1

1 A rifle fires a bullet of mass 0.020 kg vertically upwards through the air. As it leaves the rifle, the
speed of the bullet is 350 m / s.

(a) Calculate

(i) the kinetic energy of the bullet as it leaves the rifle,

kinetic energy = .............................................. [3]

(ii) the maximum possible height that the bullet can reach.

maximum height = .............................................. [2]

(b) The actual height reached by the bullet is less than the value calculated in (a)(ii).

(i) Explain, in terms of the forces acting on the bullet, why this is so.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) As the bullet rises through the air, its kinetic energy decreases.

State what happens to this energy.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 9]

2 A student measures a book.

 2

(a) He measures the length of the book, as shown in the diagram.

The student records his measurements.

length of book = 19.9 cm

His measurement is not accurate.

Describe two ways that the student can improve the accuracy of his measurement.

1. .......................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2. .......................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The book contains 200 thin sheets of paper.

The student wants to find the average (mean) thickness of a sheet of paper in the book.

Describe how he can determine such a small distance using only a ruler.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]
 3

(c) The book has a mass of 400 g.

Calculate the weight of the book. Include the unit.

weight = ..................................................... [4]

[Total: 9]

3 The diagram shows a uniform metre rule PQ in equilibrium.

The distance PQ is 100 cm. The mass of the metre rule is 0.12 kg and its weight is W.

(a) On the diagram, draw and label:

1. an arrow to show the force W acting on PQ at the centre of mass

2. an arrow to show the force R acting on PQ at the pivot.

[2]

(b) By taking moments about the pivot, calculate F.

F = .............................................. [4]
 4

(c) Calculate R.

R = .............................................. [2]

[Total: 8]
5
4 A train of mass 5.6 × 10 kg is at rest in a station.

At time t = 0 s, a resultant force acts on the train and it starts to accelerate forwards.

The graph is the distance-time graph for the train for the first 120 s.

(a) (i) Use the distance-time graph to determine the average speed of the train during the
120 s.

average speed = .............................................. [1]

 5

(ii) Use the distance-time graph to determine the speed of the train at time t = 100 s.

speed = .............................................. [2]

(iii) Describe how the acceleration of the train at time t = 100 s differs from the acceleration
at time t = 20 s.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]
2
(b) (i) The initial acceleration of the train is 0.75 m / s .

Calculate the resultant force that acts on the train at this time.

resultant force = .............................................. [2]

(ii) At time t = 120 s, the train begins to decelerate.

State what is meant by deceleration.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 8]

5 The diagram shows a large box with a heavy lid.

 6

(a) The weight of the box is 2250 N.

Calculate the mass of the box.

mass = ........................................................ kg [3]

(b) A man wants to lift the lid of the box. He puts a strong metal bar between the box and the lid. He
applies a force to the bar as shown in the diagram.

(i) Calculate the moment of his force about the pivot. State the unit.

moment = .................................................... [4]

(ii) The moment in (b)(i) is not sufficient to lift the lid. Describe how the man can increase
the moment, using the same force.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 8]
 7

6 (a) Describe a renewable process by which electrical energy is obtained from the energy stored
in water. You may draw a diagram in the space.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Explain why the process described in (a) can be regarded as renewable.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) Explain whether the Sun is the source of the energy stored in the water in (a).

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

7 All the sides of a plastic cube are 8.0 cm long. The diagram shows the cube, (not to scale).
 8

The mass of the cube is 0.44 kg.

(a) Explain what is meant by mass.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) (i) Calculate the density of the plastic from which the cube is made.

density = ............................................................ [2]

3
(ii) The density of one type of oil is 850 kg / m .

State and explain whether the cube floats or sinks when placed in a container of this
oil.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(c) On the Moon, the weight of the cube is 0.70 N.

(i) Calculate the gravitational field strength on the Moon.

gravitational field strength = .................................................. [2]

 9

(ii) In a laboratory on the Moon, the plastic cube is held stationary, using a clamp, in a
3
beaker of the oil of density 850 kg / m .

The arrangement is shown in the diagram.

The lower face of the cube is 3.0 cm below the surface of the oil.

Use your answer to (c)(i) to calculate the pressure due to the oil on the lower face of
the cube.

pressure = ......................................................... [2]

[Total: 8]

8 A pipe drips water into an empty glass jar. A student takes measurements to find how fast the water
is rising up the jar. The diagram shows the arrangement.
 10

(a) The student measures the depth of the water every minute.

State the two pieces of equipment that she uses.

