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4. the / moment / breakfast / Is / making / the / she / at

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5. about / o’clock / morning / arrived / ten / He / the / at / in

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6. probably / this / home / arrive / late / evening / I’ll / at

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7. won’t / come / be / afraid / to / meeting / I’m / the / I / to / able

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8. work / don’t / I / on / have / Saturdays / to

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9. much / than / will / weather / The / better / today / be / tomorrow

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10. Madrid / were / down / their / their / on / They / when / broke / way / car / to

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11. sometimes / at / school / visit / me / My / after / work / daughters

____________________________________________________________________________
12. morning / always / have / too / because / hurry / the / to / get / late / in / I / up / I

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 95

WORD ORDER 1
1. He always drives his car out of the garage at nine o'clock in the morning.
2. He often takes Mrs Hodges to town after breakfast.
3. They rarely find a parking place near the shops.
4. Mr Hodges sometimes parks his car in a garage.
5. I sometimes fly with my parents to Florida in winter.
6. She often came late to school in spring last year.
7. They often have a cup of tea at the hotel at about three o'clock in the afternoon.
8. They always meet their friends at the sports ground after dinner.
9. She always enjoys swimming very much in our pool in the morning.
10. He could hardly ski last year.

WORD ORDER 2
1. My brother hardly ever feeds the dog.
2. My sister sometimes does the ironing.
3. I never do the vacuum cleaning.
4. We often go for a walk with our dog.
5. I usually tidy my room on Sundays.
6. In the afternoon I sometimes unload the dishwasher.
I sometimes unload the dishwasher in the afternoon.
7. I sometimes look after my younger sister on weekends.
8. She never does the cooking.
9. On Mondays my mother always does the washing.
10. I usually put out the dustbins once a week.

WORD ORDER 3
1. There is a new cinema near our school.
2. I have got a problem with my homework.
3. Mary thinks a trouble doll helps her when she has a problem.
4. I don't think your father drives very well.
5. On Sundays we sometimes go to a restaurant.
6. Two months ago, we went to the circus with my parents.
7. The magician did his trick very well.
8. Mother asked Jim to look after his younger sister.
9. Can you tell Cindy that I have found her necklace?
10. Mike has already been on his way to school on his bike.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 96

WORD ORDER 4
1. Make sure you are here by eight o’clock.
2. I was in Ireland last month and I liked it very much there.
3. The police arrested a man who was guilty of murder.
4. Every morning George takes the bus to work.
5. When I heard the news, I phoned her immediately.
6. The new shopping mall will open next Monday.
7. I remembered her name after a few minutes.
8. Have you ever tried this before?
9. I’m going to Boston for a few days next week.
10. I didn’t see you at Tom’s party last Friday.
11. When the alarm rang, I got out of the bed immediately.
12. We were looking for it for a while but couldn’t find it.

WORD ORDER 5

1. This is the girl I met at Nora’s party last Friday.

2. They usually play golf every Sunday morning.
3. They are building a new shopping centre at the end of my street.
4. Is she making the breakfast at the moment?
5. He arrived at about ten o’clock in the morning.
6. I’ll probably arrive at home late this evening.
7. I’m afraid I won’t be able to come to the meeting.
8. I don’t have to work on Saturdays.
9. The weather will be much better tomorrow than today.
10. They were on their way to Madrid when their car broke down.
11. My daughters sometimes visit me at work after school.
12. I always have to hurry in the morning because I get up too late. Or I have to hurry in the
morning because I always get up too late.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 97

GERUND OR INFINITIVE
There are verbs which are followed by a gerund and verbs which are followed by an infinitive.
Study the following lists and learn them before doing the exercises.

These verbs are followed by a gerund (ing noun):

admit, advise, allow, anticipate, appreciate, avoid, can't help, carry on, complete, consider,
defend, delay, deny, despise, detest, discuss, dislike, enjoy, fancy, feel, like, finish, give up,
imagine, insist on, involve, justify, keep (on), mention, mind, miss, not mind, postpone, practise,
put off, recall, recollect, recommend, reject, report, resent, resist, risk, save, suggest, tolerate,
understand

These verbs are followed by to + infinitive:

afford, agree, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, care, choose, claim, dare, decide, demand,
deserve, expect, fail, happen, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, long, manage, need, offer, plan,
prepare, pretend, proceed, promise, refuse, seem, swear, tend, threaten, try, turn out, vow, wait,
want, wish, would like

These verbs can be followed by either a gerund or to + infinitive:

begin, bother, can’t bear, can’t stand, cease, continue, forget*, go on*, hate, intend, like, love,
mean*, prefer, propose, regret*, remember*, start, stop*, try

*These verbs change their meaning depending on the form that follows them.
If these verbs are followed by a gerund, the gerund refers to an action which that happened before
the main verb.
If these verbs are followed by an infinitive, the infinitive refers to an action that happened at the
same time or after the main verb.

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 98

GERUND OR INFINITIVE 1
Fill in either a gerund or an infinitive.

