Solution and Its Types
Solution and Its Types
Solution and Its Types
sion
alAs
sign
men
tCh
emi
str
y
Su
bmi
tt
edb
y:Sh
ahn
eezaKh
ali
d
Su
bmi
tt
edTo:
MamFat
imaEj
az
Rol
lNo:
306
Su
bject:
Chemi
str
y
Semes
ter:
1st
Ses
sion:
2021-
2025
Depar
tmen
t:Ch
emi
str
y
GovtGr
adu
ateI
sl
ami
aCol
l
ege,Fai
sal
abad
1
CONTENTPAGE
SOLUTI
ON AND I
TS TYPES.
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.3
Di
ff
eren
tTyp
esofSol
ut
ion
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4
Su
per
sat
urat
edUn
sat
urat
edan
dSat
urat
edSol
ut
ion
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Aqu
eou
san
dNonAqu
eou
sSol
ut
ion
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5
Di
l
utean
dCon
cen
trat
edSol
ut
ion
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6
Homogen
ousan
dHet
erogen
eou
sSol
ut
ion
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Tr
uean
dCol
l
oidal
Sol
ut
ion
s..
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7
Hyp
ert
oni
cHyp
oton
ican
dIs
oton
icSol
ut
ion
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8
Pol
aran
dNon
pol
arSol
ut
ion
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.8
Aci
di
can
dBas
ican
dNeu
tral
Sol
ut
ion
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9
Examp
lesofSol
ut
ion
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10
St
ron
gEl
ect
rol
ytean
dWeakEl
ect
rol
yte.
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.11
Ch
aract
eri
sti
csofSol
ut
ion
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12
For
mat
ionofSol
ut
ion
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.12
Mer
cur
yAmal
gams
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13
Sol
ut
ioni
nli
fep
roces
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.14
Ref
eren
cePage.
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.15
2
SOLUTI
ON AND I
TS TYPES
Soluti
on,inchemist
ry,
ah omogen ousmixtureoftwoormor esubs
tancesinrel
ati
veamounts
thatcanb evariedconti
nuousl
yu ptowh ati
scall
edtheli
mitofsol
ubi
li
ty.
Th etermsol
ut
ionis
common l
yappli
edtotheliqui
ds t
ateofmat t
er,buts
oluti
onsofgasesands ol
i
dsarepossi
bl
e.
Air,forexamp l
e,i
sas ol
utionconsi
sti
ngch i
efl
yofoxygenan dni
tr
ogenwithtraceamount
s
ofs everalot
hergases,an dbras
sisas olut
ioncomposedofcopperandzinc.
Exampl
e:
Asol
uti
onisat ypeofhomogeneousmixt
urethati
smadeupoftwoormor es ub
stan
ces..
..
Someexamp l
esofs ol
ut
ionsar
es al
twater,r
ubbi
ngal
cohol
,andsu
gardis
solvedinwater
.
Whenyoulookclosel
y,uponmixi
ngsal
twithwater
,youcan'
tseethesal
tparti
cl
esanymore,
maki
ngthi
sah omogeneousmixtur
e.
Wh
ati
sth
emos
tcommont
ypeofs
olu
tion
?
Wat
eri
sth
emos
tcommons
olven
t.
Onthebas
isofphys
ical
stat
esofs
olven
tan
dsol
utecanb
ecat
egor
izedass
oli
d,l
i
qui
dan
d
gas
eoussol
uti
ons
.
I
nsolids ol
ut
ions,s
olut
eands ol
ventar
ei nth
es ol
id-
s t
ate. Forexamplecerami
csandp ol
ymer
b
lends .
Inli
quidsol
uti
ons,
soli
d,gasorl
iqui
dismixedinal iqui
ds t
ate.Gaseoussol
uti
onsare
u
s u
allyh omogenousmixt
uresofgaseslik
eair.Dependingu ponan u
mb erofsol
ut
ionsand
s
olute,itcanb ecl
assi
fi
edint
odilu
tean dconcent
rateds oluti
ons.
3
Di
ff
eren
tTypesofSol
uti
ons:
Su
per
sat
urat
edUn
sat
urat
edan
dSat
urat
edSol
uti
ons:
Depen
dingupont
hedis
solut
ionofthes
olu
teinth
esolvent,
sol
ut
ion
scanb
ecat
egor
izedi
nto
sup
ersat
urat
edsol
ut
ion,u
nsaturat
edandsat
urat
edsolut
ion
s.