1. .....................................................................................................................................

2. ..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) The student records her observations in a table. She then plots a graph using the axes shown.

(i) On the grid, label both axes with title and unit. [2]

(ii) The water rises up the jar at a constant rate.

Draw a line on the grid to show the student’s graph. Start the line from the time when
the jar is empty. [2]

(c) A puddle of water forms on the ground. The average depth of the water is 2.5 mm.

Determine the average depth of the water in m.

depth = ........................................................ m [2]

[Total: 8]

9 The diagram shows a tyre hanging from the branch of a tree.

 11

(a) The mass of the tyre is 15 kg.

Calculate its weight.

weight of tyre = ................................................... N [2]

(b) The weight of the tyre exerts a moment on the branch, about point P where the branch joins the
tree.

(i) Explain what is meant by the term moment.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) A child sits on the tyre. The weight of the child and tyre together is 425 N. Calculate
the moment of this force about point P. Use information given in the diagram. Include
the unit.

moment = .......................................................... [4]

(iii) A heavier child wants to sit on the tyre. Describe how the tyre position should be adjusted
so that the moment is the same as in (b)(ii).

................................................................................................................................ [1]

[Total: 8]
 12

10 A metal block A, travelling in a straight line at 4.0 m / s on a smooth surface, collides with a second
metal block B which is at rest. The diagram shows the two metal blocks A and B before and after
the collision.

(a) The mass of A is 3.2 kg. The mass of B is 1.6 kg.

After the collision, the velocity of A is 1.5 m / s.

Calculate

(i) the momentum of A before the collision,

momentum = ........................................ [2]

(ii) the velocity v of B after the collision.

v = ......................................... [3]
 13

(b) In the collision that occurred in (a), block A and block B are in contact for 0.050 s.

Calculate the average force that is exerted on B during the collision.

average force = .......................................... [2]

(c) After the collision in (a), the total kinetic energy of the two blocks is less than the kinetic energy
of block A before the collision.

Suggest one reason for this.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 8]

11 The diagram shows an ice-hockey player moving on ice. He is preparing to hit the solid disc called
a puck.

The disc of mass 0.16 kg is moving horizontally across the surface of the ice at a speed of 15 m / s.
 14

(a) Calculate the magnitude of the momentum of the disc.

magnitude of momentum = .............................................. [2]

(b) The hockey player strikes the disc with his hockey stick and the momentum of the disc changes.
The disc gains momentum of 3.0 kg m / s at 45° to the original direction of travel of the disc, as
shown in the diagram.

(view from above)

(i) State the magnitude of the impulse exerted on the disc and the direction, in degrees,
of the impulse relative to the original direction of travel.

magnitude of impulse = ...... ..............................................

direction of impulse: ........................... ° to original direction [1]

 15

(ii) Determine the magnitude of the new momentum of the disc and its new direction relative
to the original direction of travel by drawing a scale diagram.

magnitude of new momentum = ............ ...........................

direction of new momentum: ........................... ° to original direction [4]

[Total: 7]

12 The diagram shows a plastic cup. The cup contains sand, an electric heater and a thermometer.
 16

The power of the heater is 50 W. The mass of the sand in the cup is 550 g. The initial temperature
of the sand is 20 °C. The heater is switched on for 2.0 minutes. The temperature is recorded until
the temperature stops increasing. The highest temperature recorded by the thermometer is 33 °C.

(a) Calculate the energy supplied by the heater.

energy = .............................................. [2]

(b) Calculate a value for the specific heat capacity of the sand, using your answer to (a) and the
data in the question.

specific heat capacity = .............................................. [3]

(c) Explain why the specific heat capacity of sand may be different from the value calculated in
(b).

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 7]

13 The diagram shows a liquid-in-glass thermometer.

 17

(a) (i) Which of these metals is often used for the liquid in thermometers?
Tick the correct box.

magnesium

mercury

silver

[1]

(ii) The thermometer is placed inside a freezer containing ice.

Suggest the temperature of the ice. Draw an arrow on the diagram.

[1]

(iii) A thermometer is calibrated using two fixed points. State the temperature of the two
fixed points.

lower fixed point = .......................... °C

upper fixed point = ......................... °C [1]

(b) The sentences are about thermal processes. Complete each sentence. Use words from the
box. Each word may be used once, more than once or not at all.

conductor convection emitter insulator radiation reflection

A dull black surface is a good ..................................

Copper is used to make pans because it is a good thermal .....................................

In fluids, thermal energy is transferred mainly by ...............................................