1. After two weeks of discussion we have agreed _________________________ you the job. (give)

2. You would do well to avoid _________________________ the motorway this morning. (take)

3. There would be an outcry if we publicly discussed _________________________ the National

Health Service. (privatise)

4. It was tough, but Polly finally admitted _________________________ the jewellery. (steal)

5. If Harold had disliked _________________________ the apple pie, I wouldn’t have offered him

any more. (eat)

6. My daughter sometimes asks me _________________________ her with her homework. (help)

7. I think you will really enjoy _________________________ my parents on Friday. (meet)

8. It can’t have been easy for Barry to give up _________________________. (smoke)

9. I hate _________________________ next to somebody who is eating an apple noisily. (sit)

10. Fiona had hoped _________________________ to university in the summer, but now her

dream had disappeared. (go)

11. Can you imagine _____________________ a car on Sunday and just driving to the coast? (hire)

12. Holly had been learning _______________________ Braille since the beginning of term. (read)

13. Did you manage _________________________ the cake decorations that I asked for? (buy)

14. If I were you, I wouldn’t mind _________________________ Marina a few books. (lend)

15. By the end of the holiday we couldn’t afford _________________________ again. (eat out)

16. Will you have practised _________________________ this piece on the trumpet by the time

we meet again next week? (play)

17. Alicia likes _________________________ in bed for a while before she goes to sleep. (read)

18. I much preferred _________________________ Manchester compared to Huddersfield. (visit)

19. Charlie has been pretending _________________________ an urchin from the film Oliver all

morning. (be)

20. If you would like _________________________, I would be happy to accompany you. (dance)
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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 99

GERUND OR INFINITIVE 2
Fill in either a gerund or an infinitive.
1. Please consider _________________________ your dad to let me borrow his lawnmower. (ask)

2. When the snow began _________________________, Elena sighed and pressed her nose

against the window. (fall)

3. We have decided _________________________ our bungalow and move to the French Alps.

(sell)

4. I think their new production of Hamlet really deserves _________________________ well. (do)

5. Do you fancy _________________________ that new restaurant that’s opened down by the

lake? (try)

6. We need _________________________ ten more tokens before we can get the free watch.

(collect)

7. Oliver’s grandma had offered _________________________ care of the dog while they were

away. (take)

8. “Have you been watching The Voice?” “No, I keep _________________________ it.” (miss)

9. Is George planning _________________________ his cousin Albert to the family barbecue?

(invite)

10. If people had continued _________________________ CDs, the music industry would be in a

better state than it is now. (buy)

11. My brother tends _________________________ fishing at the weekend. (go)

12. Will you have finished _________________________ your students’ coursework before lunch?

(mark)

13. Laurence didn’t expect _________________________ a single card on Valentine’s Day.

(receive)

14. Michael desperately wanted _________________________ his car for a more reliable model.

(change)

15. Sally missed _________________________ time with her dad, who was working abroad.

(spend)

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 100

GERUND OR INFINITIVE 1
1. After two weeks of discussion we have agreed to give you the job. (give)
2. You would do well to avoid taking the motorway this morning. (take)
3. There would be an outcry if we publicly discussed privatising the National Health Service.
(privatise)
4. It was tough, but Polly finally admitted stealing the jewellery. (steal)
5. If Harold had disliked eating the apple pie, I wouldn’t have offered him any more. (eat)
6. My daughter sometimes asks me to help her with her homework. (help)
7. I think you will really enjoy meeting my parents on Friday. (meet)
8. It can’t have been easy for Barry to give up smoking. (smoke)
9. I hate to sit / sitting next to somebody who is eating an apple noisily. (sit)
10. Fiona had hoped to go to university in the summer, but now her dream had disappeared. (go)
11. Can you imagine hiring a car on Sunday and just driving to the coast? (hire)
12. Holly had been learning to read Braille since the beginning of term. (read)
13. Did you manage to buy the cake decorations that I asked for? (buy)
14. If I were you, I wouldn’t mind lending Marina a few books. (lend)
15. By the end of the holiday we couldn’t afford to eat out again. (eat out)
16. Will you have practised playing this piece on the trumpet by the time we meet again next
week? (play)
17. Alicia likes to read / reading in bed for a while before she goes to sleep. (read)
18. I much preferred to visit / visiting Manchester compared to Huddersfield. (visit)
19. Charlie has been pretending to be an urchin from the film Oliver all morning. (be)
20. If you would like to dance, I would be happy to accompany you. (dance)

GERUND OR INFINITIVE 2
1. Please consider asking your dad to let me borrow his lawnmower. (ask)
2. When the snow began to fall / falling, Elena sighed and pressed her nose against the window.
(fall)
3. We have decided to sell our bungalow and move to the French Alps. (sell)
4. I think their new production of Hamlet really deserves to do well. (do)
5. Do you fancy trying that new restaurant that’s opened down by the lake? (try)
6. We need to collect ten more tokens before we can get the free watch. (collect)
7. Oliver’s grandma had offered to take care of the dog while they were away. (take)
8. “Have you been watching The Voice?” “No, I keep missing it.” (miss)
9. Is George planning to invite his cousin Albert to the family barbecue? (invite)
10. If people had continued to buy / buying CDs, the music industry would be in a better state
than it is now. (buy)
11. My brother tends to go fishing at the weekend. (go)
12. Will you have finished marking your students’ coursework before lunch? (mark)
13. Laurence didn’t expect to receive a single card on Valentine’s Day. (receive)
14. Michael desperately wanted to change his car for a more reliable model. (change)
15. Sally missed spending time with her dad, who was working abroad. (spend)

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 101

IRREGULAR VERBS LIST

Infinitive (1st Past simple (2nd Past participle (3rd Translation
form) form) form)
(to) be was, were been
am, is was been
are were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burned/burnt burned/burnt
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 102

Infinitive (1st Past simple (2nd Past participle (3rd Translation

form) form) form)
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got got/gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lead led led
learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned)
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
misunderstand misunderstood misunderstood
overtake overtook overtaken

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 103

Infinitive (1st Past simple (2nd Past participle (3rd Translation

form) form) form)
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
smell smelt smelt
speak spoke spoken
spell spelt spelt
spend spent spent
split split split
spoil spoilt spoilt
spread spread spread
stand stood stood

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ENGLISH4U – English Language Learning 104

Infinitive (1st Past simple (2nd Past participle (3rd Translation

form) form) form)
swim swam swum
take (away) took taken
teach taught taught
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
upset upset upset
wake up woke up woken up
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written

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