Su
per
sat
urat
eds
olu
tion:
Asup
ersat
urat
edsol
uti
oncompr
isesalar
geamountofsol
ut
eatatemp
erat
urewh
erei
nit
wi
l
lberedu
ced,asaresul
tth
eextrasol
ut
ewil
lcr
ystal
li
zequi
ckl
y.
Un
sat
urat
eds
olu
tion:
Anunsat
urat
edsolu
tioni
sas ol
ut
ioni
nwh
ichas
olven
tiscap
abl
eofdi
ssol
vi
ngan
ymor
e
sol
ut
eatagiventemp er
atu
re.
Sat
urat
eds
olu
tion:
Asatur
atedsol
ut
ioncanbedef
inedasas
olut
ioninwh
ichas
olven
tisn
otcap
abl
eof
di
ssol
vi
nganymor esol
ut
eatagivent
emper
ature.
4
Aqu
eou
san
dNonAqu
eou
sSol
uti
ons:
Th
esol
ut
ion
sar
eoft
wof
orms
,dep
endi
ngonwh
eth
ert
hes
olven
tiswat
erorn
ot.
Aqu
eou
ssol
uti
on:
Aqueoussol
uti
on–Whenas ol
ut
eisdi
ssol
vedinwaterthesol
ut
ioni
scal
l
edanaqu
eou
s
sol
uti
on.Eg,
salti
nwat
er,
sugari
nwaterandcoppersul
fat
einwater
.
Non
-aqu
eou
ssol
uti
on:
Non-
aqueoussol
uti
on–Wh enas
olu
teisdi
ssolvedi
nas ol
ventoth
erthanwater,i
ti
scal
l
eda
non-
aqueoussol
uti
on.Eg,i
odi
nei
ncarb
ontetrachl
ori
de,
s u
lph
urincar
bondis
ulfi
de,
phos
phorusi
nethylal
cohol
.
Di
l
utean
dCon
cen
trat
edSol
uti
ons:
Sol
ut
ionsarespok
enofashavi
ngtwocompon
ent
s,t
hesol
ven
tandth
esolu
te.An
other
cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofth
esol
uti
ondepen
dsontheamou
ntofs
olu
teaddedt
oth
es ol
ven
t.
5
Di
l
utes
olu
tion:
Adi
l
utes
olu
tioncon
tai
nsas
mal
lamou
ntofs
olu
tei
nal
argeamou
ntofs
olven
t.
Con
cen
trat
eds
olu
tion:
Aconcent
rat
eds
olu
tioncon
tai
nsal
argeamou
ntofs
olu
tedi
ssol
vedi
nas
mal
lamou
ntof
sol
vent
.
Homogen
ousan
dHet
erogen
eou
sSol
uti
ons:
Homogen
eou
sSol
uti
on:
Homogen eou
ss ol
ut
ion
sares
olu
tionswi
thuni
for
mcomp
osit
ionandpr
opert
iesthrou
gh ou
tth
e
sol
uti
on.Forexampleacu
pofcoffee,p
erf
ume,cou
ghsyr
up,asol
ut
ionofsaltorsugari
n
water,
etc.
Het
erogen
eou
sSol
uti
on:
Heter
ogen eoussol
ution
saresolu
tion
swithn
on-
uni
for
mcomp os
iti
onandpr
opert
ies
th
roughoutthesolu
tion.As
olu
tionofoil
andwat
er,
wateran
dch al
kpowderandsol
uti
onof
waterands and,
etc.
6
Tr
uean
dCol
l
oidal
Sol
uti
ons:
Tr
ueSol
uti
on:
ATru eSol
uti
onisah omogen eouscomb i
nat
ionoftwoormorecomponen
tsimmersedi
na
sol
ventwit
hap art
icl
es i
zeofl essthan10-9mor1n m.Exampl
e:Thebasi
csol
uti
onofsugar
i
nwat er
.Byus i
ngphi
ltr
ep aperthatisoft
enn otn
oti
ceabl
etoth
en ak
edeye,par
ti
cles
cannotbeseparat
edf r
omr ealsolu
tion
s.