Thermal energy reaches Earth from the Sun by means of ......................... [4]

[Total: 7]

14 The diagram shows a balloon filled with helium that is used to lift measuring instruments to a great
height above the Earth’s surface.
 18

(a) Explain, in terms of momentum, how the atoms of helium produce a force on the wall of the
balloon.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]
5
(b) At ground level, the pressure of the helium in the balloon is 1.0 × 10 Pa. The volume occupied by
3
the helium is 9.6 m .

The balloon is released and it rises quickly through the atmosphere. The volume occupied by the
helium increases, but the temperature of the helium may be assumed to stay constant.

(i) Explain, in terms of the helium atoms in the balloon, why the pressure in the balloon is
smaller than at ground level.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]
3
(ii) Calculate the pressure of the helium when it occupies a volume of 12 m .

pressure = ............................................ [2]

[Total: 7]

15 A beaker contains water at room temperature. The diagram shows the beaker placed on a tripod
above a Bunsen burner.
 19

The Bunsen burner is lit and the temperature of the water begins to increase.

(a) The water is evaporating.

(i) Describe one difference between evaporation and boiling.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) State and explain what happens to the rate at which the water evaporates as its
temperature increases.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) After a few minutes, the water reaches its boiling point temperature. The water continues to gain
energy from the Bunsen burner.

(i) State what happens to the temperature of the water in the beaker.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]
 20

6
(ii) The specific latent heat of vaporisation of water is 2.3 x 10 J / kg. After the water reaches
its boiling point, it takes 12 minutes for 0.095 kg of water to boil away.

Calculate the average rate at which energy is being supplied to the water by heating.

rate of energy supplied = ................................................ [3]

[Total: 7]

16 The figure shows some of the apparatus that a student uses to determine the specific heat capacity
of aluminium.

connections to electric circuit

electric heater

insulating lid

thermometer

aluminium block

insulating container
 21

(a) State the measurements the student needs to make, including those from the electric circuit.
For each quantity measured, state a symbol.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) Use your symbols from (a) to complete the formula used to determine the specific heat
capacity c.

specific heat capacity c =

................................................................................... [2]

(c) Another student performs the experiment without using insulation. He obtains a higher value
for c.

Explain why this student’s measurements lead to this higher value.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 7]

17 The diagram shows two similar metal cans. The only difference is the surface. Can A has a dull
black surface and can B has a shiny white surface.
 22

(a) A student fills each can with hot water. The initial temperature of the water is 85 °C.

The student records the temperature of the water in each can every 30 seconds for 10 minutes.

Suggest which can of water will cool more quickly. Give a reason for your answer.

suggestion ........................................................................................................................

reason ...............................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

(b) Suggest and explain two changes to can B that reduce thermal energy loss to the surroundings.

change 1............................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

change 2 ...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

[Total: 6]

18 The diagram shows a cylinder and piston.

 23

3
The volume of gas in the cylinder is 3400 cm .
5
The pressure of the gas in the cylinder is 0.90 × 10 Pa.

(a) The piston is moved to the left and fixed in a new position. The pressure of the gas in the
5
cylinder increases to 2.5 × 10 Pa. Assume that the temperature of the gas does not change.

Calculate the new volume of the gas.

volume = .............................................. [3]

(b) The gas in the cylinder is now heated. The piston remains fixed in the same position as in (a).

State and explain, in terms of molecules, any change in the pressure of the gas.

statement ..........................................................................................................................

explanation .......................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 6]

19 A liquid-in-glass thermometer is placed in some ice made from pure water. The ice is heated. It
changes to water and then to steam.

The graph shows how the temperature varies with time. The values of temperature are missing
from the y-axis.
 24

(a) Suggest a value for the temperature at each of the three points marked on the y-axis of the
graph.

Write a value in each of the boxes. [2]

(b) In both section X and section Y the line on the graph is horizontal.

For each section, state the name for the process taking place and explain what is happening to the
molecules.
 25

(i) section X

name......................................................................................................................

explanation.............................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

(ii) section Y

name......................................................................................................................

explanation.............................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [2]

[Total: 6]

20 An electrical heater is placed on the floor of a room in a house. The heater is switched on.

The heater has a power of 1.5 kW. The air in the room has a mass of 65 kg. The specific heat
capacity of air is 720 J / (kg °C).