Col
l
oidal
Sol
uti
on:
Acol l
oidi
sami xtur
ei nwhi
chon esubst
ancecon
sis
tin
gofmicroscop
ical
l
ydisper
sed
i
nsolubl
ep art
icl
esissu s
pendedthr
oughoutan
oth
ersubst
ance.However,somedefi
ni
ti
ons
specifythatthepart
icl
esmu stbedis
persedi
nali
qui
d,an
dot h
ersextendthedefi
ni
ti
onto
i
ncludes u
b st
ancesli
keaerosolsandgel
s.
7
Hyper
ton
icHypot
oni
can
dIs
oton
icSol
uti
ons:
Hyper
ton
icSol
uti
on:
Hypertoni
cSolut
ionsar
ethosetypesofsol
ut
ion
sinwhicht
heconcen
trati
onoft
hesol
ut
ein
abeakerishi
gherthant
hatofinth
ecell
,sowatercomesoutoft
hecellmaki
ngt
hecel
lto
pl
asmolyze/sh
rin
k .
Hypot
oni
cSol
uti
on:
Hypot
oni
cSolu
tion
saret
hosesol
ut
ion
sinwhi
chtheconcen
trat
ionofsol
uteinabeak
eri
s
l
essascomparedtot
hecel
l
,sothewaterwi
l
lmoveint
othecellcau
sin
gittoswel
landb
urs
t
aft
erwar
d
I
sot
oni
csol
uti
on:
Thes
eIsot
oni
cSolut
ionshavethesamecon
cent
rat
ionofs
olu
tei
nbot
hbeak
eran
dcel
l
,so
th
ewaterwil
lmovearoun
dt hecel
li
nbot
hdir
ect
ion
s .
Pol
aran
dNon
pol
arSol
uti
ons:
Pol
arSol
uti
on:
Apolars
olut
ioni
scr eat
edwh enapolarsol
ventdi
ssol
vesap ol
arsolu
te.Theop
posi
n g
ch
argesonth esol
ventmolecul
esin
teractwi
ththeopposi
techargesonthesol
utemolecul
es,
whi
chdist
ri
butesthemthroughou
tthes ol
ven
t.I
nap ol
arsol
ut
ion,thebon
dsarestat
ical
ly
8
ch
arged,
int
hatt
heydon
otch
ange.
Thi
sisn
ott
hecas
eofan
onp
olars
olu
tion
.
Non
Pol
arSol
uti
on:
I
nan on pol
ars olu
tion,t
hes amep ri
nci
pleofopposi
techargesacti
ngoneachot hercauses
th
es olventtodi ssol
vet h
es olu
te.However,nonpol
armolecul
esdon othavestati
ccharges.
I
nstead, t
heel ectr
on ssometimesgrouponthes ames i
deoft h
emol ecul
e.Thi
sn egat
ive
areapu shest heelectr
onsonot hermolecul
esaway, andcreat
esp osi
ti
veareasofch ar
ge.
Thesei nducedch argesmovet hroughoutt
hes ol
uti
on,st
ir
ri
ngitandmovingthes ol
ute
moleculesab out.
Aci
di
can
dBas
ican
dNeu
tral
Sol
uti
ons:
Aci
di
cSol
uti
ons:
Anaci
di
csolut
ionhasahighconcen
trat
ionofhydr
ogeni
ons(
H+s
tar
tsu
per
scr
ipt
,pl
us,
end
su
pers
cri
pt)
,great
erthanthatofpu
rewat er
.
Anacidisanysubst
ancethatinwatersol
ut
iontas
tessour,
changesbl
uel
i
tmuspapert
ored,
react
swithsomemet al
stolib
erat
eh ydr
ogen,r
eactswit
hb as
estofor
msalt
s,an
dp r
omotes
chemical
react
ion
s(acidcatal
ysi
s)
.
Bas
icSol
uti
on:
Asolu
tiont
hathasah
igh
ercon
cen
trat
ionofh
ydr
oxi
dei
onst
hath
ydr
ogeni
ons
;ap
H
bet
ween7an d14.
Accor
din
gtot
heBr on
sted-
Lowrydefi
ni
ti
on,
basesaresub
stan
cesthataccepthydr
ogen
i
onsfr
omanacid.
Bas i
csol
uti
onsar
emadeb ydi
ssol
vin
gthebase,
thesolut
e,inali
qui
d
9
sol
vent.
Basics
olu
tion
sar
ech
aract
eri
zedb
ypHval
uesh
igh
ert
han7an
dcancon
duct
el
ectr
ici
ty.
14
Neu
tral
Sol
uti
on:
Neut
ral
sol
ut
ion,
achemical
s ol
uti
onwh
ichi
snei
theraci
di
cnorb
asi
c.Neu
tral
par
ti
cl
e,a
par
ti
cl
ewit
houtel
ect
ri
calcharge.
An eut
rals
olut
ioncoul
db easodiumchlor
idesol
ut
ionorasugarsol
ut
ion
.ThepHofan eut
ral
sol
uti
onis7.An ot
herfr
equentmateri
alth
athasap Hofneu
trali
swater.Aneu
tral
sol
uti
onis
onethati
sn ei
theraci
di
cn orbas
ic.
Exampl
esofSol
uti
on
Nu
tri
ent
sint
heSoi
l:
Plan
tsn eedacces stonu t
rientsandmi neralsinthes oilt
os urvive.Togett hesen u
tri
en t
s
andminer al
s, p
lantsmu stdiffu
s ethen u
tri
en tsacr ossthememb r
an esoftheirr
oots.Inorder
todot hi
s ,t
hen utri
entsmu stb edissol
vedb ywat er.Thes olu
tiont henbathestheroots ,
and
prot
einsemb eddedint h
er ootmemb ranescant r
an sportthen utri
entint
oth ecel
ls.Oncet he
cell
shavet hen u
tri
ents,mor ewat erfl
oodst hecel ls
.Th i
smech anisminp l
antsal
lowswat er
andn ut
rientstof l
owallthewayf romt her ootstot hetopleaves , eveninthetal
lesttrees.
Attheleaves ,thep l
anttran s
piresthewat erintot heair,al
lowingt heosmot i
cpressuret o
conti
nuef orcingnutri
entsan dwat erupt heleaves .Th i
sisallpos si
blebecausewat erisan
excell
ents ol
u t
ionwh i
chcr eatesthes ol
u t
ionsn eces sar
yf orli
fe.
10
Fl
owerNect
ar:
Manyf l
ower sp rodu ceas olut
ionint heirf l
ower sthatat tr
actsb ees ,bi
rds ,
an doth er
pol
l
inator
s .Th es ol
u ti
onu sesas olventofwat eran das olut
eofs ugar. Waterisap ol
ar
sol
vent,ands ugarisap olarsolute.Toget her,theymak eap olars olut
ion.Thissu gar-
wat er
sol
uti
onp rovidesaneas il
ydiges t
ibles ourceofn utri
tionforp oll
i
nator s
. Beesu set hes ol
uti
on
t
ocr eateh oney, an othermor evi scouss ol
u t
ionu sedt ofeedt heiryou ng.Hu mmin gbi
rdsan d
someot herp oll
inatorss implyu s
et hes ol
u ti
onf oren ergy.Alt
h oughi tmightnots eeml ike
much,theb on dsofs ugarp ackanen or mou samou ntofen ergy. I
nf act,event h
eh umanb ody
r
eli
esongl u cosef oren ergy.Mos toft h es ugarweeatcomef r
omf rui
tsan dveget ables,and
i
sinamor ecomp l
exf ormt hatou rb odymu s tbreakdown .
St
ron
gEl
ect
rol
ytean
dWeakEl
ect
rol
yte:
Sol
ut
ionscanbedis
t i
ngui
shedonth
eirabi
li
tyt
ocondu
ctelect
ri
ccurren
t,ast
hosesol
ut
ion
s
whi
chcontai
nmol
ecu l
esarecall
edNon-condu
ctor
swhil
ethosesol
ut
ionswhi
chcon
tai
nions
ar
ekn ownasconductor
s.
Thesubstan
cewh i
chdissol
vesinwateran db r
eakstof ormionsarecall
edaselectrol
ytes,
whi
lethosesub
s t
anceswh i
chdiss
olveinwat erbutdoesn otformionsarecal
l
edNon -
el
ectr
olyt
es.Theseion
-formin
gs ubst
an ceswhichcondu ctel
ectr
iccurr
enti
nsoluti
on s
,
kn
ownasel ect
rol
ytescanb efur
therclassi
fi
edi n
toStron gel
ectr
olyt
ean dWeakel ectrol
yte.