(a) Calculate the time it takes for this heater to raise the temperature of the air in the room from
8.0 °C to 15.0 °C.

time = .............................................. [4]

 26

(b) State two reasons why the time calculated in (a) is smaller than the actual time taken to raise
the temperature of the air in the room from 8.0 °C to 15.0 °C.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

21 A student investigates the thermal energy lost from two metal cans, X and Y. The cans are identical
apart from their outside colour.

The student pours the same volume of hot water into each can and seals each can. The student
records the temperature of the water in each can at regular time intervals for a period of 35 minutes.

The equipment is shown in the diagram.

The results of the investigation are shown in the graph.

 27

(a) For can X, use the graph to determine the drop in temperature of the water

(i) in the first five minutes

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) in the last five minutes.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) Explain why the water cools at a greater rate during the first five minutes of the experiment,
compared with the last five minutes.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]
 28

(c) The outside of one can is dull black and the outside of the other is shiny white.

State the colour of can Y. ..................................................................................................

Explain your answer. ........................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

22 A cup made from plastic, containing a hot drink, is shown in the diagram.

(a) State the term given to materials that reduce the transfer of thermal energy.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The hot drink gradually cools.

Describe and explain two processes by which thermal energy is transferred from the hot drink.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [5]
 29

[Total: 6]

23 A vehicle may have tyres of type A or type B, as shown in the diagram.

(a) State and explain the type of tyre that is suitable for travelling over soft ground.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) The temperature of the air in a tyre increases. This affects the motion of the air molecules in
the tyre.

Describe and explain the changes.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 6]

24 The diagram shows workers pouring liquid metal.

 30

(a) The metal changes from hot liquid to cool solid.

Describe what happens to the arrangement, separation and motion of the atoms as the metal
changes from hot liquid to cool solid.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

(b) The workers cool their tools in water. They spill some water onto the floor but later the floor is
dry.

Explain what happens to the water. State the name of the process.

explanation ......................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

process ........................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 6]

25 The diagram shows some gas trapped in a metal cylinder by a piston.

 31

(a) The position of the piston is fixed. The cylinder is moved from a cold room to a warm room.

Explain, in terms of molecules, what happens to the pressure of the gas in the cylinder.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [4]

(b) The piston is now released. It moves to the right and finally stops.

Explain these observations in terms of the pressure and the volume of the gas in the cylinder.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [2]

[Total: 6]

26 Red light travelling in air strikes the curves surface of a semi-circular glass block at P.
The diagram shows the ray of light.
 32

The light travels in a straight line from O to Q.

(a) Explain why the light does not change direction as it enters the glass block at P.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) The light travels in the glass to Q where it strikes the edge of the block at 30° to the normal.
The light then emerges into the air.

(i) The refractive index of the glass is 1.5.

Calculate the angle between the normal and the ray in the air after the light emerges
from the block at Q.

angle = ........................................... [3]

(ii) On the diagram, sketch the path of the light in the air after it emerges at Q. [1]
 33

(c) The direction of the light striking the curved surface of the glass block is changed. The angle
between the ray and the normal at Q gradually increases from 30° to 90°.

Describe what happens to the light that strikes the block at Q as this angle increases.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]

27 The diagram shows two parallel rays of light that pass through a thin converging lens. The diagram
is incomplete. There is a principal focus at f1 and at f2.

(a) (i) On the diagram, complete the ray diagram to show how the lens focuses the light.

[3]

(ii) Which distance on the diagram is a focal length of the lens? Tick (✓) one box.

C to f2

f1 to f2

f2 to Y

[1]
 34

(b) (i) A ray of light travels through a semicircular glass block, as shown in the diagram.

State the term given to the angle of incidence labelled z.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) The diagram shows another ray of light travelling in the semicircular glass block.

The angle of incidence is greater than z. Continue the path of the ray of light until it
leaves the block.

[2]

[Total: 7]

28 The diagram shows the position of a man working in a rock quarry. A single explosion is used to
break part of one rock face.

(a) Explain why the man sees the flash of the explosion before he hears the bang.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 35

(b) The man hears a second bang shortly after the first bang.

(i) State the name given to this second bang.

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) State how the second bang compares with the first bang in terms of its amplitude and
speed.

amplitude .............................................................................................................

speed ................................................................................................................... [2]

(c) The man stands 170 m from the back rock face. The time between hearing the first bang and
hearing the second bang is 1.0 s.

Use the information in the diagram to determine the speed of sound in the quarry.

speed of sound = ................................................ m / s [3]

[Total: 7]

29 An object, OX, is placed in front of a converging lens.

The diagram shows a ray of light from the object passing through the lens.

(a) The lens forms an image of object OX.