St
ron
gEl
ect
rol
yte:
Str
ongelect
rol
ytesareavail
abl
eonlyi
nt h
ef or
mofi ons,
asitmakesth
eli
ghtbu
lbgl
ow
bri
l
li
ant
lyontheconduct
ivi
tyappar
atus(whichi
su sedtocheckel
ect
ri
ccurr
enti
nthe
sol
uti
on).
NaClisagoodexamp l
eofSt r
ongelectr
olyt
e.
WeakEl
ect
rol
yte:
Thes ol
uti
onswhi
chcon
tai
non l
yafewionsar
eknownasweakel
ect
rol
ytes,wh
ichmak
es
thel
ightbul
bgl
owdiml
yont hecon
duct
ivi
tyap
par
atus
.Weakaci
dsandbasesar
egood
examp l
esofweakel
ectr
olyt
es.
11
Ch
aract
eri
sti
csofSol
uti
onscanb
eSt
atedasFol
l
ows
:-
(
1)As
olu
tioni
sth
eHomogen
eou
smi
xtu
reoft
woormor
esu
bst
ances
.
(
2)Onceasol
uti
onisfor
med,
thes
olu
tecan
notb
esep
arat
edf
romt
hes
olu
tionwi
tht
he
p
roces
sofFil
tr
ati
on.
(
3)Ab
eamofl
i
ghti
snotal
l
owedt
opas
sth
rou
ght
hes
olu
tion
.
(
4)Ah
umaneyecan
nots
eet
hep
art
icl
esoft
hes
olu
tei
nsi
det
hes
olu
tion
.
(
5)As
olu
tioni
sst
abl
ean
dcon
sis
tsofon
lyas
ingl
eph
ase.
For
mat
ionofSol
uti
on:
APh
ysi
cal
Proces
s:
Thecomb i
nati
onofSoluteandsol
venttoformas olu
tionisaphysi
calp
rocessan dnota
chemical
process.Sol
uteandsol
ventbothcanber etri
evedbackthr
oughseparati
on
methodsinachemical
lyunchan
gedform,wh i
chcanb es hownthr
oughthefol
lowingexamp
le
ofsol
idZincni
trat
edissol
veinwatertoformtheaqu eoussol
uti
onofZincnit
rate.
Zn
(NO3)
2(s
)+H2O(
l
)◊Zn
2+(
aq)+2NO3-
(aq)
I
ntheab overeact
ion,
Zn(NO3)2canberecoveredeasi
lywit
hthehelpofevap
orati
on
(
evaporati
onofwat er
)process.
So,wecans aythatdi
ssi
pat
ionofsol
utei
nas ol
ventt
o
f
orms ol
u t
iondoesnoti
ncludechemi
cal
process.
12
Aerat
eddri
nks
,Sal
t-
waterorSugarwatermi
xtu
res,fr
uitj
ui
cesar
esomeexampl
esfor
sol
uti
ons
.Somesol
ut
ion
sareh et
erogen
eousinnat
ure,andth
eyaret
ermedass
uspens
ion
.
Suchsuspendedpar
ti
clescanbeseenquit
ecl
earl
yinth
es olu
tion
.Hence,whenl
i
ghti
s
pass
edthroughsuchsolu
tion
s,i
tscat
ter
sindi
ff
erentdi
rect
ions.Medi
cateds
yrup
sareon
e
ofthef
inestexampl
esoft hi
s.
Wh
att
ypeofs
olu
tioni
svi
negar
?
Vi
n egar
,whichcancon t
ainfl
avour
ings,i
sanaqu eoussol
uti
onofaceti
caci
dandtr
ace
chemical
s.Usuall
y,vi
negarcont
ains5t o8percentaceti
cacidbyamount
.Thefer
ment
ati
on
ofethanol
ors ugarsbyaceti
cacidb act
eri
anormall
yp r
oducesacet
icaci
d.
Wh
att
ypeofs
olu
tioni
sfor
medwh
ent
wol
i
qui
dsdon
otmi
x?
Whet
hertwoflu
idscanbecombi
nedt
oformasolut
ion
,theyar
econsider
ed“mi
sci
ble.
”
Whet
hertwoflu
idscann
otbemixedt
oformasol
uti
on,th
eyareconsi
dered“
immis
cibl
e.