(i) On the diagram, draw another ray from X to locate the position of the image. [1]
 36

(ii) On the diagram, draw an arrow to represent the image of OX and label it I.

[1]

(iii) On the diagram, mark a principal focus for the lens and label it F. [1]

(iv) On the diagram, measure and record the focal length of the lens.

focal length = .............................................. cm [1]

(b) Describe the image I.

Choose words from the list. Tick (✓) two boxes.

enlarged

diminished

same size

inverted

upright
[2]

[Total: 6]

30 This question is about measuring the speed of sound in air.

A student stands in front of a large wall. She hits a drum and hears an echo. The diagram shows
the position of the student and the wall.

(a) (i) State the name of a piece of equipment for measuring the distance from the student to
the wall.

................................................................................................................................ [1]
 37

(ii) Explain how sound forms an echo.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(b) The student hits her drum repeatedly once per second. She walks away from the wall and
listens for the echo. When the student is 170 m from the wall she hears the echo from one
beat of the drum at the same time as the next beat of the drum.

Use this information to determine the speed of sound. State the unit.

speed = ........................... [4]

[Total: 6]

31 The diagram shows the two principal focuses F1 and F2 of a thin converging lens.

The diagram also shows an object O of height 1.2 cm placed close to the lens. Two rays from the
tip of the object O are incident on the lens.
 38

(a) On the diagram, continue the paths of these two rays for a further distance of at least 5 cm.

[2]

(b) Using your answer to (a), find and mark on the diagram the image I of object O and label this
image. [2]

(c) Determine the height of image I.

height = .............................................. [1]

(d) State and explain whether I is a real image or a virtual image.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

32 A source emits visible light.

The diagram shows a ray of red light from the source incident on the face XY of a glass prism at
point S.

The angle of incidence i of the ray is 35 °. The refractive index of the glass for red light is 1.5.
 39

(a) Calculate the angle of refraction in the glass at S.

angle of refraction = .............................................. [2]

(b) On the diagram, draw the refracted ray at face XY and the ray emerging from face XZ of the
prism. Label this ray R. [2]

(c) A ray of blue light follows the same path as the ray of red light incident on the face XY.

On the diagram, draw the path of this ray in the prism and emerging from the prism.

Label this ray B. [2]

[Total: 6]

33 The diagram shows a floating plastic ball attached by a long rope to a weight on the bottom of a
lake. A water wave on the surface of the lake causes the ball to move vertically up and down.

(a) On the diagram, indicate the wavelength of the wave. Label the distance W.

[1]

(b) Determine the amplitude of the wave.

amplitude = ....................................................... cm [1]

(c) The ball reaches its maximum height 40 times in 60 seconds. Calculate the frequency of the
wave.

frequency = ....................................................... Hz [2]

 40

(d) Explain how the motion of the ball shows that the water wave is transverse.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

(e) State another example of a transverse wave.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]

34 A machine pushes a metal post into the ground using a hammer, as shown in the diagram. The
hammer makes a loud noise when it hits the post.

A man stands 160 m from the hammer.

(a) A man sees the hammer hit the post and a short time later hears the sound of the post being
hit. Explain the delay in hearing the sound.

...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... [1]
 41

(b) (i) The hammer is 320 m from a large building as shown in the diagram.

The man hears the hammer hit the post and then hears an echo. Explain why he hears
the echo.

................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................ [1]

(ii) The speed of sound in air is 320 m / s.

Calculate the time difference between the man hearing the first sound and the time at
which he hears the echo.

time difference = ................................................ [3]

(c) Suggest how the sound of the echo is different from the first sound.

........................................................................................................................................... [1]

[Total: 6]
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35 The diagram shows a water tank that is leaking. Drops of water fall from the tank at a constant rate.

The diagram shows that the drops get further apart as they get close to the ground.

State why the drops get further apart.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

36 Energy sources used to generate electricity are shown in the box.

gas oil tides waves wind

Which energy sources are non-renewable?

Draw a ring around each energy source that is non-renewable.

[1]

[Total: 1]

37 Wind turbines are used in many countries to replace coal-fired power stations.

State one disadvantage of using wind turbines compared to coal-fired power stations.

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]
 43

38 The diagram shows an electric circuit.

An electric current transfers energy from the battery to the filament lamp.

Explain how the principle of conservation of energy applies to this circuit.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]

39 The diagram shows an electric circuit.

An electric current transfers energy from the battery to the filament lamp.

State which form of energy in the battery is decreasing.

.................................................................................................................................................. [1]

[Total: 1]