”
Al
coh
olandwaterareanexamp
leofmis
cib
lef
lui
ds.Oi
landwaterar
eanexampleof
i
mmis
cib
leli
qui
ds.
Sol
uti
onscanb
ecl
assi
fi
edi
ntothr
eet yp
esbasedont
hecon
cen
trat
ionoft
hes
olven
tint
wo
sol
vent
s(i
nabeak
erandacell
ini
t),
inthes
olu
tion
.
Mer
cur
yAmal
gams
:Exampl
esofs
oli
dSol
uti
ons:
Anamalgamisanall
oyofmercu
rywithan
othermet
al.I
tmayb eali
qui
d,asoftpasteora
sol
i
d,dependi
nguponthepr
opor
ti
onofmercury.
Theseall
oysarefor
medt h
roughmet al
l
ic
bon
ding,wi
ththeel
ectr
ost
ati
catt
ract
ivef
orceoftheconduct
ionel
ect
ronsworkin
gt obi
nd
13
al
ltheposi
ti
velychar gedmetali
onst ogetherint
oacr ys t
all
att
icest
ructure.Al
mos tall
metal
scanfor mamal gamswi t
hmer cu r
yincl
udingalu
mi num(Video13.1.1),t
hen otabl
e
excepti
onsbeingir
on ,pl
ati
num,tu
ngs ten,andtantal
um. Sil
ver
-mercu
ryamal gamsar e
i
mp or
tanti
nden ti
stry,andgol
d-mercu ryamalgami susedintheextr
actionofgoldfr om
ore.
xpl
oredi
s covery.
Sol
uti
oni
nli
fepr
oces
s:
Li
fep rocessesdep endinl
argep artonsolut
ions.Oxygenf r
omt helungsgoesintosolu
tionin
theb l
oodplasma, u
n i
teschemicall
ywiththeh emoglobi
ninther edb l
oodcell
s,andisreleased
totheb odytissues.Theproductsofdigesti
onalsoar ecarr
iedi nsol
utiontoth
edi f
feren t
part
soft heb ody.Th eabi
l
ityofliqui
dstodissol
veot herfl
ui
dsors ol
i
dsh asman ypracti
cal
appl
icati
ons.Ch emi
s t
stakeadvan t
ageofdiffer
en cesinsol
ub i
l
itytosep ar
ateandp uri
fy
material
san dtocarryoutch emicalanal
ysi
s.Mos tchemicalreacti
onsoccu ri
ns ol
uti
onan d
areinfl
uencedb ythes ol
ubi
li
ti
esoft hereagen t
s
Ab
rieft
reat
men
tofs
olu
tion
sfol
l
ows
.Forf
ull
treat
men
t,s
eel
i
qui
d:Sol
ut
ion
san
dsol
ubi
l
it
ies
.
Magni
fi
edp hyt
oplan
kton(pl
eurosi
gmaan gul
atum)seenthroughami
cros
cop
e,afavori
te
obj
ectfortest
ingthehi
ghp owersofmicroscopes.Phot
omicros
cop
y.Hompep
ageblog2009,
hi
stor
yan dsoci
ety,sci
encean dt
echnol
ogy, expl
oredis
covery.
14
Ref
eren
cePage
ht
tps:
//ch
em.l
i
bretext
s.org/Book
shel
ves/Gen eral_Chemi
str
y/Map%3A_General
_Ch
emis
try_(
Pet
rucci
_et_al.
)/13%3A_Solu
tion
s _an d_th
eir
_Physi
cal
_Prop
ert
ies
/13.01
%3A_Types_of_Solu
tion
s %3A_Some_Ter minology
h
ttp
s:/
/byj
us.
com/
chemi
str
y/t
ypes
-of
-sol
ut
ion
s/
h
ttp
s:/
/www.
vedan
tu.
com/
chemi
str
y/t
ypes
-of
-sol
ut
ion
s
h
ttp
s:/
/bi
ol
ogydi
cti
onar
y.n
et/
sol
ut
ion
/
h
ttp
s:/
/www.
top
pr.
com/
gui
des
/ch
emi
str
y/s
olu
tion
s/t
ypes
-of
-sol
ut
ion
s/
h
ttp
s:/
/www.
emb
ibe.
com/
exams
/typ
es-
of-
sol
ut
ion
/
15